Nyalugwe Wakum'mawa amadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwazilombo zokongola kwambiri zamphaka. Ndicho chosowa kwambiri cha subspecies zonse. Dzinalo limamasuliridwa kuchokera ku Chilatini ngati "mkango wamawangamawanga". Pamodzi ndi abale ake apamtima kwambiri - akambuku, mikango, nyamazi, kambuku ndi wa mtundu wa panther.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Nyalugwe Wakum'mawa
Anthu akale amakhulupirira kuti nyalugwe amachokera ku mkango ndi gulu lake, pokhala wosakanizidwa. Izi zikuwoneka mu dzina lake. Dzina lina - "kambuku" limachokera ku chilankhulo cha anthu akale a Hatti. Epithet "Far Eastern" akutanthauza malo omwe nyama ili.
Kutchulidwa koyamba kwa kambuku wakum'mawa kwakutali kudachitika mu 1637 mu mgwirizano pakati pa Korea ndi China. Inati Korea ikuyenera kupatsa achi China zikopa 100 mpaka 142 za nyama zokongola chaka chilichonse. Wasayansi waku Germany Schlegel adakweza kambuku wa Far East kukhala mtundu wina mu 1857.
Kanema: Nyalugwe Wakum'mawa
Kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi chibadwa cha mamolekyulu akuwonetsa kuti ubale pakati pa omwe akuyimira gulu la "panther" ali pafupi kwambiri. Abambo enieni a kambuku adachokera ku Asia, ndipo posakhalitsa adasamukira ku Africa ndikukakhazikika m'magawo ake. Zotsalira za kambuku zili ndi zaka 2-3.5 miliyoni.
Pamaziko a data ya majini, zidapezeka kuti kholo la Far Eastern (Amur) kambuku ndi subspecies waku North Chinese. Kambuku wamakono, malinga ndi kafukufukuyu, adayamba zaka 400-800 zaka zikwi zapitazo, ndipo pambuyo pa 170-300 zikwi zinafalikira ku Asia.
Pakadali pano, pali anthu pafupifupi 30 amtunduwu kuthengo, ndipo onse amakhala kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Far East ku Russia, kumpoto pang'ono kwa 45th kufanana, ngakhale koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 20 malowa adaphimba madera a Korea Peninsula, China, Ussuriysk ndi Amur ...
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nyama ya nyalugwe ya Kum'mawa
Akambuku amawerengedwa kuti ndi amodzi mwa amphaka okongola kwambiri padziko lapansi, ndipo ma subspecies aku Far East amawerengedwa kuti ndi abwino kwambiri pamtundu wawo. Akatswiri nthawi zambiri amayifanizira ndi kambuku wa chipale chofewa.
Nyama zazing'onozi zili ndi izi:
- Kutalika kwa thupi - kuyambira 107 mpaka 138 cm;
- Mchira kutalika - kuchokera pa 81 mpaka 91 cm;
- Kulemera kwazimayi - mpaka 50 kg .;
- Kulemera kwa amuna mpaka 70 kg.
M'nyengo yotentha, utali wa malayawo ndi waufupi ndipo nthawi zambiri sumapitilira masentimita 2.5. M'nyengo yozizira, umakhala wonenepa, wobiriwira komanso umakula mpaka masentimita 5-6. M'nthawi yachisanu, mithunzi yoyera yachikasu, yofiyira komanso yonyezimira. M'chilimwe, ubweya umawala.
Omwazika thupi lonse ndimadontho akuda angapo kapena mphete za rosette. Kumbali, amafika masentimita 5x5. Kutsogolo kwa mphutsi sikuli ndi mawanga. Pali zolemba zakuda pafupi ndi vibrissae komanso pamakona pakamwa. Mphumi, masaya ndi khosi zimakutidwa ndi mawanga ang'onoang'ono. Makutu kumbuyo kwake ndi akuda.
