Nyani - nyani ku dongosolo la hominids. Potengera kutalika, amafanana ndi munthu, koma pafupifupi amalemera kwambiri, ndipo amakhala olimba nthawi zambiri. Koma sizowopsa: pokhala odyetserako ziweto, amadziwika ndi kukhazikika ndi bata. Munthu uyu ndiwowopsa kwa iwo: anali anthu omwe adachita mbali yayikulu pakuchepa kwamfiti kwa anyani amenewa.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Gorilla
M'mbuyomu, ma gorilla, limodzi ndi anyani ndi anyani, adalumikizidwa kukhala banja la ma pongid, koma tsopano ali m'banja limodzi ndi anthu - ma hominid. Malingana ndi chidziwitso cha chibadwa, ma gorilla adasiyana ndi kholo limodzi ndi anthu zaka 10 miliyoni zapitazo, kuposa anyani (4 miliyoni).
Zotsalira za makolo awo sanapezeke chifukwa chakuti zinthu zakuthupi sizimasungidwa bwino m'malo awo. Chifukwa chake, kafukufuku wasayansi pankhaniyi ndi ovuta ndipo amachitika makamaka kutengera zidziwitso za mitundu ina - motero ndizolakwika zambiri m'mbuyomu.
Kanema: Gorilla
Chakale kwambiri pafupi ndi makolo a gorilla ndi chorapitek, yomwe idakhala zaka 11 miliyoni nthawi yathu ino isanachitike. Asayansi amakhulupirira kuti makolo anyani zazing'ono anali ochepa ndipo amakhala m'mitengo, analibe adani achilengedwe, ndipo sanafunikire kuchita khama kwambiri kuti apeze chakudya. Chifukwa cha ichi, padalibe chothandizira kukulitsa nzeru, ngakhale ma gorilla ali ndi kuthekera kwakukulu.
Mitundu yama gorilla yomwe ilipo tsopano idapangidwa zaka masauzande angapo zapitazo. Pofika nthawi imeneyo, malo awiri okhala okhaokha anali atapangidwa, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale kusiyanasiyana kwamitundu.
Malongosoledwe asayansi amtunduwu adapangidwa mu 1847 kokha, koma anthu adakumana ndi ma gorilla kwanthawi yayitali. M'zaka za zana lachisanu BC, oyendetsa sitima aku Carthaginian adawona nyama zotchedwa "gorilla". Sizikudziwika ngati awa anali ma gorilla kapena chimpanzi. Masiku ano, apaulendo amatchula zokumana ndi anyani akuluakulu, ndipo malinga ndi malongosoledwe awa ndi ma gorilla: ndi momwe Andrew Battel adawafotokozera mu 1559.
Chosangalatsa: Kuyesa kwa asayansi za ma gorilla 'wits kudakulirakulira pambuyo polemba kuti mtsikana, wotchedwa Itebero, anali ndi chizolowezi chodula mtedza ndi mwala, ndipo zidapezeka kuti palibe amene adamuphunzitsa kuchita izi.
M'mbuyomu, amakhulupirira kuti ndi okhawo chimpanzi omwe amatha kugwiritsa ntchito njirayi (ndipo chifukwa cha izi amafunika kuphunzitsidwa kwa nthawi yayitali), ndipo ma gorilla ndi anzeru kwambiri. Kuyambira pamenepo, milandu ina yadziwika pomwe anyaniwa awonetsa nzeru zosayembekezereka - mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito chipika ngati mlatho woyandama kapena ndodo kuti muwone kuya.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Gorilla Yanyama
A Gorilla ndi anyani akulu kwambiri, kutalika kwake kumatha kufikira masentimita 180. Poyerekeza ndi amuna a msinkhu wofanana, anyani amphongo amawoneka amphamvu kwambiri - mapewa awo amakhala pafupifupi mita imodzi ndikulemera 150-200 kg. Mphamvu zaminyewa zam'miyendo yam'manja zimaposa kuthekera kwa manja a anthu pafupifupi nthawi 6-8.
Thupi, mosiyana ndi munthu wautali, lili pafupi ndi mawonekedwe apakati, miyendo ndi yayitali, zikhatho ndi mapazi ndizotakata. Nsagwada zamphamvu zimayang'ana kutsogolo kwambiri. Mutu ndi waukulu, kumtunda kwake kuli mawonekedwe achikopa. Maso ali pafupi ndipo chipumi ndi chotsika. Gorilla ali ndi mphamvu yogaya chakudya chifukwa chakuti amayenera kugaya zakudya zambiri zamasamba, chifukwa mimba yake ndiyotakata kuposa chifuwa chake.
