Zamgululi - nsomba yokhetsa mwazi, pali nthano zambiri zowopsa ndi mphekesera za izo, mafilimu ambiri owopsa adawombedwa. Kodi alidi owopsa monga amanenera za iye? Chodabwitsa ndichakuti, okonda zambiri zakunja amaisunga kunyumba m'madzi. Mwachiwonekere, si aliyense amene amaopa piranha yaukali ndipo anthu ambiri amakonda munthu wopusa uyu.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Piranha
Ngati tizingolankhula za piranha wamba, ndiye kuti mdani uyu ndi m'gulu la nsomba zopangidwa ndi ray komanso dongosolo la characiniform. Pogwiritsa ntchito banja lomwe nsomba iyi ilipo, pali magawo awiri. Chimodzi chimayika m'gulu la haracin, pomwe china m'banja la piranha. Pali malingaliro osiyanasiyana okhudzana ndi dzina la nsombayo.
Malinga ndi lingaliro lina, mawuwa adachokera ku chilankhulo cha Chipwitikizi ndipo amatanthauza "pirate", malinga ndi enawo - kuchokera mchilankhulo cha fuko la Indian Guarani, lotanthauzidwa kuti "nsomba zoyipa". Anthu adaphunzira za piranha wamba pakati pa zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi. Kuphatikiza pa mitundu iyi, palinso mitundu ina, yonse yomwe ili pafupifupi makumi atatu.
Chosangalatsa: Mwa mitundu yonse ya piranha, anayi okha ndi omwe angawopseze anthu kapena nyama, opitilira theka la ma piranas amakonda zakudya zamasamba.
Zina mwazowopsa, zachilungamo, komanso monga wamba komanso piranha yayikulu. Tiyeni tifotokozere mwatsatanetsatane mitundu ina ya nsombayi.
Piranha wamba ndi ngozi kwa anthu. Kutalika kwa thupi lake kumatha kufikira masentimita 60, koma nthawi zambiri pamapezeka mitundu ya masentimita 25 mpaka 35. Achichepere mpaka miyezi isanu ndi itatu amakongoletsa kwambiri (malankhulidwe abuluu okhala ndi mawanga akuda ndi zipsepse zofiira). Nsomba zazikulu zimakhala zotuwa ndi silvery sheen, timadontho ta golide timawonekera m'mbali.
Kanema: Piranha
Pakati pa nyengo yokhwima, mtundu wa mbuyo ya kumatako umasanduka ofiira, ndipo nsomba imangokhala yakuda ndimimba yofiira. Mano a nsombazo amafanana ndi mano a macheka, omwe amadula nawo nyama yonse yomwe waidya. Mano a nsagwada yakumunsi ndi akulu. Akazi ndi akulu kukula kuposa amuna.
Red (red-breasted pacu) ili ndi malo okhala ku Brazil nthawi zonse ndipo ndi amitundu yodyetsa. Nsombayi ndi yayikulu kwambiri, kutalika kwake kumatha kukhala pafupifupi masentimita 90. Mtundu wa pacu ndi wofiirira, chifuwa ndi zipsepse zapansi ndizofiira. Mchira wa nsombayo wafotokozedwa ndi mdima wakuda (pafupifupi wakuda). Achinyamata ali ndi mawanga akuda m'mbali. Piranha yooneka ngati daimondi ili ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi dzina lake.
Anatenga zokongola kumapazi amtsinje:
- Amazon;
- La Plata;
- Guyana.
Kutalika kwa nsombayi ndi pafupifupi masentimita 40, ndi mtundu wobiriwira-siliva wamtundu, kumapeto kwake kumalire ndi mzere.
Piranha yocheperako imakhala ndi thupi lokhalitsa, lalitali pafupifupi masentimita 30. Nsombayo payokha ndi yotuluka, ndipo mimba yake ndi yofiira pang'ono, mchira wakuthwa kwake. Mtundu uwu umakhala m'mitsinje monga Orinoco ndi Amazon.
Piranha yaying'ono siyidutsa masentimita 15 m'litali, koma imalipira kukula kwake kocheperako ndi nkhanza komanso zizolowezi zowononga. Pamutu pake pamakhala chimbudzi chachitali. Thupi lasiliva la piranha limakongoletsedwa ndi zipsera zakuda m'mbali, ndipo mchira umakongoletsedwa ndi nthiti yakuda. The kumapeto fin ndi pabuka mtundu.
