Ntchentche ya tsetse Ndi kachilombo kakang'ono kamene kamakhala m'malo ambiri otentha ku Africa. Tiziromboti timadya magazi a zamoyo zam'mafupa. Mtunduwu wawerengedwa mozama pantchito yake yopatsira matenda owopsa. Tizilombo timeneti timakhudza kwambiri chuma m'maiko aku Africa monga ma vector a ma trypanosomes omwe amayambitsa matenda ogona mwa anthu komanso trypanosomiasis munyama.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: ntchentche ya tsetse
Mawu oti tsetse amatanthauza "kuuluka" mchilankhulo cha Tswana ndi Bantu chakumwera kwa Africa. Amakhulupirira kuti ndi mtundu wakale kwambiri wa tizilombo, popeza ntchentche za tsetse zapezeka m'mabwinja ku Colorado zomwe zidayikidwa pafupifupi zaka 34 miliyoni zapitazo. Mitundu ina yafotokozedwanso ku Arabia.
Masiku ano ntchentche za tsetse zimapezeka makamaka ku Africa kumwera kwa Sahara. Mitundu 23 ndi subspecies 8 za tizilombo zadziwika, koma 6 zokha mwa izo ndizodziwika kuti ndizonyamula matenda ogona ndipo akuimbidwa mlandu wofalitsa tizirombo tating'onoting'ono ta anthu.
Kanema: Tsetse Fly
Tsetse sanali kupezeka kumadera akumwera ndi kum'mawa kwa Africa mpaka nthawi zamakoloni. Koma pambuyo pa mliri wa mliriwu, womwe udakantha pafupifupi ziweto zonse kumadera awa a Africa, komanso chifukwa cha njala, anthu ambiri adawonongedwa.
Chitsamba chaminga, choyenera ntchentche za tsetse. Inakulira komwe kunali msipu wa ziweto ndipo kumakhala nyama zakutchire. Matenda a Tsetse ndi kugona posakhalitsa adakhazikitsa dera lonselo, kupatula kubwezeretsa ulimi ndi ziweto.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti! Chifukwa ulimi sungagwire bwino ntchito popanda phindu la ziweto, ntchentche ya tsetse ndi yomwe imayambitsa umphawi kwambiri ku Africa.
Mwinamwake popanda ntchentche ya tsetse, Africa yamasiku ano inali ndi mawonekedwe osiyana kotheratu. Anthu ena oteteza zachilengedwe amatchedwa "Woteteza nyama zakutchire ku Africa" Amakhulupirira kuti dziko lopanda anthu, lodzaza ndi nyama zakutchire, lakhala lotere. Julian Huxley adatcha zigwa za kum'mawa kwa Africa "gawo lopulumuka la zolemera zachilengedwe monga momwe zidaliri pamaso pa anthu amakono."
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Tizilombo ta tsetse ntchentche
Mitundu yonse ya ntchentche za tsetse zimatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe wamba. Monga tizilombo tina, ali ndi thupi lachikulire lopangidwa ndi magawo atatu osiyana: mutu + chifuwa + m'mimba. Mutuwo uli ndi maso akulu, olekanitsidwa mbali zonse, ndi proboscis yowonekera bwino, yolunjika kutsogolo yolumikizidwa pansipa.
Nthitiyi ndi yayikulu ndipo ili ndi zigawo zitatu zophatikizidwa. Chojambulidwa pachifuwa pali miyendo itatu, komanso mapiko awiri. Mimba ndi yayifupi koma yotakata ndipo imasintha kwambiri pakakulidwe. Kutalika konse ndi 8-14 mm. Thupi la mkati limafanana ndi tizilombo.
