Mdima wakuda ndi mbali zoyera magpie - iyi ndi imodzi mwa mbalame zodziwika bwino, heroine wa miyambi, nyimbo za nazale ndi nthabwala. Mbalameyi imapezeka kwambiri m’mizinda, ndipo kulira kwake kumakhala kovuta kusokoneza ndi munthu wina. Komanso chikondi chodziwika bwino cha magpies pazinthu zonyezimira. Nthawi yomweyo, ali ndi nzeru zodabwitsa komanso wochenjera mwachangu.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Soroka
Magpie, ndi magpie wamba kapena, monga nthawi zina amatchedwa magpie aku Europe, ndi mbalame yodziwika bwino kuchokera kubanja la corvids of the passerines. Ndi dzina lake, adaperekanso dzinalo ku geni makumi anai, lomwe limaphatikizaponso mitundu ina yachilendo, yofanana ndi mamangidwe makumi anayi, koma yosiyana ndi mitundu yowala komanso yosiyanasiyananso. Dzina lachi Latin la mitunduyo ndi Pica pica. Achibale apafupi kwambiri a mbalamezi ndi akhwangwala ndi jays.
Nthawi yakudziwika kwa magpies ndi kulekanitsidwa kwawo ndi ma corvids ena sizidziwikiratu. Zakale zakale kwambiri zopezeka m'miyambo yofanana ndi ma corvids zidachokera ku Middle Miocene, ndipo ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 17 miliyoni. Iwo anapezeka m'dera lamakono la France ndi Germany. Kuchokera apa, titha kuganiza kuti kugawidwa kwa banja kukhala mitundu kunachitika pambuyo pake.
Kanema: Soroka
Tsopano akatswiri a ornithologists amapitilira poganiza kuti aglies monga nyama adapezeka ku Europe, ndipo pang'onopang'ono adafalikira ku Eurasia, kenako kumapeto kwa Pleistocene adafika kudera la North America kwamakono kudzera ku Bering Strait. Komabe, ku Texas, zakale zidapezeka zomwe zimafanana kwambiri ndi magpie amakono aku Europe kuposa ma subspecies aku California, chifukwa chake kunatulukira mtundu wina wa magpie womwe ungakhale ngati mtundu womwe udalipo kale ku Pliocene, ndiko kuti, pafupifupi zaka 2-5 miliyoni zapitazo, koma mulimonsemo osati kale nthawiyi.
Ma subspecies osachepera 10 a magpie amadziwika lero. Mbali zapadera za anyani amphaka ndi mchira wawo wautali ndi utoto wakuda ndi woyera.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: magpie mbalame
Mtundu wa Magpie ndi wapadera, chifukwa chake amadziwika bwino ndi ambiri. Nthenga zonse zakuda ndi zoyera. Mutu wa mbalameyo, khosi, msana ndi chifuwa ndi mchira wake wakuda ndi chitsulo, nthawi zina chimakhala chamtambo, chonyezimira komanso chowala, makamaka padzuwa. Pankhaniyi, mimba, mbali ndi mapewa a magpie ndizoyera. Nthawi zina zimachitika kuti nsonga za mapikowo zimajambulanso zoyera. Chifukwa cha utoto wake, magpies nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "magpies oyera".
Amphaka amatha kutalika kwa 50 cm, koma nthawi zambiri amakhala masentimita 40-45. Mapiko amapiko a 50-70 cm, nthawi zina mpaka 90 cm, koma izi ndizosiyana ndi zachilendo. Mchira ndiwotalika, pafupifupi 25 cm, womwe uli pafupifupi theka la utali wa mbalame yonse, wopondapo komanso woyenda kwambiri. Zazimuna ndi zazimuna sizimasiyana kunja, popeza zimakhala ndi mtundu wofanana komanso kukula kwake.