Pacu wofiirira amakonda kukhala yekha, mosiyana ndi anzawo, amatha kutalika kuposa mita. Mtundu wa nsombayo ndi bulauni, imvi, wakuda. Mitundu iyi pa thupi la piranha imatha kuphatikizidwa, kuthandizana. Maonekedwe a mano a bulauni pacu ndi ofanana ndi amunthu.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nsomba za Piranha
Zikuwonekeratu kuti mtundu uliwonse wa piranha uli ndi mawonekedwe ake apadera, koma, ngakhale zili choncho, nsombazi zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ambiri mosasamala mtundu wawo. Thupi la piranha limakhala lathyathyathya m'mbali mwake komanso lalitali kwambiri. Nsomba yayikulu kwambiri kuchokera kubanja la piranha ndi pacu yofiirira, kutalika kwake kwa thupi kumafika masentimita 108 ndipo kulemera kwake mpaka 40 kg.
Mitundu yaying'ono kwambiri ndi Metinnis yasiliva, thupi lake silopitilira masentimita 14. Ma piranhas achikazi ndi akulu ndipo amawoneka onenepa kwambiri kuposa amuna. Koma mitundu yamitundu yamwamuna imayang'aniridwa ndi yowala.
Nsomba zodya nyama zimakhala ndi mutu wokulirapo, mphukira ndiyosemphana, ndipo nsagwada zake ndizamphamvu kwambiri komanso zamphamvu, m'munsi mwake amatsogola. Mano a nsombazo ndi akuthwa, amatseka mozungulira mukatseka pakamwa kapena kuluma. Pamwambapa pali pafupifupi 66, ndipo pansi - 77. Milomo ya piranha imakhuthala, imaphimba mbali yakum'mano kwa mano, motero malekezero ake akuthwa okha ndi omwe amawoneka. Ma Piranhas, omwe mndandanda wawo umakhala ndi mitundu yonse yazomera, amapatsidwa mano opaka molly. Pennan piranha ili ndi mizere iwiri ya mano pamwamba.
Mchira wa Piranha siwotalika kwambiri, uli ndi chimbudzi cholimba, mphako yomwe sinafotokozedwe bwino. Mphero yam'mbuyo ndiyotalika, yokhala ndi cheza chopitilira 16. Chotupa chakumapeto kwa nsomba chimakhalanso chachitali, ndipo zomwe zili pamimba ndizachidule. Titha kuwona kuti nsomba yotchedwa adipose fin imawonekera pakatikati pa nsombazo, zomwe zimafanana ndi nsomba zonga haracin.
Maso a Piranha ndi owopsa ndipo kununkhira sikulephera nawonso. Maso ake ndi okwanira, okhala ndi ana akuda. Ndi masomphenya ake, nsomba zimatha kugwira ntchentche kapena njuchi zikuuluka pamwamba pamadzi. Fungo la nsomba zolusa ndizovuta kwambiri kwakuti zimatha kununkhiza kadontho kamwazi mu dziwe lalikulu m'masekondi 30 okha. Mbali ya ma piranhas imayang'ana bwino mayendedwe aliwonse pafupi.
Monga tanenera kale, mtundu wa ma piranas umasintha osati mitundu ndi mitundu, komanso zaka. Mu mitundu ina, kukula kwachichepere kumakhala mitundu mosiyana ndi nsomba zokhwima.
Piranha itha kukhala:
- wakuda;
- silvery;
- imvi;
- imvi yobiriwira.
Nsomba zambiri zimakongoletsedwa ndi mawanga akuda, mikwingwirima, mabala owala. Zipsepsezi zimabweranso mumitundu yosiyanasiyana.
Tidazindikira momwe piranha imawonekera, tsopano tidziwa komwe amakhala.
Kodi piranha amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Piranhas m'madzi
Ma Piranhas amakonda nyengo yotentha, chifukwa chake sapezeka m'madzi ozizira. Nsombazi zafalikira kwambiri kudera lonse la South America.
Amakhala m'mitsinje monga:
- Parana;
- Amazon;
- Uruguay;
- Orinoco;
- Essequibo.
Nsombazi zidasankhidwa ndi Venezuela, Guyana, Bolivia, Uruguay, Peru, Brazil, Argentina, Ecuador, Colombia, Paraguay. Piranhas ndi madzi abwino, amakhala mumitsinje, nyanja, ngalande, m'madzi. Amapewa madzi am'nyanja, chifukwa sangathe kubereka m'madzi amchere.