Zosangalatsa: Ntchito yayikulu yamtundu ndikubisa. Ndiyamika kwa iye, adani achilengedwe a zinyama sangathe kudziwa kukula kwake, mawonekedwe a mizereyo amakhala onyenga ndipo akambuku amakhala osawonekera pang'ono kumbuyo kwachilengedwe.
Mtundu uwu umatchedwa patronizing. Zofanana ndi zolemba zala za anthu, mitundu ya akambuku ndiyonso yapadera, kulola kuti anthu adziwe. Mutu wake ndi wozungulira komanso wocheperako. Mbali yakutsogolo yolumikizidwa pang'ono. Makutu otalikirana kwambiri ndi ozungulira.
Maso ndi ochepa ndi mwana wozungulira. Vibrissae imatha kukhala yakuda, yoyera kapena yosakanikirana ndikufika kutalika kwa 11 cm. Mano 30 ataliatali komanso akuthwa. Lilime lili ndi zotupa zokutidwa ndi epithelium yolimba, yomwe imalola mnofu kunyamulidwa fupa ndi zothandizira kutsuka.
Kodi kambuku wakum'mawa kwa Far amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Far Eastern Amur leopard
Amphaka amtchirewa amasintha bwino kupita kumalo aliwonse, kuti athe kukhala m'malo achilengedwe. Nthawi yomweyo, amapewa malo okhala komanso malo omwe anthu amapitako kawirikawiri.
Njira zosankhira malo okhala:
- miyala ndi zingwe, matanthwe ndi zotumphuka;
- otsetsereka otsetsereka otsetsereka okhala ndi mitengo ya mkungudza ndi thundu;
- mbawala zamphongo zopitilira 10 pa anthu ma kilomita 10;
- kupezeka kwa ena ungulates.
Njira yabwino yosankhira malo ndi pakati komanso kumapeto kwa madzi omwe amapita ku Amur Bay ndi dera la Mtsinje wa Razdolnaya. Dera limeneli limayambira makilomita 3 zikwi zikwi, kutalika pamwamba pa nyanja ndi mamita 700.
Kuchuluka kwa maulalo mderali ndichikhalidwe chabwino chofalitsa nyama m'derali, komanso malo osagwirizana, chipale chofewa pang'ono m'nyengo yozizira komanso nkhalango zowoneka bwino zomwe mkungudza wakuda ndi mkungudza waku Korea umakula.
M'zaka za zana la 20, akambuku amakhala kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Russia, Peninsula yaku Korea komanso kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China. Chifukwa cha kuwukira kwa anthu malo awo, omalizirowa adagawika magawo atatu, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale anthu atatu akutali. Tsopano akambuku amakhala m'dera lamapiri komanso lamatabwa pakati pa Russia, China ndi DPRK ndi kutalika kwa ma kilomita 10 zikwi zikwi.
Kodi nyalugwe wakum'mawa akutali amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Buku lofiira la kambuku wakum'mawa kwa Far
Nthawi yosaka kwambiri ndi nthawi yamadzulo ndi theka loyamba la usiku. Nyengo yamvula nthawi yachisanu, izi zimatha kuchitika masana. Nthawi zonse amasaka okha. Kuwona yemwe akuvutitsidwawo, amabisala pamtunda wa 5-10 mita ndikudumphira mwachangu nyamayo, atakakamira pakhosi pake.
Ngati nyamayo inali yayikulu kwambiri, akambuku amakhala pafupi sabata limodzi, amateteza kuzilombo zina. Ngati munthu ayandikira nyamayo, amphaka amtchire sangaukire ndikuwonetsa kupsa mtima, koma amangobwerera kudzagwidwa anthu akachoka.
Akambuku ndi odzichepetsa pa chakudya ndipo amadya chilichonse chimene angakole. Ndipo zilibe kanthu kuti wozunzidwayo ndi wamkulu motani.