Pali kusiyana kwina, ndipo zimakhalapo kuti amunawo ndi olemera pang'ono, koma zowoneka izi sizimawonekera kunja. Amuna ambiri amalemera pafupifupi magalamu 230, pomwe azimayi pafupifupi 200 magalamu. Mutu wa mbalameyo ndi wocheperako, mlomo ndi wopindika pang'ono komanso wolimba kwambiri, womwe umakhala ngati ma corvids onse.
Miphika ndi yayitali, koma yopyapyala kwambiri, yokhala ndi zala zinayi. Imayenda pansi ndikulumpha makumi anayi ndikudumpha, komanso nthawi yomweyo pamapazi onse awiri. Mchira watambasulidwa. Kuyenda ngati makungubwi kapena nkhunda sizachilendo kwa makumi anayi. Pouluka, mbalameyi imakonda kuuluka, motero kuwuluka kwa magpie kumawoneka kolemera komanso mopepuka. Nthawi zina amatchedwa "kuthamanga". Pakuthawa kwake, magpie amatambasula mapiko ake ndikutambasula mchira wake, chifukwa chake amawoneka okongola kwambiri, ndipo mawonekedwe ake amafanana ndi mbalame za paradiso.
Kulira kwamphamvu kwa magpie ndiwodziwika kwambiri. Phokoso lake limadziwika kwambiri, chifukwa chake ndizovuta kuzisokoneza ndi kulira kwa mbalame ina iliyonse.
Kodi magpie amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Nyama ya Magpie
Malo okhala makumi anayi amapezeka ku Eurasia, kupatula gawo lakumpoto chakum'mawa, koma kuli anthu akutali ku Kamchatka. Magpies akhazikika ku Europe konse kuchokera ku Spain ndi Greece mpaka ku Peninsula ya Scandinavia. Mbalamezi sizipezeka kuzilumba zochepa zokha za ku Mediterranean. Ku Asia, mbalame zimakhazikika kumwera kwa 65 ° kumpoto, ndipo kufupi ndi kum'mawa, malo okhala kumpoto kwa magpie pang'onopang'ono amabwerera kumwera mpaka 50 ° kumpoto.
Pang'ono pang'ono, mbalame zimakhala kumpoto, pafupi kwambiri ndi Europe, mbali zina za Africa - makamaka zigawo za m'mphepete mwa nyanja ku Algeria, Morocco ndi Tunisia. Kumadzulo kwa dziko lapansi, nyani zimapezeka ku North America kokha, kumadera akumadzulo kuchokera ku Alaska kupita ku California.
Malo okhala agpies ndi malo otseguka, osavuta kupeza chakudya. Koma nthawi yomweyo, ayenera kukhala pafupi ndi mitengo kapena zitsamba kuti apange chisa chachikulu. Zosowa kwambiri m'nkhalango zazikulu. Magpie amatha kuonedwa ngati anthu wamba akumidzi. Amakonda kukhazikika pafupi ndi madambo ndi minda, atazunguliridwa ndi zitsamba ndi malamba a m'nkhalango. Koma nkhonya zimapezekanso m'mapaki am'mizinda ndi m'mabwalo, zomwe zimalumikizidwa ndikusaka kosavuta chakudya m'mizinda nyengo yachisanu ngati zinyalala ndi zinyalala za chakudya. Nthawi zina mbalame zimakhazikika panjanji kapena njanji.
Agalu sanasiye nyumba zawo kwa nthawi yayitali. Inde, nthawi zina amatha kusonkhana m'magulu ang'onoang'ono ndipo nthawi yozizira kuchokera kumudzi kapena kumunda amasamukira m'tawuni yaying'ono kuti apange chakudya mosavuta, koma zonsezi zimachitika mdera limodzi, ndipo mtunda woyenda sudutsa makilomita khumi. Izi ndizochepa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi mbalame zina zomwe zimayenda mtunda wautali ndikusintha kwa nyengo. Chifukwa chake, anyani agalu ndi mbalame zokhala pansi, osati zosamuka.
