Kambuku wa SumatranMosiyana ndi abale ena, dzina lake limalungamitsa malo okhawo okhazikika - chilumba cha Sumatra. Palibenso kwina komwe angapezeke. Subpecies ndi yaying'ono kwambiri kuposa zonse, koma amadziwika kuti ndi achiwawa kwambiri. Mwinanso, makolo ake kuposa ena adatengapo mwayi wovuta wolumikizana ndi munthu.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Sumatran Tiger
Umboni wosintha kwa zamoyozi umachokera ku kafukufuku wambiri wazakale zakufa. Kupyolera mu kusanthula kwa phylogenetic, asayansi atsimikizira kuti East Asia ndiye malo oyambira. Zakale zakale kwambiri zidapezeka m'miyambo ya Jethys ndipo zidayamba zaka 1.67-1.80 miliyoni zapitazo.
Kusanthula kwa genomic kumawonetsa kuti akambuku a chisanu adasiyana ndi makolo a kambuku zaka pafupifupi 1,67 miliyoni zapitazo. Subpecies Panthera tigris sumatrae anali woyamba kupatukana ndi mitundu yonseyo. Izi zidachitika zaka 67.3 zapitazo. Panthawiyi, phiri la Toba linaphulika pachilumba cha Sumatra.
Kanema: Sumatran Tiger
Akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zakale amakhulupirira kuti izi zadzetsa kutentha padziko lonse lapansi komanso kutha kwa mitundu ina ya nyama ndi zomera. Asayansi amakono amakhulupirira kuti akambuku angapo adatha kupulumuka chifukwa cha tsokali ndipo, atapanga anthu osiyana, adakhala m'malo akutali wina ndi mnzake.
Ndi miyezo ya chisinthiko chonse, kholo limodzi la akambuku lidalipo posachedwa, koma ma subspecies amakono adasankhidwa kale mwachilengedwe. Jini la ADH7 lomwe limapezeka mu kambuku wa Sumatran lidachita gawo lalikulu pa izi. Asayansi agwirizanitsa kukula kwa nyama ndi izi. M'mbuyomu, gululi linali ndi akambuku aku Balinese ndi Javanese, koma tsopano atheratu.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nyama ya kambuku wa Sumatran
Kuphatikiza pa kukula kwake kochepa poyerekeza ndi anzawo, kambuku wa Sumatran amadziwika ndi zizolowezi zake zapadera komanso mawonekedwe ake. Mtundu wa thupi ndi lalanje kapena lofiirira. Chifukwa chakupezeka kwawo, mikwingwirima yotakata nthawi zambiri imaphatikizana, ndipo mafupipafupi amakhala okwera kwambiri kuposa obadwa nawo.
Miyendo yamphamvu imakhala ndi mikwingwirima, mosiyana ndi Amur tiger. Miyendo yakumbuyo ndi yayitali kwambiri, chifukwa chomwe nyama zimatha kudumpha kuchokera pomwe amakhala pamitunda mpaka mamita 10. Pamiyendo yakutsogolo pamakhala zala 4, pakati pake pali mamina, kumbuyo kwamagulu pali 5. Zikhadabo zochotseka zakuthwa kwakukulu zimafikira masentimita 10 m'litali.
Chifukwa cha mapiko ataliatali m'masaya ndi m'khosi, zipsinjo zazimuna zimatetezedwa molondola ku nthambi zikamayenda msanga m'nkhalango. Mchira wolimba komanso wautali umakhala ngati balancer pamene ukugwira, kuthandiza kutembenuka msanga posintha mayendedwe, komanso kuwonetsa kulumikizana polankhula ndi anthu ena.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Pali mawanga oyera mawonekedwe amaso pafupi ndi makutu, omwe amakhala ngati chinyengo kwa nyama zolusa zomwe zidzagwere kambukuyu kumbuyo.
