Nyalugwe wa Bali Ndi amodzi mwazakudya zokongola kwambiri komanso zachisomo m'banja lachiweto. Iwo ali ndi dzina lawo chifukwa cha malo awo okhala - amakhala okha pachilumba cha Bali. Mbali yapadera ndi kukula kwake kochepa. Mwa mitundu yonse ya akambuku yomwe idakhalako padziko lapansi, inali yaying'ono kwambiri.
Pamodzi ndi Sumatran ndi Javanese, anali oimira mitundu ya akambuku aku Indonesia. Tsoka ilo, lero kambuku wa ku Balinese, pamodzi ndi Ajava, awonongedwa kotheratu, ndipo kambuku wa Sumatran watsala pang'ono kutha. Kambuku womaliza wa ku Balinese adawonongedwa mu 1937 ndi osaka nyama.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Bali Tiger
Nyalugwe wa Bali anali nthumwi yoyamwitsa, yomwe inali m'gulu la nyama zowononga, banja lachiweto, idasankhidwa ngati mtundu wa panther komanso mtundu wa akambuku. Pali malingaliro angapo okhudzana ndi komwe woimira banja lachibale lino adachokera. Yoyamba mwa izi imanena kuti tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta ku Javanese ndi ku Balinese anali amtundu womwewo ndipo anali ndi kholo limodzi.
Chifukwa cha msinkhu womaliza wa madzi oundana, mitunduyi idagawidwa ndi madzi oundana akuluakulu m'magulu awiri. Zotsatira zake, anthu amodzi adatsalira pachilumba cha Bali ndipo pambuyo pake adatchedwa Balinese, ndipo wachiwiri adatsalira pachilumba cha Java ndipo adatchedwa Javanese.
Kanema: Bali Tiger
Lingaliro lachiwiri ndilakuti kholo lakale la akambuku aku Balinese adasambira pamtsinje ndikukakhazikika pachilumba cha Bali. Kwa zaka masauzande ambiri, chilumba cha Bali chidakhala dera lokulirapo. Anali ndi zikhalidwe zonse zamoyo ndi kuswana nyama mwachilengedwe.
Gawo la chilumbachi linali ndi nkhalango zowirira komanso zam'malo otentha, linali ndi madera ambiri am'mitsinje ndi mabeseni amadzi. M'derali, akambuku a Balinese anali ndi eni ake okwanira. Iwo analibe adani pakati pa oimira nyama ndipo anapatsidwa chakudya chambiri.
Makolo a nthumwi za woimira banjalo anali akulu kwambiri kukula ndi kulemera kwa thupi. Akatswiri ofufuza nyama akuti zaka pafupifupi 12,000 zapitazo, madzi a m'nyanja anakwera kwambiri ndipo analekanitsa dziwe ndi chilumbacho.
Nyamayo, yotchedwa Balinese, idakhalapo pachilumbacho mpaka pomwe idasowa. Wofufuza waku Germany a Ernst Schwarz adatenga nawo gawo pofufuza zamakhalidwe, moyo wawo komanso zambiri zakunja mu 1912. Malongosoledwe amtundu wamawu adapangidwa kuchokera ku zikopa za nyama ndi mbali zina za mafupa omwe amasungidwa m'malo osungiramo zinthu zakale.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Bali Tiger
Kutalika kwa thupi lanyama kunayamba kuchokera theka ndi theka mpaka mita ziwiri ndi theka mwaimuna komanso kuchokera mita imodzi mpaka awiri mwa akazi. Kulemera kwa thupi lanyama mpaka makilogalamu 100 mwa amuna ndi akazi kwa 80. Kutalika pakufota masentimita 70-90. Oimira awa am'banja lazinyama zomwe zimawononga amawonetsa mawonekedwe azakugonana.
Mbali yapadera ya subspecies iyi ndi ubweya. Ndi lalifupi ndipo lili ndi utoto wosiyanasiyana wa lalanje. Mikwingwirima yakuda yoyenda. Chiwerengero chawo ndi chocheperako poyerekeza ndi cha akambuku ena. Mdima wozungulira, pafupifupi utoto wakuda umapezeka pakati pa mikwingwirima yopingasa. Dera la khosi, chifuwa, pamimba komanso mkati mwamiyendo ndi yopepuka, pafupifupi yoyera.
Mchira wa nyamawo unali wautali, wokwana pafupifupi mita imodzi. Inali ndi utoto wowala komanso mikwingwirima yakuda yopingasa. Nsonga nthawi zonse yakhala burashi yakuda. Thupi la nyamayo ndilopepuka, limasinthasintha ndi minofu yotukuka kwambiri komanso yamphamvu. Mbali yakutsogolo ya thupi imakulirapo pang'ono kuposa kumbuyo. Miyendo ndi yaifupi koma yamphamvu komanso yamphamvu. Miyendo yakumbuyo ili ndi zala zinayi, yakutsogolo ndi zala zisanu. Zikhadabo zochotseka zidalipo pamiyendo.