Kodi magpie amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Magpie m'nkhalango
M'malo mwake, magpie ndi mbalame yodabwitsa kwambiri. Amatha kudya tirigu ndi mbewu m'minda, kuthyola tizilombo ndi tiziromboti kuchokera ku ubweya wa ng'ombe zodyetsa kapena nyama zazikulu zakutchire, modzipereka kudya nyongolotsi, mbozi ndi mphutsi, atakhala ndi chogwirira pakukumba izo pansi. M'madera olima, makumi anayi samakondedwa chifukwa amawononga zokolola, mwachitsanzo, nkhaka, maapulo, komanso zigawo zakumwera kulinso mavwende ndi mavwende.
Pa nthawi ya njala, samanyalanyaza zinyalala ndi zinyalala m'malo otayira mumzinda. Amadya modzipereka zomwe zili mwa omwe amadyetsa, kuphatikiza mkate, mtedza, tirigu kapena zakudya zina zamasamba zotsalira pamenepo. Amatha kuba mafupa agalu mosavuta. Koma nthawi zambiri, zinthu zina kukhala zofanana, agalu amayesetsabe kudya chakudya cha nyama.
Kuphatikiza pa tizilombo, chakudya chawo chimaphatikizapo:
- Makoswe ang'onoang'ono;
- Achule;
- Nkhono;
- Abuluzi ang'onoang'ono;
- Anapiye a mbalame zina;
- Mazira ochokera ku zisa za anthu ena.
Ngati kukula kwa nyamayo ikukula, nyamayi imadyako pang'ono, ndikudula nyama ndi mulomo wake wamphamvu ndikugwira chakudya chonsecho ndi mawoko ake. Mbalame zokhala tchire kapena zakutchire zimavutika makamaka ndi ziwombankhanga zamphaka - mapadi, ma lark, zinziri ndi mbalame zina, zomwe agalu amphaka amatengedwa nthawi yachisa pofuna kuba mazira kapena kudya anapiye oswedwa.
Chosangalatsa: nyamayi imabisa chakudya chochuluka munthaka monga zinthu zofunikira pakagwa njala. Nthawi yomweyo, luntha la mbalameyo limalola kuti ipeze msanga posachedwa. Mosiyana ndi agulugufe, agologolo kapena mbewa zochepa sizingabwereze izi.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Magpie akuthawa
Amphaka amakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono a mbalame 5-7, kawirikawiri osakhala amodzi. Kukhazikika pagulu kumawathandiza kwambiri poteteza. Magpie amachenjeza za kuyandikira kwa adani kapena zolengedwa zilizonse zokayikitsa mwa kulira, zomwe mbalame zina komanso nyama, mwachitsanzo, zimbalangondo, zaphunzira kumvetsetsa. Ndiye chifukwa chake alenje akawoneka, nyama nthawi zambiri imathawa ikangomva magpie. Chodziwika bwino cha makumi anayi ndichakuti amaphatikizika, ndipo amapanga awiriawiri moyo wawo wonse.
Mbalame ziwiri nthawi zonse zimagwira nawo ntchito yomanga zisa. Chisa chimayikidwa mozungulira mozungulira ndikulowera mbali yotsalira komanso chophatikizira chadothi. Nthaka ndi nthambi zolimba komanso masamba amagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga makoma ndi denga, ndipo nthambi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka padenga. Mkati mwa chisa amaikidwa ndi udzu, udzu wouma, mizu ndi utoto waubweya. Zisa zingapo zimatha kumangidwa ndi gulu limodzi munthawi yoswana, koma mumatha kusankha imodzi. Zisa zomwe zasiyidwa zimakhazikika ndi mbalame zina, mwachitsanzo, akadzidzi, kestrel, ndipo nthawi zina nyama, agologolo kapena ma martens.