Pafupifupi thupi lonse limakutidwa ndi tsitsi lalitali. Ngati mwa ana ndi bulauni, ndiye kuti m'kupita kwanthawi imachita mdima mpaka imakhala yakuda. Pambuyo pa kutha msinkhu, mzere wasiliva umawonekera kumbuyo kwa amuna. Ndi msinkhu, tsitsi lakumbuyo limagwera limodzi.
Zitha kuwoneka kuti tsitsi lakuda thupi lonse limatha kusokoneza ma gorilla munyengo yomwe amakhala, komabe, usiku kutentha nthawi zina kumakhala kozizira - mpaka 13-15 ° C, ndipo m'malo ngati amenewa ubweya umawathandiza kuti asazizire.
Amuna amadziwika ndi nthiti yamphamvu kwambiri, chifukwa chake tsitsi la korona limatuluka. Koma ndipamene kusiyana kwakunja kumatha, mwina akazi ndi amuna amawoneka ofanana, kusiyana kwake kumangokhala kukula - amunawo ndi akulu kwambiri.
Ma gorilla akumadzulo ndi kum'mawa ndi osiyana - akale amakhala ochepa, ndipo tsitsi lawo ndilopepuka. Amuna a ma gorilla akumadzulo amakhala ndi kutalika kwa pafupifupi 150-170 cm ndi kulemera kwa 130-160 kg, akazi - 120-140 cm ndi 60-80 kg, motsatana.
Kodi gorilla amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Gorilla Yamanyazi
Malo okhala anyani akumadzulo ndi kum'mawa ndi osiyana. Omwe amakhala makamaka ku Gabon, Cameroon ndi Congo - pafupi ndi gombe lakumadzulo kwa Africa. Amakhalanso m'maiko ena oyandikana nawo, koma ochepa kwambiri. Ma gorilla aku Oriental amakhala m'magawo awiri - Mapiri a Virunga ndi Bwindi National Park.
Malingana ndi chidziwitso cha chibadwa, kugawidwa kwa anthu kunachitika zaka milioni zapitazo, koma pambuyo pake kwa nthawi yayitali nthawi zina amapitilizabe kuswana. Zotsatira zake, mitunduyi idasinthabe chibadwa - idagawanika zaka zoposa 100,000 zapitazo. Zikuganiziridwa kuti izi zidachitika chifukwa cha nyanja yayikulu mkati yomwe idawonekera nthawiyo ku Africa.
A Gorilla amakonda nkhalango zamvula zomwe zimakhala m'malo athyathyathya, m'mphepete mwa mathithi. Ndikofunika kuti malo okhala ndi madera oyandikana nawo akhale olemera muudzu ndi mitengo, chifukwa amafuna chakudya chochuluka, makamaka popeza amakhala m'magulu akulu.
Amaganiziridwa kuti chifukwa cha izi, sanakhalenso ambiri ku Congo, chifukwa chomwe anthu akumadzulo ndi kum'mawa adang'ambika: nkhalango izi zinali ndi mthunzi wambiri ndipo udzu womwe udalimo udakula pang'ono, osakwanira chakudya.
Kodi nyani kudya?
Chithunzi: Gorilla wamkulu
Kupeza chakudya kumatenga nthawi yayitali kwambiri ya anyaniwa: popeza ndi nyama yodyetsa nyama, ndipo nthawi yomweyo nyama zazikulu, zimafunika kudya kwambiri. Nsagwada ndi zazikulu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti athe kulimbana ndi chakudya cholimba. Zakudya zawo zimakhala ndi masamba, zimayambira, ndi zipatso.
Nthawi zambiri anyani amadya:
- nsungwi;
- bedi;
- udzu winawake wamtchire;
- lunguzi;
- pygeum;
- mipesa masamba.
Popeza kuti zonsezi zili ndi mchere wochepa chabe, pofuna kuthana ndi kusowa kwawo m'thupi, anyani amadya dongo pang'ono. Ndizosangalatsa kuti, ngakhale m'chilengedwe samadya chakudya cha nyama, akasungidwa mu ukapolo amasinthasintha chakudya cha anthu.