Mano akuthwa 30 amafika 9 masentimita m'litali ndikuthandizira kuluma nthawi yomweyo kudzera pakhungu la wovulalayo. Kuluma kwa nyalugwe wotere kumayamba kuthamanga kwa makilogalamu 450. Maso ndi aakulu mokwanira ndi mwana wozungulira. Iris ndi wachikasu, wabuluu mu maalubino. Amphaka amtchire amakhala ndi masomphenya amitundu. Ziphuphu zakuthwa palilime zimathandizira khungu la nyama yophedwa ndikusiyanitsa nyama ndi fupa.
- Avereji ya kutalika kwa kufota - 60 cm .;
- Kutalika kwamphongo ndi 2.2-2.7 m;
- Kutalika kwa akazi ndi 1.8-2.2 m;
- Kulemera kwa amuna ndi 110-130 kg .;
- Kulemera kwa akazi ndi 70-90 kg .;
- Mchira ndi wa 0.9-1.2 m kutalika.
Kodi kambuku wa Sumatran amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Nyalugwe wa Sumatran mwachilengedwe
Akambuku a Sumatran amapezeka pachilumba chonse cha Sumatra ku Indonesia.
Malo okhala ndi osiyana kwambiri:
- Nkhalango zotentha;
- Mitengo yandiweyani komanso yamvula m'mphepete mwa nyanja;
- Nkhalango zamapiri;
- Peat bogs;
- Savannah;
- Mangrove.
Dera laling'ono lokhalamo anthu ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu ndi zinthu zoyipa zomwe zikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa subspecies. M'zaka zaposachedwa, malo okhala akambuku a Sumatran asunthira kumtunda. Izi zimabweretsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri pakusaka komanso kuzolowera kuzinthu zatsopano.
Nyama zomwe zimadya nyama zimakonda kwambiri madera okhala ndi zomera zochuluka, malo otsetsereka a mapiri komwe mungapeze pogona, ndi madera omwe amapezeka madzi ambiri komanso chakudya chambiri. Udindo wofunikira umaseweredwa ndi mtunda wokwanira kuchokera kumadera omwe anthu amakhala.
Amphaka amtchire amapewa anthu, chifukwa chake nkosatheka kukumana nawo m'minda yaulimi. Kutalika kwambiri komwe angapezeke kumafika makilomita 2.6 pamwamba pa nyanja. Nkhalango yomwe ili pamapiri otsetsereka imakonda kwambiri nyama zolusa.
Nyama iliyonse ili ndi gawo lake. Akazi amakhala bwino m'dera lomwelo wina ndi mnzake. Kuchuluka kwa madera omwe akambuku kumadalira kutalika kwa mtunda komanso kuchuluka kwa nyama zomwe zimadyedwa m'malo amenewa. Ziwerengero za akazi achikulire zimapitilira ma 30-65 ma kilomita, amuna - mpaka ma 120 kilomita lalikulu.
Kodi kambuku wa Sumatran amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Sumatran Tiger
Nyama izi sizimakonda kukhala obisalira kwanthawi yayitali, zikuyang'ana omwe akuzunzidwa. Ataona nyama yomwe ili ndi mawanga, imanunkhiza, mozembera mwakachetechete ndikuukira mwadzidzidzi. Amatha kutopetsa wovutitsidwayo, kuthana ndi nkhalango zowirira ndi zopinga zina ndikutsatira chilumba chonsecho.
Chosangalatsa: Pali chochitika chodziwika pomwe kambuku adathamangitsa njati, powona ngati nyama yosowa kwambiri komanso yopindulitsa, kwa masiku angapo.
Ngati kusaka kukuyenda bwino ndipo nyamayo imakhala yayikulu kwambiri, chakudyacho chimatha masiku angapo. Komanso nyalugwe amatha kugawana ndi abale ena, makamaka ngati ndi akazi. Amadya pafupifupi makilogalamu 5-6 a nyama patsiku, ngati njala ili yolimba, ndiye 9-10 kg.
Akambuku a Sumatran amaika patsogolo anthu ochokera kubanja la nswala olemera makilogalamu 100 kapena kupitilira apo. Koma sadzaphonya mwayi wogwira nyani wothamanga ndi mbalame yowuluka.