Ngakhale amakhala mokhazikika, poyerekeza ndi ma corvids ena, magpies ndi mbalame zoyenda kwambiri komanso zotakataka. Amadziwika ndi mayendedwe tsiku lililonse. Nthawi zambiri samaima kwa nthawi yayitali pamalo amodzi ndikudumphadumpha kuchokera kunthambi ina kupita kwina, kuwuluka mtunda wautali, kusaka tchire ndi mitengo kufunafuna zisa za anthu ena ndi chakudya. Amakhala moyo wamasana basi.
Magpie amakumbukira bwino, ndipo pakati pa mbalame zonse amadziwika kuti ndi amodzi mwanzeru kwambiri. Ngakhale amafunitsitsa kudziwa zambiri, amakhala wochenjera kwambiri ndipo amatha kupewa misampha. Mbalameyi ndi yosavuta kuphunzira, imaphunzira maluso atsopano ndikusintha mwachangu malo osintha. Akatswiri a zooologist apezanso zochitika zingapo zofananira komanso miyambo yazikhalidwe makumi anayi.
Pali malingaliro akuti agalu amadziwa bwino mawu achisoni. Zimadziwika kuti mbalamezi sizikhala zopanda chidwi ndi zinthu zonyezimira, zomwe zimabera anthu nthawi zonse kapena kunyamula m'misewu. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, kuba sikumachitika poyera, ndipo asanabe chinthu, mbalame nthawi zonse zimaonetsetsa kuti sizili pangozi.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: lero magpie ndiye mbalame yokhayo yomwe imatha kudzizindikira pakalilore, osaganizira kuti pali wina patsogolo pake.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Magpie panthambi
Agalu amadziwika ndi kuti nthawi zambiri amakhala okhulupirika kwa osankhidwa awo. Amasankha mnzake ngakhale mchaka choyamba cha moyo. Kwa iwo, ichi ndi chisankho chanzeru, chifukwa ndi awiriwo omwe adzamanga chisa ndikudyetsa anapiye zaka zonse zotsatira.
Masika, agalu amasankha malo obisika m'tchire kapena okwera mumtengo. Ngati pali nyumba zokhalamo anthu pafupi, nyaniyo amasankha malo okhala chisa chokwera kwambiri, kuwopa kusokonekera. Amphaka amayamba kukwatirana ndi anzawo mchaka chachiwiri chokha cha moyo.
Nthawi zambiri anyaniwa amayikira mazira pafupifupi asanu ndi awiri kapena asanu ndi atatu. Mazira amaikidwa mkatikati mwa Epulo. Mazira awo ndi abuluu wonyezimira wobiriwira ndi timadontho, pakati kukula kwake mpaka 4 cm kutalika. Mkazi amachita nawo mazira. Kwa masiku 18, amawotcha anapiye amtsogolo ndi kutentha kwake. Anapiye amabadwa amaliseche ndi akhungu. Akamaliza, makolowa amagawana ntchito zosamalira chimodzimodzi. Ndiye kuti, yaikazi ndi yamphongo imasamalira anapiye. Amakhala nthawi yawo yonse kufunafuna ndikupereka chakudya kwa ana awo.
Izi zimapitilira pafupifupi mwezi umodzi, ndipo pofika masiku pafupifupi 25 anapiye amayamba kuyesa kutuluka mchisa. Koma kuyesera kuti aziuluka pawokha sizitanthauza kuti ayambitsa moyo wodziyimira pawokha mwachangu chonchi. Amakhala ndi makolo awo mpaka kugwa, ndipo nthawi zina zimachitika chaka chathunthu. Kwa nthawi yayitali amalanda chakudya kuchokera kwa makolo awo, ngakhale mwakuthupi amakhala atakwanitsa kuchipeza okha.
Izi zimachitika kuti zolusa zimawononga zisa za makumi anayi. Zikatero, agalu amatha kumanganso chisa kapena kumaliza chisa cha wina, kenako nkuyikiranso mazira. Koma azichita mwachangu kwambiri. Magulu onse amphaka nthawi zina amawoneka akuikira mazira mu Juni. Zikuwoneka kuti pazifukwa zina kuti kuyesa kwawo kasupe koyambirira sikunapambane.