Zakudya zama gorilla akum'mawa ndi azungu ndizofanana, koma zomwe amakonda ndizosiyana. Nthawi zambiri, a Kum'mawa amadyetsa mbewu zawo, pomwe amadya zipatsozo pang'ono. Koma akumadzulo akufuna zipatso, ndipo amadya udzu wachiwiri kokha. Nthawi zina amayenda makilomita 10-15 kukafika ku mitengo yazipatso ndikudya zipatso.
Mulimonsemo, kalori wazakudya zotere ndizotsika kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, ma gorilla amakakamizidwa kudutsa malo akulu - amakumbukira malo omwe kumapezeka chakudya, kenako nkubwerera. Zotsatira zake, tsiku lawo lililonse limasandulika malo odutsa, omwe nthawi zina amasungunuka ndikufufuza zatsopano, popeza zokolola zakale zimachepa pakapita nthawi.
Sakufunikira kupita kumalo othirira, chifukwa pamodzi ndi chakudya chomera amalandira chinyezi chochuluka. Nyani nthawi zambiri samakonda madzi - pakagwa mvula, amayesa kubisala pansi pa zisoti zachifumu.
Chosangalatsa: Tsiku lililonse gorilla amafunika kudya pafupifupi makilogalamu 15-20 azakudya zamasamba.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Gorilla wamwamuna
Hafu yoyamba ya tsikulo imaperekedwa kwa gorilla kufunafuna chakudya. Amayenera kusuntha kwambiri pofunafuna chakudya - amayenda ndi miyendo yonse inayi, pamikhatho yokhotakhota, atatsamira pansi ndi nsana wawo. Nthawi zina, amatha kuyimirira ndi miyendo iwiri. Nthawi zambiri samayenda pansi, koma mumitengo, kuwonetsa kulimba kwakukulu kwa nyama zolemetsa zotere.
Kumatentha nthawi ya nkhomaliro, chifukwa chake amapuma pang'ono: amagona kapena kupumula pansi, mumthunzi. Patapita nthawi, amapitanso kumalo omwe mungadyere.
Amagona usiku, ndikupanga zisa zawo m'mitengo. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kamodzi kokha - usiku uliwonse wotsatira gorilla amakhala kumalo ena, akumanga chisa chatsopano. Amayandikira makonzedwe mosamala, zimatenga nthawi yochuluka - theka lachiwiri la tsiku, mpaka mdima.
Ngakhale kuwona kwa gorilla kumawoneka kowopsa, komanso mawonekedwe akumaso nthawi zambiri amawoneka okhumudwitsa kwa anthu, amakhala ndi bata - kupatula nthawi zina. Nthawi zambiri amakhala otanganidwa kutafuna chakudya, chofanana ndi ng'ombe - izi zimapanga mawonekedwe awo.
Kuphatikiza apo, amayesetsa kuti asataye mphamvu, chifukwa akamayenda kwambiri, amadya nthawi yayitali - pazomera zazikuluzikulu zoterezi ndichinthu chofunikira kwambiri. Ana amatchire amachita mosiyana - ndiwaphokoso, amasuntha komanso amasewera kwambiri.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Gorilla Wamwana
A Gorilla amakhala m'magulu, aliyense wamwamuna wamwamuna, wamkazi wa 2-5, komanso anthu omwe amakula ndi ana ang'onoang'ono. Zonsezi, gulu lotere limatha kuwerengera anyani pafupifupi 5 mpaka 30. Amakhala pansi, gulu lirilonse limakhala m'dera linalake, lomwe limakhala gawo lawo.
"Malire" amadutsika pafupipafupi kamodzi pakatha milungu iwiri kapena itatu iliyonse, ndipo ngati gulu lina lirilonse lili m'malire awo, amachotsedwa kapena mkangano uyamba.
Mwamuna ali ndi ulamuliro wosagwedezeka - ndiye wamkulu kwambiri komanso wamphamvu kwambiri, amasankha nthawi ndi malo oti gululi lisunthire, malo oti agone usikuwo. Mikangano imatha kuchitika pakati pa akazi - ena amakangana wina ndi mnzake, imatha kufikira ndewu ndi kulumidwa. Ngozi zotere nthawi zambiri zimayimitsidwa ndi yamphongo.