Mutu wa nyama ndi wozungulira, wocheperako. Makutu ndi ang'ono, ozungulira, omwe amakhala pambali. Malo amkati am'makutu nthawi zonse amakhala owala. Maso ndi ozungulira, amdima, ang'ono. Mbali zonse ziwiri za nkhope pali malaya opepuka omwe amapatsa chidwi cha zotumphukira. M'masaya muli mizere ingapo yazitali, zoyera zoyera.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Nsagwada za chilombochi zimayenera kusamalidwa mwapadera. Iwo anali akuimira ambiri a mano lakuthwa. Mimbulu imadziwika kuti ndi yayitali kwambiri. Kutalika kwawo kunafika kuposa masentimita asanu ndi awiri. Anapangidwa kuti azilekanitsa chakudya cha nyama m'magawo.
Kambuku wa ku Balinese amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Bali Tiger
Nthumwi ya banja la feline imangokhala ku Indonesia, pachilumba cha Bali, palibe zigawo zina zomwe zidapezeka. Nyama zimakonda nkhalango ngati malo okhala, zimamva bwino m'zigwa zamadamu osiyanasiyana. Chofunikira ndikupezeka kwa posungira komwe amakonda kusambira ndi kumwa mochuluka atadya.
Akambuku a Balinese amathanso kupezeka m'mapiri. Anthu okhala m'derali adazindikira milandu pomwe adakumana ndi chilombo kumtunda pafupifupi mita imodzi ndi theka.
Malo okhalamo:
- nkhalango zamapiri;
- nkhalango zowuma;
- nkhalango zobiriwira zobiriwira nthawi zonse;
- pafupi ndi magombe amadzi amitundu yosiyanasiyana;
- mu mangowe;
- pamapiri otsetsereka.
Kwa anthu amderali, nyalugwe wa Bailey anali nyama yodabwitsa, yomwe imadziwika kuti inali yamphamvu, yamphamvu, komanso yamatsenga. M'derali, zolusa zimatha kukhala pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu ndipo nthawi zambiri zimasaka ziweto. Komabe, anthu amawopa amphaka olusa ndipo amawawononga pokhapokha atawononga kwambiri banja.
Zinali zachilendo nyama kuwononga anthu. Komabe, mu 1911, mlenje Oscar Voynich anafika ku Indonesia. Iye, pamodzi ndi mamembala ena a gulu lake, anapha chilombo kwa nthawi yoyamba. Pambuyo pake, kuzunzidwa kwakukulu ndikupha chirombocho kunayamba. Popeza malo okhawo omwe akambuku a Balinese amakhala anali chilumba cha Bali, sizinatenge nthawi kuti anthu awononge nyama.
Kodi kambuku wa ku Balinese amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Bali Tiger
Akambuku a Balinese ndi nyama yodya nyama. Chakudya chake chinali chakudya cha nyama. Chifukwa chakukula kwake, kudzikongoletsa kwake ndi chisomo chake, woimira banja la feline analibe opikisana nawo ndipo anali woyimira gawo lalikulu kwambiri lazakudya. Akambuku anali osaka mwaluso kwambiri. Chifukwa cha mtundu wawo, sanadziwike panthawi yosaka.
Chosangalatsa: Masharubu ataliatali adagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati cholozera mumlengalenga. Nthawi zambiri, amakonda kukasaka nyama yawo munjira zomwe zili pafupi ndi akasupe amadzi, pomwe nyama zodyera zimabwera kumalo othirira.
Kambukuyu anasankha malo abwino kwambiri komanso opindulitsa kwambiri pobisalira ndikudikirira. Wovulalayo atayandikira chapafupi, chilombo chodumphadumpha, chofulumira ngati mphezi chinamenya wovulalayo, yemwe nthawi zina analibe ngakhale nthawi kuti amvetsetse zomwe zachitika. Pankhani yosaka bwino, nyalugwe nthawi yomweyo adakuma khosi la wozunzidwayo, kapena kuthyola khosi lachiberekero. Amatha kudya nyama pomwepo, kapena kukokera kumalo obisalako m'mano mwake. Chilombocho chikapanda kugwira nyamayo, ankayithamangitsa kwakanthawi, kenako nkumapita.
Wamkulu m'modzi adadya ma kilogalamu 5-7 a nyama patsiku. Nthawi zina, amatha kudya makilogalamu 20. Nyama zinkapita kukasaka makamaka madzulo. Anasaka m'modzi m'modzi, kangapo ngati gulu. Munthu aliyense anali ndi gawo lake losaka. Mwa amuna, anali pafupifupi ma 100 ma kilomita, mwa akazi - theka lochepera.