Adani achilengedwe makumi anayi
Chithunzi: Magpie m'chilengedwe
Kuthengo, pakati pa adani makumi anayi makamaka mitundu yayikulu ya mbalame zodya nyama:
- Zimbalangondo;
- Kadzidzi;
- Kadzidzi;
- Ziwombankhanga;
- Ziwombankhanga;
- Hawks;
- Kadzidzi.
Anapiye a mimbulu omwe amakhala m'malo otentha nthawi zina amavutikanso ndi njoka. M'mayendedwe athu, gologolo, dormouse kapena marten amatha kukwera chisa cha mbalame. Kuphatikiza apo, ngati nyama ziwiri zomaliza zimadya anapiye ndi mazira, ndiye kuti gologolo sangadye ngakhale mazira a mbalameyo kapena anapiye ake, koma amangowaponyera kunja kwa chisa.
Ndipo izi zimawatsogolera ku imfa yawo. Mbalame zazikulu, komabe, ndi zazikulu kwambiri kuposa nyama zoterezi. Koma mwa nyama zazikulu kwambiri, amphaka amtchire nthawi zambiri amalimbana ndi achikulire makumi anayi. Nthawi zina mbalame zimakonda kudya nkhandwe ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala mimbulu kapena zimbalangondo. Magpie ndi osamala kwambiri, chifukwa chake samakumana nawo kawirikawiri, ndipo makamaka mbalame zodwala kapena zakale kwambiri zimavutika.
Lero, munthu wasiya mdani wa magpie kukhala chinthu chosalowerera ndale. Inde, nthawi zina kuwononga zisa kapena kuwonongera agalu ngati tizirombo kumachitika, koma izi zimachitika mwakamodzikamodzi, ndipo luntha ndi chenjezo zimathandiza ntchentche kuthawa. Nthawi yomweyo, chifukwa cha anthu, mbalame zili ndi mwayi wopeza chakudya chanthaka nthawi zonse.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: magpie mbalame
Agalu si nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha, ndipo mosiyana ndi mbalame zina zambiri, sizowopsezedwa kutheratu. Anthu awo ndi okhazikika. Lero, chiwerengero cha makumi anai wamba ndi pafupifupi ma miliyoni 12 miliyoni.
Ngakhale ngakhale m'maiko ndi madera ambiri anthu amapheratu nkhwangwa mwadala, chifukwa amawawona ngati tizirombo, kuchuluka kwa mbalamezi sikuchepera. Kuphatikiza apo, mmadera ena pamakhala kuwonjezeka kwakanthawi kwa chiwerengero chawo muzaka zosiyanasiyana mpaka 5%.
Kutha kwamphamvuzonse komanso kutha kupeza chakudya nthawi yachisanu m'malo omwe anthu amakhala kumathandizira kuti mbalamezi zizikhala ndi moyo wathanzi. Kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa anthu makumi anayi ndikumizinda, komwe amakhala magawo ambiri. Kuchuluka kwa anthu okwanira makumi anayi m'mizinda ndi pafupifupi ma 20 okwatirana pa kilomita imodzi.
Chenjezo la mbalamezi, nzeru zawo zapamwamba komanso luso lawo, komanso kuti makolo onse amasamalira anawo, zimathandiza kwambiri. Zisa za magpies zili pamwamba, zokutidwa ndi denga kuchokera kumwamba, chifukwa chake ndizovuta kufikira ngakhale mbalame zodya nyama. Nyani wamphongo wathanzi nthawi zambiri samakumana ndi adani, choncho ngati mbalameyo yakula msinkhu, titha kuganiza kuti ndiyotetezeka magpie zoperekedwa kale.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 13.04.2019
Idasinthidwa: 19.09.2019 pa 17:17