Mikangano pakati pa amuna imayamba kawirikawiri, izi zimachitika ngati wachinyamata wamkulu komanso wolimba amatsutsa okalamba, akufuna kutsogolera gululo. Ndipo ngakhale zili choncho, nkhondo nthawi zambiri sichimachitika, chifukwa ma gorilla ndi olimba kwambiri, ndipo amatha kutha ndi kuvulala koopsa.
Chifukwa chake, nthawi zambiri zimangokhala kumenyedwa ndi amuna pachifuwa, kukuwa, kukweza miyendo yawo yakumbuyo kuti awonetse kukula konse - pambuyo pake m'modzi mwa otsutsanawo amazindikira kuti winayo ndi wamphamvu.
Utsogoleri m'gulu ndilofunika kuti mukwatirane ndi akazi - mtsogoleri yekha ndiye ali ndi ufulu wotere. Mkazi amabala pafupifupi kamodzi zaka zinayi zilizonse, chifukwa zimatenga nthawi osati kumangokhala ndi mwana, komanso kumusamalira. Mimba imakhala masabata 37-38. Pakubadwa, anawo amalemera pang'ono: 1.5-2 kg.
Kenako mayiwo amanyamula mwanayo kumsana kwanthawi yayitali. Akakula mokwanira, amayamba kuyenda yekha, koma pamodzi ndi amayi ake amapitiliza kukhala zaka zingapo - pofika zaka 5-6, ma gorilla achichepere nthawi zambiri amasuntha padera, amadzipangira okha njira zopezera chakudya. Amakhala odziyimira pawokha ngakhale pambuyo pake - pofika zaka 10-11.
Chosangalatsa: Anyaniwa amagwiritsa ntchito mawu angapo kuti alankhulane, ngakhale alibe chilichonse.
Pali njira ziwiri zazikulu zopangira magulu atsopano. Choyamba, atakula msinkhu, nyani samakhala nthawi zonse, koma nthawi zambiri amasiya gulu lomwe adakulira ndikukhala yekha asanakhazikitse gulu lake kapena kulowa nawo lina. Kawirikawiri nthawi imeneyi imakhala mpaka zaka 3-4.
Kuphatikiza apo, zazikazi zimatha kusunthika kuchoka pagulu kupita gulu nthawi isanakwane, kapena, ngati alipo ochuluka kwambiri mgulu limodzi, amuna okhaokha omwe alowa munthawi yokhwima amakhala osiyana, ndipo amakhala ndi akazi amodzi kapena angapo. Poterepa, nthawi yakusungulumwa komanso kusaka kwamagulu sikofunikira.
Adani achilengedwe a gorilla
Chithunzi: Nyama ya Gorilla
A Gorilla alibe adani m'chilengedwe - ndi akulu komanso olimba mokwanira kuti nyama zina zambiri siziganiza zowazunza. Kuphatikiza apo, zimaphatikizana, zomwe zimalepheretsa ngakhale zilombo zazikulu kuti ziwagwere.
Ma gorillawo samachita nkhanza motero samadzipangira okha adani chifukwa cha kupsa mtima kwawo - amadyetsa mwamtendere pafupi ndi nyama zomwe zimadya ziboda zomwe siziziwopa. Ndipo ichi ndi chinthu china chomwe chimatsimikizira chitetezo chawo: pambuyo pake, kwa olanda ndiwo omaliza omwe akuimira chandamale chokongola kwambiri. Mikangano kawirikawiri pakati pa anyani okha.
Mdani wawo wamkulu ndi munthu. Anthu okhala m'malo omwe anyaniwa amakhala sanasake, koma azungu atawonekera m'maiko amenewa, ma gorillawo amasakidwa, ndi atsamunda komanso okhala komweko. Anayamba kupereka ndalama zabwino kwa ma gorilla - adagwidwa kuti atolere zoo ndi malo osungira nyama. Ziphuphu za Gorilla zakhala chikumbutso cha olemera.
Chochititsa chidwi: ma gorilla sakonda kuukira koyamba, koma ngati mdaniyo wasonyeza kale zolinga zake zosagwirizana, kenako ndikuganiza zothawa, amunawo amamugwira ndikumuluma, koma osamupha. Chifukwa chake, kulumidwa ndi gorilla kumanena kuti munthu adadziukira, koma kenako adakakamizidwa kuthawa - pakati pa anthu aku Africa amadziwika kuti ndi manyazi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Gorilla
Chifukwa cha ntchito za anthu, gorilla yachepa kwambiri - adaikidwa kumapeto kwa kutha kwathunthu. Kuphatikiza pa kusodza, matenda obwera kuchokera ku Europe akhala vuto lalikulu - nyama zambiri zamwalira chifukwa chosowa chitetezo kwa iwo.