Pali zinthu zinayi zofunika kusiyanitsa ntchentche yakutha ndi ntchentche zina:
- Mbalame. Tizilombo timakhala ndi thunthu losiyana, lokhala ndi mawonekedwe atali komanso owonda, omata pansi pamutu ndikuwongolera kutsogolo;
- Mapiko opindidwa. Popuma, ntchentcheyo imapinda mapiko ake ngati lumo;
- Chithunzi cha nkhwangwa pamapiko. Selo lapakati la mapiko limakhala ndi mawonekedwe a nkhwangwa, okumbutsa womenyera nyama kapena nkhwangwa;
- Tsitsi la nthambi - "tinyanga". Msana uli ndi tsitsi lomwe limatuluka kumapeto.
Kusiyanitsa kwapadera kwambiri ndi ntchentche zaku Europe ndi mapiko olumikizidwa bwino ndi proboscis yakuthwa yotuluka m'mutu. Ntchentche za tsetse zimaoneka zosaoneka bwino, za utoto wachikaso mpaka bulauni yakuda, ndipo zili ndi nthiti yaimvi yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi mdima.
Kodi ntchentche ya tsetse imakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Tsetse ntchentche ku Africa
Glossina amagawidwa m'malo ambiri akumwera kwa Sahara ku Africa (pafupifupi 107 km2). Malo omwe amakonda kwambiri ndi madera obiriwira m'mbali mwa mitsinje, nyanja m'malo ouma, ndi nkhalango zowirira, zachinyezi, nkhalango zamvula.
Africa yamasiku ano, yomwe imapezeka m'malemba a nyama zakutchire, idapangidwa m'zaka za zana la 19 mwa kuphatikiza mliri ndi ntchentche za tsetse. Mu 1887, kachilombo ka rinderpest kanayambitsidwa ndi Ataliyana mosazindikira.
Idafalikira mwachangu, kufikira:
- Ethiopia pofika 1888;
- Nyanja ya Atlantic pofika 1892;
- South Africa pofika 1897
Mliri wochokera ku Central Asia unapha zoposa 90% za ziweto za abusa monga Amasai ku East Africa. Abusa amasiyidwa opanda ziweto komanso magwero a ndalama, ndipo alimi amalandidwa nyama zolima ndi kuthirira. Mliriwu udagwirizana ndi nyengo yachilala yomwe idadzetsa njala. Anthu aku Africa adamwalira ndi nthomba, kolera, typhoid ndi matenda ochokera ku Europe. Akuyerekeza kuti magawo awiri mwa atatu amasai adamwalira mu 1891.
Dzikolo linamasulidwa ku ziweto ndi anthu. Kuchepetsa msipu kunayambitsa kuchuluka kwa zitsamba. Patangopita zaka zochepa, udzu wofupikirako unalowedwa m'malo ndi madambo a m'nkhalango ndi zitsamba zaminga, malo abwino oti ntchentche za tsetse zitheke. Chiwerengero cha zinyama zakutchire chinawonjezeka mofulumira, ndipo nazi chiŵerengero cha ntchentche za tsetse zinawonjezeka. Madera akumapiri akum'mawa kwa Africa, komwe kunalibe tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'mbuyomu, amakhala nawo, omwe amaphatikizidwa ndi matenda ogona, mpaka pano osadziwika m'derali. Anthu mamiliyoni ambiri adamwalira ndi matenda ogona koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1900.
Zofunika! Kupezeka ndi kupititsa patsogolo kwa ntchentche za tsetse kumadera atsopano azolimo kukulepheretsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira yokhazikika yopangira ziweto pafupifupi 2/3 m'maiko aku Africa
Zomera zokwanira ndizofunikira pakukula kwa ntchentcheyo chifukwa imapereka malo oswanirana, pogona m'malo osavomerezeka, ndi malo opumira.
Kodi ntchentche ya tsetse imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Nyama ya ntchentche ya tsetse
Tizilomboti timapezeka m’nkhalango, ngakhale kuti timatha kuuluka patali n’kupita paphiri pamene takopeka ndi nyama yotentha. Amuna ndi akazi amayamwa magazi pafupifupi tsiku lililonse, koma zochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku zimasiyanasiyana kutengera mtundu ndi chilengedwe (monga kutentha).