Zitha kukhala:
- nguluwe zazing'ono;
- mbawala zamphongo;
- nyama zamphongo;
- sika agwape;
- hares;
- mbira;
- owonjezera;
- tizilombo;
- nswala zofiira;
- mbalame.
Zosangalatsa: Mitundu ya kambukuyu imakonda agalu akudya. Chifukwa chake, pakhomo lolowera m'malo otetezedwa a paki, padzakhala chenjezo: "palibe agalu omwe amaloledwa".
Pafupifupi, akambuku amafunika nyama imodzi yayikulu yokhala ndi ziboda masiku angapo. Amatha kutambasula chakudya kwa milungu iwiri. Ndi kuchepa kwa anthu osatulutsidwa, nthawi pakati pa kuwagwira imatha kukhala mpaka masiku 25, nthawi zina amphaka amatha kudya nyama zazing'ono.
Kuti ayeretse m'mimba mwa ubweya (makamaka wake, womwe umameza posamba), nyama zolusa zimadya udzu ndi mbewu monga chimanga. Ndowe zawo zimakhala ndi 7.6% ya zotsalira za mbewu zomwe zimatha kutsuka m'mimba.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nyalugwe Wakum'mawa
Pokhala patokha mwachilengedwe, akambuku aku Far East amakhala m'malo osiyana, omwe amuna amafikira 238-315 kilomita lalikulu, zolembedwa zapamwamba kwambiri ndi 509, ndipo mwa akazi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zochepa kasanu - 108-127 ma kilomita.
Samachoka kudera lomwe anasankhidwa kwazaka zambiri. Kutentha komanso m'nyengo yozizira, amagwiritsa ntchito njira ndi malo ogonera ana awo. Dera laling'ono kwambiri limakhala ndi mkazi wobadwa kumene. Simaposa 10 kilomita imodzi. Pakatha chaka, gawolo likuwonjezeka mpaka ma kilomita 40, kenako mpaka 120.
Ziwerengero za anthu osiyanasiyana zitha kugawana malire amodzi; anyalugwe atha kugawana njira yomweyo yamapiri. Gawo lokhalo lachigawo limasungidwa mwachangu, koma osati ma cordon ake. Aamuna achichepere amatha kusaka mosatekeseka kudera lina kufikira atayamba kuzilemba.
Kukumana kwakukulu kumangokhala pachiwopsezo ndi phokoso. Koma zinthu zimathanso kutha ngati mwamuna wofowoka amwalira kunkhondo. Madera azimayi nawonso samalumikizana. Madera amuna akhoza kukhala ndi akazi achikulire 2-3.
Nyalugwe zakum'maŵa akutali samayang'ana kwambiri madera awo, koma zigawo zake zapakati, zikung'amba makungwa a mitengo, kumasula nthaka ndi chipale chofewa, madera okhala ndi mkodzo, zimbudzi, ndikusiya zotsalira. Nthawi zambiri, izi zimaphatikizidwa.
Chosangalatsa: Nyama zakuda za Kum'mawa kwa Far ndi nyama zamtendere kwambiri zamtundu wake. M'mbiri yonse yakukhalapo kwawo, palibe mlandu ngakhale umodzi wokhudza kuwukira munthu komwe kwalembedwa.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Mwana wa kambuku wakum'mawa kwa Far
Akambuku a Amur amakhala okonzeka kuswana zaka 2.5-3. Mwa akazi, izi zimachitika kale. Nthawi yokwatirana nthawi zambiri imayamba theka lachiwiri la dzinja. Mimba mwa akazi imachitika kamodzi zaka zitatu zilizonse ndipo imatenga masiku 95-105. Zinyalala zimakhala ndi ana 1 mpaka 5, nthawi zambiri 2-3.
Monga amphaka abwinobwino, nthawi yokomerako imatsagana ndi kulira kokweza, ngakhale nthawi zambiri akambuku amakhala chete ndipo samayankhula kawirikawiri. Chidwi chachikulu kwambiri chimadziwika ndi akazi, omwe ali ndi makanda ali msinkhu, ikafika nthawi yodziyimira pawokha. Khola la ana limakhazikika m'ming'alu kapena m'mapanga.