Zinali zachilendo nyama kukhala moyo wongokhala. Kuyambira milungu ingapo mpaka mwezi umodzi ndi theka mpaka miyezi iwiri, amakhala m'gawo limodzi, kenako amasamukira ku lina. Munthu aliyense wamkulu adalemba gawo lake ndi mkodzo ndi fungo linalake. Gawo lamwamuna limatha kugundana ndi gawo losaka akazi.
Zomwe zimapatsa chakudya akambuku:
- nungu;
- mbawala;
- nguluwe zakutchire;
- mbawala zamphongo;
- nkhumba zakutchire;
- zokwawa;
- mbalame zazikulu;
- nyani;
- nsomba;
- nkhanu;
- makoswe ang'onoang'ono;
- ziweto.
Akambuku samasaka pokhapokha atakhala ndi njala. Ngati kusaka kunkachitika bwino, ndipo nyamayo inali yayikulu, nyamazo zinkadzikweza ndipo sizinapite kukasaka masiku 10-20 otsatira, kapena kupitilira apo.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Bali Tiger
Zinali zachilendo kwa olusa nyama kukhala moyo wawokha, woyendayenda. Munthu aliyense wamkulu amakhala m'dera linalake, lomwe limadziwika ndi mkodzo, womwe unali ndi fungo linalake. Nthawi zambiri, malo okhala ndi malo odyetserako anthu osiyanasiyana sikadapezekapo, ndipo zikatero, amuna samangowonetsa nkhanza kwa akazi okha. Kupanda kutero, amatha kumenya nawo nkhondo ndikumenyera ufulu wawo wolanda malowo. Nyamazo zimakhala m'dera lomwelo kwa milungu ingapo, kenako zimayang'ana malo atsopano oti zizidyera ndikukhalamo.
Chosangalatsa: Olanda nyama anali otanganidwa kwambiri ndikayamba madzulo, usiku. Anapita kukasaka m'modzi m'modzi, nthawi yaukwati amasaka awiriawiri. Kusaka kwamagulu kunalinso kotheka pamene mkazi amaphunzitsa ana ake okulira kusaka.
Akambuku a Balinese anali okonda njira zamadzi. Amasangalala kuthera nthawi yayitali m'madzi, makamaka nyengo yotentha. Zilombozi zimadziwika ndi ukhondo. Amakhala nthawi yayitali pachikhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe aubweya wawo, adatsuka ndikunyambita kwanthawi yayitali, makamaka atasaka ndi kudya.
Mwambiri, chinyama sichingatchedwe chankhanza. Kwa nthawi yonse yomwe idakhala pachilumba cha Bali, nyalugwe sanayambanepo ndi munthu, ngakhale ali pafupi kwambiri. Nyalugwe wa Bali adawonedwa ngati wosambira wabwino kwambiri, anali ndi maso akuthwa kwambiri komanso kumva bwino, komanso modzipereka komanso mwachangu ndipo adakwera mitengo yazitali zosiyanasiyana. Ndidagwiritsa ntchito vibrises ngati cholozera m'mlengalenga.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Bali Tiger
Nthawi yaukwati ndi kubadwa kwa ana sizinachitike nthawi kuti zigwirizane ndi nyengo kapena nthawi iliyonse pachaka. Nthawi zambiri, ana amabadwa kuyambira kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira mpaka mkatikati mwa masika. Pambuyo pa kulengedwa kwa awiriwa panthawi yakukwatirana, kutenga pakati kwazimayi kunayamba, komwe kunatenga masiku 100 mpaka 105. Makamaka ana amphaka 2-3 amabadwa.
Chosangalatsa: Banjali lopangidwa nthawi zonse limakonza malo oti abadwire ana. Nthawi zambiri inali pamalo obisika, osawoneka koyamba - m'miyala yamiyala, m'mapanga akuya, pamulu wa mitengo yakugwa, ndi zina zambiri.
Kulemera kwa mphaka imodzi kunali magalamu 800 - 1500. Adabadwa akhungu, osamva. Ubweya wa ana obadwa kumene unali ngati fluff. Komabe, ana mwachangu adapeza mphamvu ndikukula. Pambuyo masiku 10-12, maso awo adatseguka, kumva pang'onopang'ono kudayamba. Mayiyo amasamalira ana ake mosamala komanso mwachidwi kwambiri, ngakhale atawakoka kuti awapezere malo ogona komanso otetezedwa. Amphaka ankadya mkaka wa amayi mpaka miyezi 7-8.
Chosangalatsa: Atafika pamwezi, adasiya pogona pawo ndikuyamba kuyendera malo oyandikana nawo. Kuyambira miyezi 4-5, mkazi pang'onopang'ono adayamba kuzolowera chakudya cha nyama, kuwaphunzitsa maluso ndi njira zosakira.