Mitundu ina imagwira ntchito kwambiri m'mawa, pomwe ina imakhala yogwira masana. Nthawi zambiri, ntchentche za tsetse zimachepa dzuwa litangolowa. M'nkhalango, ntchentche za tsetse ndi zomwe zimayambitsa kuzunzidwa kwambiri kwa anthu. Akazi nthawi zambiri amadyetsa nyama zazikulu. Ndi khungu lochepa, amapyoza khungu, kubaya malovu ndikuthira.
Zolemba! Tizilombo
Zojambulajambula Diptera Glossinidae Tsetse Imabisala mu tchire ndipo imayamba kuthamangitsa chandamale chosunthira, ikachita fumbi. Itha kukhala nyama yayikulu kapena galimoto. Chifukwa chake, m'malo omwe ntchentche ya tsetse imapezeka paliponse, sikulimbikitsidwa kukwera m'galimoto kapena ndi mawindo otseguka.
Kuluma makamaka pa nyama zokhala ndi ziboda (mphalapala, njati). Komanso ng'ona, mbalame, kuyang'anira abuluzi, hares ndi anthu. Mimba yake ndi yayikulu mokwanira kupirira kukula kwakanthawi mukamamwa magazi mukamamwa madzi amwazi ofanana ndi kulemera kwake.
Ntchentche za tsetse zimayendetsedwa mokomera zachilengedwe komanso zachilengedwe m'magulu atatu:
- Fusca kapena gulu la nkhalango (subgenus Austenina);
- Morsitans, kapena savannah, gulu (mtundu wa Glossina);
- Palpalis, kapena gulu lamtsinje (subgenus Nemorhina).
Mitundu yofunikira yamankhwala ndi ma subspecies ndi am'mbali mwa mtsinje ndi nsalu. Matenda awiri ofunikira kwambiri a matenda ogona ndi Glossina palpalis, omwe amapezeka makamaka m'nkhalango zowirira, ndi G. morsitans, omwe amadyetsa nkhalango zowonekera kwambiri.
G. palpalis ndiye khansa yoyamba ya Trypanosoma gambiense, yomwe imayambitsa matenda ogona ku West ndi Central Africa. G. morsitans ndiye chonyamulira chachikulu cha T. brucei rhodesiense, chomwe chimayambitsa matenda ogona kumapiri akum'mawa kwa Africa. Achifwamba amatenganso ma trypanosomes omwe amayambitsa matenda.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Ntchentche ya African tsetse
Ntchentche ya tsetse idatchedwa "wakupha wakachetechete" chifukwa imathamanga mwachangu, koma mwakachetechete. Imakhala ngati malo osungira tizilombo tambiri tambiri. Amuna akulu amtunduwu amatha kukhala milungu iwiri kapena itatu, ndipo akazi mwezi umodzi kapena inayi.
Chosangalatsa! Ntchentche zambiri za tsetse zimakhala zolimba kwambiri. Amaphedwa mosavuta ndi ntchentche, koma pamafunika khama kwambiri kuti awaphwanye.
Kuchokera ku Sahara mpaka ku Kalahari, ntchentche ya tsetse yakhala ikuzunza alimi aku Africa kwazaka zambiri. Kalelo m'masiku akale, kachilombo kakang'ono aka kanalepheretsa alimi kugwiritsa ntchito ziweto kulima, zomwe zimachepetsa kupanga, zokolola ndi ndalama. Mphamvu zachuma za ntchentche za tsetse ku Africa zikuyerekeza $ 4.5 biliyoni.
Kutumiza kwa trypanosomiasis kumakhudza zamoyo zinayi zolumikizirana: wolandila, wonyamula tizilombo, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndi posungira. Glossins ndi ma vekitala ogwira ntchito ndipo ali ndi udindo wokulitsa zamoyozi, ndipo kuchepetsedwa kulikonse kwa kuchuluka kwawo kuyenera kuchititsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa kufalitsa ndipo chifukwa chake kumathandizira kuthetsedwa kwa HAT ndikukhazikika kwazoyeserera.