Amphaka amabadwa akulemera magalamu 400-500, okhala ndi tsitsi lakuthwa. Pambuyo masiku 9, maso awo amatseguka. Patatha masiku angapo amayamba kukwawa, ndipo patatha mwezi amathamanga bwino. Pakadutsa miyezi iwiri, amachoka pakhomalo ndikuyendera malowa ndi amayi awo. Ali ndi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, makanda sangathenso kutsatira amayi awo, koma kuyenda moyandikira kwa iwo.
Kuyambira masabata 6-9, anawo amayamba kudya nyama, koma amayi amapitilizabe kuwadyetsa mkaka. Pafupifupi miyezi isanu ndi itatu, amphaka achichepere amaphunzira kusaka palokha. Pazaka zapakati pa miyezi 12-14, anawo amatha, koma anyalugwe amatha kukhala pagulu kwa nthawi yayitali, ngakhale atabereka mwana wotsatira.
Adani achilengedwe a akambuku aku Far East
Chithunzi: Kambuku wa Animal Far Eastern
Nyama zina sizikhala pachiwopsezo cha akambuku ndipo sizipikisana nawo pakudya. Akambuku akhoza kuopa agalu, monga alenje, ndi mimbulu, chifukwa ndi nyama zophunzira. Koma, popeza kuchuluka kwa iwo ndi ena omwe amapezeka m'malo amenewa ndi ochepa kwambiri, palibe zopunthwitsa pakati pa nyamazi ndipo sizikukhudzidwa mwanjira iliyonse.
Pali malingaliro ambiri oti akambuku amatha kukhala adani a kambuku, koma ndizolakwika. Nyalugwe wakum'maŵa akutali ndi kambuku wa Amur amatha kukhala limodzi mwamtendere wina ndi mnzake. Nyalugwe akafuna kulimbana ndi abale ake, amatha kuthawira mumtengo mosavuta.
Mpikisano wosaka nyama izi ndizokayikitsa, chifukwa onse amasaka nyama zamphongo, ndipo kuchuluka kwawo m'malo amenewa ndikokwera kwambiri ndipo kumawonjezeka chaka chilichonse. Mphaka wamphongo wamba saopsezanso akambuku.
Palibe mpikisano wazakudya pakati pa akambuku ndi chimbalangondo cha Himalaya, ndipo ubale wawo siwodana. Kugundana kumatha kuchitika kokha chifukwa chofunafuna malo okhala akazi ndi ana. Akatswiri sanadziwebe yemwe ayenera kusankha posankha dzenje.
Mwa onyoza, amphaka amtchire amatha kudya akhwangwala, ziwombankhanga, ziwombankhanga zagolide, ndi miimba yakuda. Zotsalira zazing'ono zimatha kupita ku titi, jays, magpies. Koma, mwanjira ina iliyonse, iwo sali m'gulu la omwe akupikisana nawo pachakudya cha kambuku. Ankhandwe, agalu amphaka amatha kudya kambuku ngati atadziwa kuti sangabwererenso kukadya.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Far Eastern Amur leopard
M'mbiri yonse yakuwona nyalugwe waku Far East, zimadziwika kuti subspecies zake sizinakhalepo zochuluka. Zambiri pazaka zapitazi za kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe amadziwika kuti nyalugwe ngati wolusa, koma osati ambiri ku Far East. Mu 1870 panali kutchulidwa kwa kuwoneka kwa amphaka mdera la Ussuri, koma analipo ochepa kuposa akambuku a Amur.
Zifukwa zazikulu zakuchepa kwa chiwerengerochi ndi izi:
- Poaching kusaka;
- Kugawanika kwa malowa, kumanga misewu ikuluikulu, kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, kuyaka moto pafupipafupi;
- Kuchepetsa chakudya chifukwa cha kuwonongedwa kwa omasula;
- Mitanda yolumikizana kwambiri, monga chotulukapo - kuchepa kwa umphawi wa zamoyo zomwe zimabweretsa.