Kutalika kwa moyo wamunthu m'modzi mwachilengedwe kumachitika zaka 8 mpaka 11. Mwana wamphaka aliyense wakhanda anali kuyang'aniridwa ndi kutetezedwa ndi mayi mpaka azaka ziwiri. Amphakawa atakwanitsa zaka ziwiri, sanasiyane, ndipo anayamba kukhala moyo wodziyimira pawokha. Aliyense wa iwo anali kufunafuna gawo la kusaka palokha komanso malo okhala.
Adani achilengedwe a akambuku aku Balinese
Chithunzi: Bali Tiger
Pokhala munthawi zachilengedwe, nyama zolusa zamtunduwu sizinakhale ndi adani pakati pa oimira nyama. Mdani wamkulu komanso wamkulu, yemwe ntchito zake zidapangitsa kuti tiger subspecies, asamale, anali munthu.
Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19, aku Europe adapezeka ku Indonesia, pakati pawo panali Oscar Voynich. Anali iye ndi gulu lake omwe adawombera kambuku woyamba ku Balinese mu 1911. Pambuyo pake, adalemba ngakhale buku lokhudza mwambowu, lomwe lidasindikizidwa mu 1913. Kuyambira pomwepo, chidwi cha masewera komanso kufunafuna kupha zidapangitsa kuti subspecies iwonongeke mzaka 25 zokha.
Nzika zakomweko, azungu, aborigine mosasunthika adawononga nyama m'njira zosiyanasiyana: adapanga misampha, misampha, kuwombera, ndi zina zambiri. Pambuyo pakuwonongedwa kwathunthu kwa nyama, mu 1937 anthu adayamba kuuma mwamphamvu chilichonse chomwe chimakumbutsa kukhalapo kwa chirombocho: ziwonetsero zamiyamu, zakale, zikopa za nyama ndi zotsalira za mafupa ake.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Alenje ena adazindikira kuti adatha kupha nyama 10-13 nyengo imodzi kapena ziwiri.
Mpaka pano, zotsalira za nyamayi yokongola, yokongola ndi chithunzi chimodzi, momwe nyamayo imagwidwa yakufa ndikuyimitsidwa ndi zikopa zake pamitengo yamatabwa, komanso zikopa ziwiri ndi zigaza zitatu ku Museum of Great Britain. Kuphatikiza pa munthu, chilombocho sichinali ndi adani ena.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Bali Tiger
Masiku ano, nyalugwe wa ku Balinese ndi nyama yodya nyama yomwe yawonongedwa ndi anthu. Akatswiri a zinyama amati kambuku woyamba anaphedwa mu 1911, ndipo womaliza mu 1937. Zimadziwika kuti munthu womaliza anaphedwa ndi wamkazi. Kuyambira pano, mitunduyi imawerengedwa kuti ithe.
Chosangalatsa: Asayansi ena amati m'nkhalango zowirira, zosadukiza, anthu angapo atha kupulumuka mpaka zaka za m'ma 50. Izi zikuwonekera ndi umboni wa anthu okhala pachilumbachi. Komabe, nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itatha, palibe aliyense amene adakumana ndi kambuku wa ku Balinese kwina kulikonse.
Zifukwa zikuluzikulu zakutha kwa mitunduyi ndikuwononga malo awo achilengedwe, komanso nkhanza, kuwononga mwankhanza komanso kosalamulirika kwa anthu opha nyama mosavomerezeka. Chifukwa chachikulu chosakira ndikuwononga ndikofunika ndi kukwera mtengo kwa ubweya wa nyama yosawerengeka. Akuluakulu aku Indonesia adaletsa kusaka nyama mochedwa mochedwa - kokha mu 1970. Kambukuyu adatchulidwa mu Rare Animals Protection Act, yomwe idasainidwa mu 1972.
Anthu am'deralo anali ndi ubale wapadera ndi gulu lowombera la Balinese. Anali ngwazi yanthano ndi epics, zokumbutsa, mbale, ndi zinthu zina zamanja zaomwe amakhala zidapangidwa ndi fano lake. Komabe, panali otsutsana ndi kubwezeretsa kwa anthu, omwe anali osiyana ndi mzimu wankhanza. Zinali ndi kusefa anthu amenewa kuda ndi mafotokozedwe onse a nyamayo anawonongedwa.
Nyalugwe wa Bali anali chisomo, kukongola kwachilengedwe ndi mphamvu. Anali mlenje waluso komanso wosinthasintha kwambiri, woimira pulasitiki wanyama. Tsoka ilo, zolakwika za anthu sizidzakulolani kuti mumuwone ali moyo.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 28.03.2019
Tsiku losintha: 19.09.2019 nthawi ya 9:03