Mukalumidwa ndi ntchentche ya tsetse, tiziromboti (trypanosomes) timayambitsa matenda ogona mwa anthu ndi nagana (African animal trypanosomiasis) mwa nyama - makamaka ng'ombe, akavalo, abulu ndi nkhumba. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timayambitsa chisokonezo, kusokonezeka kwamalingaliro ndi kusagwirizana bwino mwa anthu, malungo, kufooka, ndi kuchepa kwa magazi m'zinyama. Zonsezi zitha kupha ngati sizichiritsidwa.
Kafukufuku woyamba wadziko lonse wogawira ntchentche za tsetse adachitika m'ma 1970. Posachedwa, mamapu adakonzedwa kuti FAO iwonetse malo oloseredwa oyenera ntchentche za tsetse.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Tsetse Fly Madagascar
Tsetse - imapanga ana 8-10 mmoyo wonse. Akazi a tsetse amakwatirana kamodzi kokha. Pambuyo masiku 7 mpaka 9, amatulutsa dzira limodzi la umuna, lomwe amasunga m'chiberekero chake. Mphutsi imakula ndikukula pogwiritsa ntchito michere ya amayi isanatulutsidwe m'chilengedwe.
Mkazi amafunika mpaka magawo atatu amwazi kuti apange mphutsi. Kulephera konse kupeza chakudya chamagazi kumatha kubweretsa kutaya mimba. Pakatha masiku pafupifupi asanu ndi anayi, yaikazi imapanga mbozi, yomwe imakwiriridwa pansi pomwepo, pomwe imasilira. Mphutsi yoswedwa imayamba kusanjikiza kolimba - puparium. Ndipo yaikazi imapitirizabe kupanga kachilombo kamodzi pafupifupi masiku asanu ndi anayi m'moyo wake wonse.
Gawo la ana limatha pafupifupi masabata atatu. Kunja, khungu la molar (exuvium) la pupa limawoneka ngati laling'ono, lokhala ndi chipolopolo cholimba, chokhala ndi mbali ziwiri zazing'ono zakumapeto kumapeto kwa chinthu chamoyo. Chibayo sichichepera 1.0 cm. Mu chipolopolo chachinyamata, ntchentche imamaliza magawo awiri omaliza. Ntchentche yachikulire imatuluka m'chibwibwi pansi patadutsa masiku pafupifupi 30.
Pakadutsa masiku 12-14, ntchentche yakukhanda imakhwima, kenako imakwatirana ndipo, ngati ili wamkazi, imayala mphutsi yoyamba. Chifukwa chake, masiku 50 amatha pakati pa mawonekedwe a mkazi m'modzi ndikuwonekeranso kwa mwana wake woyamba.
Zofunika! Moyo wosabereka kwambiri komanso kuyesayesa kwakukulu kwa makolo ndi chitsanzo chosazolowereka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa.
Akuluakulu ndi ntchentche zazikulu, kutalika kwa 0,5-1.5 masentimita, ndi mawonekedwe omwe amawapangitsa kusiyanitsa mosavuta ndi ntchentche zina.
Adani achilengedwe a ntchentche ya tsetse
Chithunzi: ntchentche ya tsetse
Tsetse alibe mdani m'malo ake achilengedwe. Mbalame zina zazing'ono zimatha kuzigwira kuti zidye, koma osati mwadongosolo. Mdani wamkulu wa ntchentche ndi munthu yemwe amayesetsa mwaukali kuti awuwononge pazifukwa zomveka. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timagwira nawo ntchito yotumizira zachilengedwe za ma trypanosomes aku Africa, omwe amayambitsa matenda ogona mwa anthu ndi ziweto.