A Gorilla nawonso akuvutika ndipo chifukwa chakuchepa kosalekeza kwa nkhalango m'malo awo - akungokhalidwa kudula mitengo, ndipo kuli malo ocheperako. Chinthu china choyipa chinali nkhondo zomwe zimachitika m'malo amenewa, pomwe sianthu okha komanso nyama zimavutika.
Kuphatikiza pa mitundu iwiriyi, pali ma subspecies anayi a gorilla:
- Zigwa za Kumadzulo - amatanthauza omwe ali pachiwopsezo, koma njira zapadera zowasungira sizitengedwa. Chiwerengero chonse cha ma subspecies chikuyerekeza pafupifupi 130,000 - 200,000. Conservation status - CR (Critically Endangered).
- Mtsinje wa Kumadzulo - wopatukana ndi chigwa ndi makilomita mazana angapo, anthu onse a subspecies akuyerekezedwa pafupifupi anthu 300. Ali ndi CR status.
- Phiri lakum'mawa - anthu amafikira pafupifupi anthu 1,000, poyerekeza ndi ochepera pomwe anali kuchepa koyambirira kwa zaka za XXI (anthu 650), izi zikuyenda kale. Malo osungira - EN (mitundu yomwe ili pangozi).
- Zigwa za Kum'mawa - chiwerengerochi ndi pafupifupi anthu 5,000. Izi zikusonyeza kuti ma subspecies nawonso ali pachiwopsezo chotha, ngakhale ndizocheperako kuposa ma gorilla amtsinje. Mkhalidwe - CR.
Mlonda wa Gorilla
Chithunzi: Gorilla Red Book
M'mbuyomu, panali zoyesayesa zochepa kuteteza zamoyozi: Maiko aku Africa sanasamale kwenikweni zaopseza ma gorilla, olamulira awo anali ndi zinthu zina zofunika kuchita: dera lino lakumana ndi zisokonezo zambiri mzaka za 20th.
Choyambirira, izi ndi nkhondo komanso mayendedwe olumikizana aunyinji wa anthu kupita kumalo okhala, chifukwa komwe nyumba ya gorilla yatsika kwambiri. Kusaka kosaloledwa kwa iwo kupitilirabe, komanso pamlingo wokulirapo kuposa kale. Palinso milandu yodziwika yodya anthu kuti adye ma gorilla. Kumapeto kwa zaka zana, matenda a Ebola adawononga - pafupifupi 30% ya ma gorilla adamwalira nawo.
Zotsatira zake, ngakhale kuti ma gorilla akhala ochepa, ndipo mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi akhala akuchenjeza izi kwazaka zambiri, zochepa zomwe zachitidwa kuti ziwapulumutse, ndipo anthu akucheperachepera. Ngakhale kutha kwathunthu kwa mitsinje ndi gorilla wamapiri kunanenedweratu mzaka zoyambirira zam'ma 2000.
Koma izi sizinachitike - njirayi yachepa posachedwa, ndipo pali zizindikiro zakusintha: kuchuluka kwa anyani am'mapiri akum'mawa kwawonjezeka kwambiri, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti asinthe mawonekedwe awo kukhala abwino.Kusunga gorilla wamtsinje ku Cameroon, malo osungirako zachilengedwe adakonzedwa, komwe kumakhala nyama zopitilira zana, ndipo pali zofunikira zonse kuti chiwerengerochi chiwonjezeke.
Pali njira yayitali yoti achotsere zoopsezazo, ndipo mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi ndi mayiko omwe anyani akukhalamo akuyenera kuyesetsa - koma kugwira ntchito mbali iyi kukuchitika mwachangu kwambiri kuposa kale.
Nyani - nyama yanzeru kwambiri komanso yosangalatsa yokhala ndi njira yake yamoyo, momwe munthu amalowerera mosavomerezeka. Awa ndi anthu okhala mwamtendere m'nkhalango zaku Africa, nthawi zina amatha kuchita zozizwitsa zanzeru, komanso ogwidwa, ochezeka ndi anthu - gawo lofunikira kwambiri padziko lapansi lapansi, lomwe liyenera kusungidwa.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 03/23/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/15/2019 pa 17:53