Mu 1971-1973 ku Primorsky Territory, panali anthu pafupifupi 45, pomwe 25,000 okha nyalugwe anali nzika zokhazikika, enawo anali alendo ochokera ku DPRK. Mu 1976, panali pafupifupi nyama 30-36 zotsalira, zomwe 15 ndizokhalitsa. Kutengera ndi zotsatira za kuwerengera kwa ma 1980, zidawonekeratu kuti akambuku sakukhalanso kumadzulo kwa Primorye.
Kafukufuku wotsatira adawonetsa manambala okhazikika: Anthu 30-36. Komabe, mu February 1997, chiwerengerochi chinatsikira ku akambuku a kum'mawa kwa 29-31. M'zaka zonse za 2000, chiwerengerochi sichinasunthike, ngakhale zinali zochepa. Kusanthula kwa chibadwa kunazindikira amuna 18 ndi akazi 19.
Ndiyamika chitetezo okhwima a adani, anthu chinawonjezeka. Photomonitoring ya 2017 idawonetsa zotsatira zabwino: 89 akambuku achikulire a Amur ndi ana 21 anawerengedwa m'dera lotetezedwa. Koma, malinga ndi akatswiri, anthu osachepera 120 amafunikira kuti pakhale bata.
Kutetezedwa kwa nyalugwe Kum'mawa
Chithunzi: Nyalugwe Wakum'mawa Kwambiri kuchokera ku Red Book
M'zaka za zana la 20, mitunduyo idalembedwa mu IUCN Red List, IUCN Red List, Russian Red List, ndi CITES Zakumapeto I. Subpecies amatanthauza nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha ndi zochepa kwambiri. Kuyambira 1956, kusaka amphaka wakutchire kudaletsedwa mdziko la Russia.
The Criminal Code of the Russian Federation ikuti popha nyalugwe waku Far East, wopha nyama mwachilango adzalangidwa mpaka zaka 3, ngati sikunali kodziteteza. Ngati kupha kumeneku kunachitika ngati gulu lokonzekera, ophunzirawo azimangidwa zaka 7 ndikulipira zowonongekera mpaka rubles miliyoni.
Kuyambira 1916, pakhala malo achitetezo achilengedwe "Kedrovaya Pad", omwe amakhala m'malo amwenga a Amur. Dera lake ndi 18 kilomita lalikulu. Kuyambira 2008, malo osungira Leopardovy akhala akugwira ntchito. Imayambira pa 169 ma kilomita.
Mu Primorsky Territory, pali Land ya Leopard National Park. Dera lake - 262 ma kilomita, limakhudza pafupifupi 60% yamalo onse a akambuku aku Far East. Chigawo chonse cha madera otetezedwa ndi ma 360 kilomita. Chiwerengerochi chimapitilira dera la Moscow kamodzi ndi theka.
Mu 2016, mseu udatsegulidwa kuti ateteze Amur nyalugwe. Gawo la mseu waukulu tsopano limadutsamo ndipo njira zoyenderera zolusa zakhala zotetezeka. Makamera opanga infrared a 400 m'deralo apanga njira yayikulu kwambiri yowunikira ku Russian Federation.
Ngakhale mkango umawerengedwa kuti ndi mfumu ya nyama, potengera kukongola kwa kapangidwe kake, mgwirizano wamalamulo, mphamvu, mphamvu ndi mphamvu, palibe nyama yomwe ingafanane ndi kambuku wa Far East, yemwe amaphatikiza zabwino zonse za omwe akuyimira banja la feline. Wokongola komanso wachisomo, wosinthasintha komanso wolimba mtima, Nyalugwe Wakum'mawa amawoneka m'chilengedwe ngati chilombo choyenera.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 03/30/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 19.09.2019 pa 11:27