Zakudya za kambuku wa Sumatran zimaphatikizapo:
- Nguluwe zakutchire;
- Anyani;
- Akalulu;
- Nungu;
- Mbalame;
- Zambara;
- Nsomba;
- Kanchili;
- Ng'ona;
- Zimbalangondo;
- Muntjac.
Mu ukapolo, chakudya cha zinyama chimakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyama ndi nsomba, nkhuku. Zowonjezera mavitamini ndi maofesi amchere amawonjezeredwa pachakudya, chifukwa chakudya choyenera cha mitundu iyi ndichofunikira kwambiri pa thanzi komanso moyo wautali.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Chiwombankhanga cha Sumatran Tiger
Popeza kambuku wa Sumatran ndi nyama yokhayokha, amakhala moyo wosungulumwa ndipo amakhala m'madera ambiri. Anthu okhala m'nkhalango zamapiri amakhala m'malo a 300 kilomita. Zovuta pamadera ndizosowa ndipo zimangokhala zazing'onoting'ono komanso mawonekedwe amwano, sagwiritsa ntchito mano ndi zikhadabo.
Chosangalatsa: Kuyankhulana pakati pa akambuku a Sumatran kumachitika mwa kupumira mokweza mpweya kudzera m'mphuno. Izi zimapanga phokoso lapadera lomwe nyama zimatha kuzindikira ndikumvetsetsa. Amalumikizananso pamasewerawa, pomwe amatha kuwonetsa zaubwenzi kapena kulowa nawo pankhondo, kupukutirana wina ndi mnzake mbali ndi matama.
Zowononga izi zimakonda madzi kwambiri. Nthawi yotentha, amatha kukhala m'madzi kwa maola ambiri, kutsitsa kutentha kwa thupi lawo, amakonda kusambira ndikusilira m'madzi osaya. Nthawi zambiri amayendetsa wovutitsidwayo mu dziwe ndikuchita nawo, pokhala osambira abwino kwambiri.
M'chilimwe, akambuku amakonda kuyamba kusaka nthawi yamadzulo, nthawi yozizira, m'malo mwake, masana. Akamenyana ndi nyama yomwe abisalira, ndiye kuti amamuukira kumbuyo kapena mbali, akumuluma m'khosi ndi kuthyola msana, kapenanso amamunyonga. Amakokera kumalo kopanda anthu kuti akadye. Nyamayo ikakhala yayikulu, zolusa sizingadye masiku angapo pambuyo pake.
Amphaka amtchire amalemba malire a malo awo ndi mkodzo, ndowe, amadula makungwa amitengo. Achinyamata amadzisankhira okhaokha kapena kuti akawatenge kuchokera kwa amuna achikulire. Sangalekerere alendo okhala nawo, koma modekha amalumikizana ndi anthu omwe adutsa tsamba lawo ndikupita.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Sumatran Tiger Cub
Mitunduyi imatha kuberekana chaka chonse. Estrus ya akazi imakhala pafupifupi masiku 3-6. Munthawi imeneyi, amphongo m'njira iliyonse amakopa ma tigress, kutulutsa mkokomo waukulu, womwe ukhoza kumveka pamtunda wa makilomita atatu, ndikuwakopa ndi fungo la nyama yomwe agwidwa.
Pali nkhondo pakati pa amuna ndi osankhidwa, pomwe ubweya wawo umakwezedwa mwamphamvu, kumveka phokoso lalikulu. Amuna amaimirira ndi miyendo yawo yakumbuyo ndikumenyanirana ndi ziwalo zawo zakutsogolo, akumenya mwamphamvu mwamphamvu. Nkhondozo zimatha mpaka mbali imodzi ivomereza kuti yagonjetsedwa.
Ngati mkazi walola wamwamuna kuti amuyandikire, amayamba kukhalira limodzi, kusaka ndi kusewera mpaka atakhala ndi pakati. Mosiyana ndi ma subspecies ena, kambuku wa Sumatran ndi bambo wabwino kwambiri ndipo samasiya mkazi mpaka kubadwa kwenikweni, kuthandiza kulera ana. Anawo akatha kusaka okha, abambo amawasiya ndikubwerera kwa akazi ndi kuyamba kwa estrus yotsatira.