Posachedwa, milandu ya ma piranhas idayamba kuchitika m'madzi a dziko lathu ndi Europe. Inde, izi zidachitika, koma sizitanthauza kuti piranha idachulukirachulukira ndikukhala m'malo omwe sichinawonekerepo kale. Zomwe zapezekazi ndizonyalanyaza kwa iwo omwe adabweretsa ma piranha m'madzi awo panyumba, kenako adaganiza zowachotsa powamasulira m'madzi oyandikira, osaganiza kuti awononga nsombazo kuimfa yosapeweka.
Piranha nthawi zambiri amakhala m'malo omwe mumakhala nsomba zambiri, chifukwa ndi wosusuka mokwanira. Nthawi zambiri kusaka kumachitika m'madzi osaya kapena pomwe pali matope ambiri pansi. Zinthu zofunika kwa iwo ndikuti madzi amatenthedwa bwino, abwino, pali mpweya wokwanira mmenemo, palinso zomera zambiri. A Piranhas amakonda madzi osachedwa, osathamanga. Nthawi zina amasambira mpaka kunyanja, koma samakhalamo kwanthawi yayitali.
Tapeza komwe piranha amakhala, tsopano tidziwa zomwe amadya.
Kodi piranha imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Piranha
Kususuka kwa ma piranhas ndikodabwitsa, kudya nyama komanso nyama. Chilombocho chimadya pafupifupi chilichonse chomwe chimakhala m'madzi: nsomba zina, zokwawa, nyama, mbalame, zikuyandama pamwamba kapena kuwuluka pamadzi. Ngakhale ng'ona zimaopa ma piranhas, chifukwa chake amasambira pamwamba pa gulu lawo m'mimba ndi mimba zawo zosatetezeka, m'malo mwa zida kumbuyo nsomba. Amadya ma piranhas ndi plankton, mphutsi za tizilombo ta m'madzi, amphibiya, molluscs, mitundu yonse ya nyama zopanda mafupa. Pennan piranha amadya mamba a nsomba zazikulu, osadutsanso abale ake.
Ma Piranhas omwe amakhala kuthengo samatola chilichonse pansi; nsomba zam'madzi zam'madzi zimadya nyama zomwe zagwa pansi. Kwa adani a piranha, kudya anzawo ndi khalidwe. Atapatidwa ndi maukonde a anthu amtundu anzawo, adzadya mosazengereza. M'madzi am'madzi am'madzi, zochitika ngati izi zimapezekanso pomwe wina wamphamvu kwambiri adya anzawo.
Nsomba zomwe zimakhala mu ukapolo zimadyetsedwa ndi mwachangu, nkhanu, nyama zosiyanasiyana, nyama zam'madzi, nyongolotsi wamba, kuwonjezera masamba (kabichi, mbatata, zukini, sipinachi) pazosankha. Ma piranhas azamasamba amadya mitundu yonse yazomera zam'madzi, zipatso ndi mbewu zomwe zagwa kuchokera m'mitengo kupita m'madzi.
Chosangalatsa: Wodya nyama wotchedwa piranha amakhala ngati madzi mwadongosolo, chifukwa nthawi zambiri amasankha omwe amakhala m'madzi ofooka komanso owawa ngati wovulalayo.
Tsopano mukudziwa zomwe piranha amadya. Pali zochepa zotsalira, posachedwa mudzakhala "guru" pantchito yama piranhas.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Piranha pansi pamadzi
Ma Piranhas nthawi zambiri amasonkhana m'magulu a anthu pafupifupi 30. Ngakhale mumitundu ina, sukuluyi imatha kukhala ndi nsomba pafupifupi chikwi. Olusa amapita kukasaka madzulo, usiku komanso maola asanakwane. Pali nthano zambiri komanso zowopsa zomwe zimakhudzana ndi ma piranhas komanso kukhetsa magazi kwawo. Ndikulakwitsa kukhulupirira kuti kuyenda pagulu lonselo kumalumikizidwa ndi kufuna kwawo kupha; amakhalapo pamodzi, m'malo mwake, kuti adziteteze kwa anthu ena oyipa.