Pobadwa, ntchentche ya tsetse siidatenge kachilomboka. Kutenga tizirombo toyambitsa matenda kumachitika munthu atamwa magazi a nyama yakuthengo yomwe ili ndi kachilomboka. Kwa zaka zopitilira 80, njira zingapo zolimbana ndi tizilombo toopsa kwambiri Padziko lapansi zakhala zikukonzedwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Zambiri mwa kupita patsogolo kwa njira za nyambo zachokera pakumvetsetsa bwino kwamachitidwe a ntchentche.
Kufunika kwa zinthu zowoneka pokopa ntchentche za tsetse kuzinthu zowala kwadziwika kalekale. Komabe, zidatenga nthawi yayitali kuti timvetsetse kufunikira kwakununkhira munjira zokopa. Nyambo zopangira njere za tsetse zimagwira ntchito potengera mbali zina za thupi, ndipo ng'ombe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira "yoyeserera" yoyeserera.
Zolemba! M'madera momwe nyambo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutetezera anthu am'deralo kapena ziweto zawo kuti zisawukiridwe ndi ntchentche za tsetse, misampha iyenera kuyikidwa mozungulira midzi ndi m'minda kuti igwire bwino ntchito.
Njira yothandiza kwambiri yochotsera tsetse ndi polowetsa yamphongo. Amakhala ndi radiation radiation. Pambuyo pobereketsa, amuna omwe ataya ntchito zawo zachonde amatulutsidwa kumadera omwe akazi ambiri amakhala athanzi. Ukakwatirana, kuberekanso kwina sikungatheke.
Uchiwu umakhala wothandiza kwambiri kumadera akutali ndi madzi. M'madera ena, imaberekanso zipatso, koma imangochepetsa kuchepa kwa tizilombo kwakanthawi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Tsetse ntchentche
Ntchentche ya tsetse imakhala pafupifupi 10,000,000 km2, makamaka m'nkhalango zam'malo otentha, ndipo magawo ambiri amderali ndi nthaka yachonde yomwe imakhalabe yosalimidwa - chipululu chotchedwa green, chosagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu kapena ziweto. Ambiri mwa mayiko 39 omwe akhudzidwa ndi ntchentche ya tsetse ndi osauka, ali ndi ngongole zambiri ndipo alibe chitukuko.
Kukhalapo kwa ntchentche za tsetse ndi trypanosomiasis kumalepheretsa:
- Kugwiritsa ntchito ng'ombe zowoneka bwino kwambiri komanso zowoloka;
- Imapondereza kukula ndikukhudza kagawidwe ka ziweto;
- Amachepetsa kuthekera kwa ziweto ndi zokolola.
Ntchentche za Tsetse zimafalitsa matenda ofananawo kwa anthu, otchedwa African trypanosomiasis, kapena matenda ogona. Pafupifupi anthu 70 miliyoni m'maiko 20 ali pachiwopsezo chosiyanasiyana, pomwe kuli anthu mamiliyoni 3-4 okha omwe akuyang'aniridwa. Popeza matendawa amakhudza achikulire omwe akuchita bwino pazachuma, mabanja ambiri amakhalabe osauka.
Ndikofunika! Kukulitsa chidziwitso chofunikira cha momwe ntchentche ya tsetse imagwirira ntchito ndi tizilombo tina ting'onoting'ono tithandizira njira zatsopano zowongolera zochepetsera kuchuluka kwa tsetse.
Kwa zaka makumi angapo, Joint Program yakhala ikupanga SIT motsutsana ndi mitundu yofunikira kwambiri ya ntchentche za tsetse. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera pomwe anthu achilengedwe achepetsedwa ndi misampha, zolowetsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo, mankhwala a ziweto ndi njira zamagetsi zotsatsira.
Kuchuluka kwa anyani osabala m'mibadwo yambiri ya ntchentche kumapeto kwake kumatha kufafaniza mitundu yokhayokha ya ntchentche za tsetse.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 10.04.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 19.09.2019 pa 16:11