Kukonzekera kubereka kwa akazi kumachitika zaka 3-4, mwa amuna - pa 4-5. Mimba imakhala pafupifupi masiku 103 (kuyambira 90 mpaka 100), chifukwa chake makanda 2-3 amabadwa, ochulukirapo - 6. Ziweto zimalemera pafupifupi kilogalamu ndipo zimatsegula maso patatha masiku 10 kuchokera pakubadwa.
Kwa miyezi ingapo yoyambirira, mayi amawadyetsa mkaka, pambuyo pake amayamba kubweretsa nyama kuchokera kusaka ndikuwapatsa chakudya chotafuna. Pofika miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, mwana amakhala atayamba kusaka ndi mayi. Amakhwima akafuna kusaka mwa chaka chimodzi ndi theka. Pakadali pano, ana amachoka pakhomo pa makolo.
Adani achilengedwe a akambuku a Sumatran
Chithunzi: Animal Sumatran Tiger
Chifukwa cha kukula kwake kodabwitsa, poyerekeza ndi nyama zina, zolusa izi zilibe adani ochepa. Izi zimaphatikizapo nyama zazikuluzikulu ndipo, zowonadi, anthu omwe amawononga malo achilengedwe amphaka wamtchire. Anawo amatha kusakidwa ndi ng'ona ndi zimbalangondo.
Kupha nyama mwangozi ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zoopseza kwambiri akambuku a Sumatran. Ziwalo za thupi lanyama ndizodziwika m'misika yamalonda yosaloledwa. Mu mankhwala am'deralo, amakhulupirira kuti ali ndi mphamvu zochiritsira - mboni za diso zomwe akuti zimachiza khunyu, ndevu zimathandizira kuchotsa dzino.
Mano ndi zikhadabo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zokumbutsa, ndipo zikopa za akambuku zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati pansi kapena zoyala pamakoma. Ambiri omwe amabedwa mozemba amapita ku Malaysia, China, Singapore, Japan, Korea ndi mayiko ena aku Asia. Alenje amagwira akambuku pogwiritsa ntchito zingwe zachitsulo. Kwa nyama yophedwa pamsika wosaloledwa ikhoza kupereka mpaka madola zikwi makumi awiri.
Kwa zaka ziwiri kuyambira 1998 mpaka 2000, akambuku 66 a Sumatran adaphedwa, kuwerengera 20% ya anthu. Akambuku ambiri adaphedwa ndi anthu am'deralo chifukwa chowukiridwa m'mafamu. Nthawi zina akambuku amalimbana ndi anthu. Kuyambira 2002, anthu 8 aphedwa ndi akambuku aku Sumatran.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Tiger Yakutchire Yakutchire
Subpecies akhala atatsala pang'ono kutha kwanthawi yayitali. Amagawidwa ngati Taxa Wowopsa Kwambiri ndipo adatchulidwa pa Red List ya Mitundu Yowopsa. Chifukwa cha kukula kwa ntchito zaulimi, malo okhala akuchepa mwachangu.
Kuyambira 1978, anthu olanda nyama akhala akugwa mofulumira. Ngati pamenepo panali pafupifupi 1000, ndiye kuti mu 1986 panali anthu 800 kale. Mu 1993, mtengo udatsika kufika ku 600, ndipo mu 2008, nyama zamizeremizere zidakhala zazing'ono kwambiri. Diso lamaliseche likuwonetsa kuti subspecies ikufa.
Malinga ndi magwero osiyanasiyana, kuchuluka kwa ma subspecies lero ndi pafupifupi anthu 300-500. Zambiri za 2006 zidawonetsa kuti malo okhala anyaniwa akuphimba malo a 58 ma kilomita lalikulu zikwi. Komabe, chaka chilichonse pamakhala kuchepa kwa malo okhala akambuku.