Khalidwe laukali komanso losemphana ndi ma Piranhas limawoneka momwe amachitiramo pakati pa anthu awo, nthawi zambiri amayambitsa nkhondo zamkati, ndewu komanso kuvulazana. Ma Piranhas amakhala nthawi yayitali akufunafuna chakudya, chifukwa chilakolako chawo ndi chachikulu.
Kusaka ma piranhas siosangalatsa, amakhala m'gulu lanyama, akung'amba nyama ndi mano awo akuthwa, nsomba izi zimatha kuluma nyama yayikulu mpaka mphindi imodzi. Nsomba zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndikamwaza madzi, ndipo kununkhira kwamagazi kumawakopa, ngati maginito amphamvu.
Chosangalatsa: Sipanakhalepo vuto limodzi la piranha kudya munthu yense, monga zikuwonetsedwa m'mafilimu owopsa.
Zamgululi Akhoza kuluma munthu, kuchititsa ululu wosaneneka, milandu yotere imachitika pafupipafupi ndipo imachitika chaka chilichonse. Malo oluma a nsombayi ndi otupa kwambiri ndipo amatenga nthawi yayitali kuti achiritsidwe, ndipo nthawi zina anthu amayenera kudulidwa miyendo chifukwa cha iyo. Nsagwada za Piranha ndizamphamvu kwambiri kotero kuti sizingafanane ndi nyama ina iliyonse.
Mwambiri, momwe nsombazi zimakhalira ndizovuta kwambiri, khalidweli silabwino kwambiri, ndipo ma piranha satenga chipiriro. Ku Brazil, adayeseranso kuwathira poyizoni, koma adangowononga ziweto zina mderalo, ndipo ma piranha adakhalabe osavulala. Inde, awa ndi olusa mwamphamvu, koma nthano zambiri zimakokomeza kuchuluka kwa ngozi zomwe nsomba izi zimabweretsa.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Gulu la ma piranhas
Zotsatira zake, kwenikweni, ma piranha amakhala m'magulu, nthawi zina amakhala ochulukirapo. Koma woimira wamkulu wa banja lawo (brown pacu) amakonda kusungulumwa kwathunthu. Nsomba zimakula msinkhu kwa chaka chimodzi ndi theka. Nsombazi zimadziwika ndimasewera achikondi awiriawiri asanabadwe. Mtundu wa anthu okondweretsedwawo umasintha, umawala kwambiri, kukwiya kwa nsomba m'nyengo yokwanira kumangokula.
Nsomba zilizonse zokondana zili ndi malo awoawo, omwe amateteza kuzisokonezo za anthu ena. M'mawa kwambiri, pomwe cheza choyamba cha dzuŵa chimawoneka, chachikazi chimayamba kutuluka, ndikupotokola mutu wake. Nthawi, mkazi amatha kutulutsa mazira 500 mpaka 15,000, kuchuluka kwake kumadalira mtundu wa nsomba. Caviar imakhazikika pazomera zam'madzi, mizu ya mitengo ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja, nthaka, pomwepo imathira feteleza. Amuna amateteza mwakhama nkhosazo. Kutentha koyenera kwa kutuluka kwa mwachangu padziko lapansi kuli pafupifupi madigiri 28 okhala ndi chikwangwani chowonjezera.
Kukula kwa mazira kungakhale mpaka 4 mm, mtundu wawo ndi amber kapena wachikasu wachikasu. Nthawi yokwanira imatha kukhala masiku awiri mpaka masabata awiri, zimatengera mtundu ndi kutentha kwa madzi, zotsatira zake ndikubadwa kwa mphutsi. Kwa masiku angapo, mphutsi zimadya zomwe zili mu yolk sac pambuyo pa kubadwa, kenako zimayamba kusambira zokha.
Ngakhale piranha mwachangu ndiwopanda tanthauzo, wosakhutira ndikukula msanga. Makolo osamala amapitiliza kuwasamalira mpaka atayamba kudya okhaokha. Moyo wamapiranhas wokhala kuthengo ndi pafupifupi zaka makumi awiri, mu ukapolo ndi wamfupi pang'ono.
Chosangalatsa: Pakati pa ma piranha, chiwindi chachitali chinalembedwa - pacu yofiira, yemwe adakhala ndende zaka 28.