Izi zimakhudzidwa makamaka ndi kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, komwe kumachitika chifukwa chodula mitengo pamakampani opanga mapepala ndi mitengo, komanso kukulitsa kwa kupanga mafuta a kanjedza. Mwambiri, izi zimabweretsa kugawikana kwa dera. Akambuku a Sumatran kuti apulumuke amafunika madera akuluakulu.
Kuchuluka kwa chiwerengero cha anthu ku Sumatra komanso kumangidwa kwa mizinda ndi zinthu zina zoyipa zomwe zikukhudza kutha kwa mitunduyi. Malinga ndi kafukufuku, posachedwa ma subspecies onse azikhala gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu a nkhalango.
Kuteteza ku Tiatran
Chithunzi: Sumatran Tiger Red Book
Mitunduyi ndiyosowa kwambiri ndipo imalembedwa mu Red Book ndi Msonkhano wapadziko lonse I CITES. Pofuna kupewa kusowa kwa mphaka wapadera, monga zidachitikira ndi akambuku achijava, ndikofunikira kuchitapo kanthu munthawi yake ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa anthu. Mapulogalamu omwe alipo kale osamalira ma subspecies cholinga chake ndikuchulukitsa kuchuluka kwa akambuku aku Sumatran mzaka 10 zikubwerazi.
M'zaka za m'ma 90, ntchito ya Sumatran Tiger idapangidwa, yomwe ikugwirabe ntchito mpaka pano. Pofuna kuteteza zamoyozi, Purezidenti wa Indonesia mu 2009 adakhazikitsa pulogalamu yochepetsera kudula nkhalango, komanso adaperekanso ndalama zoteteza akambuku a Sumatran. Dipatimenti ya za Nkhalango ku Indonesia tsopano ikugwira ntchito ndi Zoo ku Australia kuti ayambitsenso nyama zamtchire.
Kafukufuku woteteza zachitetezo cholinga chake ndikupeza njira zina zothetsera mavuto azachuma ku Sumatra, chifukwa chake kufunika kwa mtengo wa mthethe ndi mafuta amtengo wa kanjedza kudzachepetsedwa. Pakati pa kafukufukuyu, zidapezeka kuti ogula ali okonzeka kulipira ndalama zambiri ku margarine ngati angasunge malo okhala akambuku a Sumatran.
Mu 2007, nzika zakomweko zidagwira tigress wapakati. Oteteza zachilengedwe adaganiza zomusunthira ku Bogor Safari Park pachilumba cha Java. Mu 2011, gawo lina la chilumba cha Bethet lidasungidwa kuti likhale malo osungira zachilengedwe.
Akambuku a Sumatran amasungidwa kumalo osungira nyama, kumene ana amaleredwa, kudyetsedwa ndi kuchiritsidwa. Anthu ena amatulutsidwa m'malo osungira zinthu kuti awonjezere kuchuluka kwawo mwachilengedwe. Kuyambira kudyetsa nyama zolusa, amakonza zisudzo zenizeni, pomwe amayimirira ndi miyendo yawo yakumbuyo, yomwe kuthengo sakanachita.
Kusaka nyama zowonongekazi ndikosaloledwa konsekonse ndipo ndilamulo. Pa kupha kambuku wa Sumatran ku Indonesia, chindapusa cha madola 7,000 kapena kumangidwa kwa zaka 5 chimaperekedwa. Kupha nyama mosakaikira ndiye chifukwa chachikulu chomwe zilipo zolusa zowirikiza katatu kuposa zomwe zili kuthengo.
Pamodzi ndi ma subspecies ena onse, asayansi opanga majini amasiyanitsa kambuku wa Sumatran ngati wofunika kwambiri pakati pa ena onse, chifukwa mtundu wake umawerengedwa kuti ndi wopanda banga. Chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwakutali kwa anthu osadalirana wina ndi mnzake, nyama zasunga mawonekedwe amtundu wa makolo awo.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 04/16/2019
Tsiku losintha: 19.09.2019 ku 21:32