Adani achilengedwe a ma piranhas
Chithunzi: Piranha yolanda
Simuyenera kudabwa kuti nsomba zokhetsa magazi monga ma piranas zili ndi adani ambiri omwe saopa kuwapha. Ma dolphin am'mitsinje amakonda kudya nawo, chifukwa chake ma piranhas amasonkhana m'magulu kuti adziteteze ku nthawi yoyenera. Nsomba za Arapaima ndi caiman nawonso saopa kuyesa piranha. Arapaima wafika pamlingo waukulu, mamba ake ndi olimba ngati zida zankhondo, chifukwa chake saopa ma piranhas ndipo ali wokonzeka kuzidya mosangalala, zomwe zikuwopseza nsomba izi. Ma Caymans amakondanso ma piranhas ngati mbale. Akatswiri a zoologist awonanso kuti ndi kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha ma caimans, kuchuluka kwa ma piranhas kumawonjezeka komanso mosemphanitsa.
Tisaiwale kuti kudya anzawo pakati pa ma piranhas kumachuluka, chifukwa amatha kuphana okha. Ma piranhas owopsa okha ndi zolengedwa zamtendere, kotero chilombo chilichonse chachikulu, kuphatikiza abale awo, amatha kugwidwa kuti adye chakudya chamadzulo. Kamba wamkulu wamadzi amathanso kuwononga piranha.
Chodabwitsa ndichakuti, piranha yoopsa komanso yankhanza imatha kukhala ndi mantha akulu, omwe nthawi zambiri amamuchitikira. Pakadali pano, amachita dzanzi, chikumbumtima chake chikuwoneka kuti chazimitsidwa, amagwa chammbali mpaka pansi, ndikudandaula. Poterepa, mtundu wa nsombayo umakhala wopepuka. Nsombayo ikazindikira kuti ili bwinobwino, imayambiranso mwachangu kuteteza moyo wake.
Munthuyo amathanso kuwerengedwa pakati pa adani a piranha. Kuphatikiza pa kupha nsomba izi, anthu amazigwira. Amwenye amadya ma piranha ngati chakudya, ndipo mbadwa zawo amapanga kuchokera kumano awo akuthwa ngati mipeni ndi lumo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Nsomba za Piranha
Pakadali pano, kuchuluka kwa ma piranha sikukuwopsezedwa, nsomba iyi ili ndi malo okhala. Palibe umboni wosonyeza kuti chiwerengerochi chatsika. Nsombazi zimakhala zomasuka m'mitsinje yamadzi, momwe zimaswana bwino. Mwachiwonekere, ndichifukwa choti piranha ndi yolimba komanso yopanda ulemu pakudya. Kuphatikiza apo, nsomba zimasonkhana m'masukulu akulu kuti adziteteze kuzilombo zazikulu.
Inde, anthu amagwiritsa ntchito nsomba iyi ngati chakudya, koma izi sizimakhudza kuchepa kwa anthu. Ku Brazil, panali zochitika pomwe nsomba zochulukirapo zidasinthidwa ndikuyesera kuipitsa, koma palibe chomwe chidatulukira, poyizoni sanagwire ntchito piranha, uku ndi mphamvu yake yodabwitsa. Ma caimans okha ndi omwe angakhudze kwambiri kuchuluka kwa nsomba, zomwe amadya bwino.
Chifukwa chake, m'malo omwe ing'onoting'ono zing'onozing'ono zimabadwira, kuchuluka kwa ma piranhas kumatsika pang'ono. Ndipo ma piranhas amakula kwambiri kumeneko ngati a caiman asamukira kumalo ena okhala. Chifukwa chake, chiwopsezo cha kutha sichikuwopseza banja la piranha, ndipo pali okonda ochulukirachulukira a nsomba zachilendozi, chifukwa chake ma piranhas akuchulukirachulukira m'madzi akumidzi, momwe akumvera.
Pamapeto pake, zatsalira kuwonjezera kuti sizowopsa zokha alirezangati mphekesera za iye. Nsombazi zimabweretsa phindu lalikulu m'madamu, ndikuwachotsa nyama zofooka komanso zodwala.Ngakhale ma piranhas azamasamba ndi othandiza kwambiri, chifukwa amachotsanso mitsinje yomwe ikuluikulu, ndikudya masamba awo. Kuopsa kwakukulu kwa anthu ochokera mbali zawo kumachitika kutali ndipo sikugwirizana ndi zowona zilizonse, chifukwa chake, ndizosatheka.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 03.05.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/13/2019 pa 14:52
