Nyanja ili ndi zinsinsi zambiri komanso zinsinsi. Anthu okhala m'madzi akuya ndi osiyana kwambiri komanso osiyana siyana. Mmodzi mwa anthu achilendo ndiwo chilombo nsomba zamipeni... Lupanga (Lupanga-lupanga) ndi la mitundu ya nsomba zopangidwa ndi ray, gulu lofanana. Uyu ndi nzika yayikulu kwambiri yomwe imatha kuyenda mwachangu kwambiri.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Lupanga Nsomba
Mtundu uwu udafotokozedwa koyamba mu 1758 ndi wasayansi waku Sweden komanso dokotala - Karl Linnaeus. Ntchitoyi idaperekedwa m'modzi mwamagawo a buku "System of Nature". Dzina la mitunduyi limachokera ku Latin "gladius" - "lupanga", ndi dzina la mtunduwo kuchokera ku lat. "Xiphias" - "lupanga lalifupi, lakuthwa mbali zonse ziwiri." Mpaka pano, dzina la mitunduyo silinasinthe. Ndiye yekha woimira banja lafishfish.
Kutchula dzina la nyamayo kumawonetsa mawonekedwe achilendo: kutalika kwa mafupa a nsagwada kumtunda ndi kapangidwe kake kumafanana ndi chida chenicheni, monga lupanga, lomwe lili pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a nsomba yomwe. Nsagwada izi zimatchedwa rostrum. Akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo amati chifukwa cha nsombazi, zimasokoneza nyama yomwe imadya, ndikuphwanya masukulu a mackerels ndi tuna. Nsombayo iyokha samavutika ndi izi, popeza pansi pa "lupanga" lake pali zoyamwa zamafuta zomwe zimachepetsa mphamvu ya nkhonya.
Video: Lupanga Nsomba
Nthawi zina wonyamula lupanga amaukira nawonso zombo. Khalidwe ili silimapeza tanthauzo mu sayansi. Nthawi zina izi zimatanthauzidwa ndi kuti lupanga amatengera sitimayo kukhala mdani wake (mwachitsanzo, nangumi).
Zosangalatsa: Mu 2015, wopanga lupanga adabaya munthu yemwe adamuwonetsa pachifuwa. Izi zidapangitsa kuti wosaka pansi pamadzi amwalire.
The swordfish ndi nsomba zamtengo wapatali zamalonda. Dziko lake limagwira matani opitilira 100 zikwi pachaka. Wonyamula lupanga amayenda maulendo ataliatali.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Lupanga la nsomba zam'nyanja
Nsombazi ndizomwe zimakhala panyanja zazikulu. Kukula kwa thupi nthawi zambiri kumafika mamita atatu, ndipo ena amakula mpaka kutalika pafupifupi mita 5. Kulemera kwa munthu wamkulu ndi kuchokera makilogalamu 300 mpaka 550. Mwa mawonekedwe ake, chilombocho chimafanana ndi chida champhamvu chopha (motero dzina la mitunduyo). Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu ndi anthu ena okhala munyanja ndikutuluka kwakutali kwa nsagwada, zomwe zikufanana ndi lupanga. Ndi 1/3 kutalika kwa thupi lonse.
Nsombayi imakhala ndi mphuno yozungulira yokhala ndi zikhadabo zazikulu, ndipo mafuta osanjikiza abisika pansi pake. Sizingakhale zovuta kuti wokhalamo apyole, mwachitsanzo, chitsulo chotalika masentimita 2-3, osavulala ngakhale! Nsombazi zimakhala ndi pakamwa pokwanira. Ndi nsomba zazing'ono zokha zomwe zili ndi mano. Popita nthawi, chilombo chiwataya. Makanda (anthu mpaka 1 mita) amakhala ndi minga yaying'ono mthupi lawo. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timalandira mikwingwirima mthupi, yomwe imatha patapita nthawi. Nsombazi zilibe mamba, koma zimakhala ndi thupi lotukuka kwambiri. Mchira uli ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi mwezi.
Mtundu wa anthuwa nthawi zambiri umakhala wabulauni wokhala ndi utoto wakuda wabuluu. Maso abulu. Wokhalayo alibe zipsepse zamchiuno, koma pali zipsepse zakuthambo, zotumphukira ndi zam'mimba, zopangidwa magawo awiri. Kutalika kwakumaso kwakutsogolo kwamakona atatu kumayambira ku gawo la occipital, ndipo kumapeto kwake kumakhala pafupi ndi mchira.
Chosangalatsa: Kapangidwe ka thupi kamakupatsani mwayi wofikira ku 130 km / h! Asayansi-ichthyologists akunena kuti liwiro lalikulu chotero logonjetsera gawo lamadzi limaphwanya malamulo onse odziwika a sayansi!
Moyo wapakati wamapanga ndi zaka 10. Amayi amakhala ndi moyo nthawi yayitali kuposa amuna ndipo amakhala akulu kukula.
Kodifishfish amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Nsomba zokongola za lupanga
Swordfish amakonda nyengo zotentha. Nthawi zina amasambira padzuwa ndikupumira kumapeto, komwe kumakhala mbali yakumbuyo. Nthawi zambiri, chilombochi chimapezeka m'nyanja za Atlantic, Indian ndi Pacific, ndiye kuti, awa ndi madzi otentha, komwe kumakhala nthawi yogwirira chakudya.
Anthuwa amakhala ndi nthawi yosamukira komwe amakhala amakhala kumalo ena. Nthawi zambiri amasambira m'malo otentha: Mediterranean, Marmara, Black, Azov Sea. Mbali yozizira, amathanso kupezeka, mwachitsanzo, amapezeka ku North Sea. M'chilimwe, nsombazi zimasambira m'madzi ozizira, kenako zimabweranso ndikusintha kwanyengo.
Madzi abwino kukhalapo ndi madigiri 12-15 (kubereka kumachitika pa 23 degrees). Mwachangu ndi mazira amapulumuka pamadigiri 24. Lupanga limakhala lakuya mamita 800, ngati kuli kofunikira, limatha kumira mpaka mita 2800. Masana, wonyamula lupanga amasankha kuthera nthawi m'mbali yamadzi, ndipo usiku amakhala pamtunda. Kuthamanga kwakukulu kwafishfish kuli pafupifupi 34 km patsiku.
Nsombazi sizimasonkhana m'masukulu kapena m'masukulu, koma zimakonda kukhala zokha. Pawiri amapangidwa pokhapokha panthawi yobereka. Mtunda pakati pa anthu amtunduwu amakhala pakati pa 10 mpaka 100 m kuchokera wina ndi mnzake. Chitsanzocho sichikhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Nsombazi sizikhala kumapiri a Arctic. Asodzi akuwona nsombayo ikudumpha kuchokera m'madzi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti munthuyo amachotsa tiziromboti tomwe timayamba mthupi lawo.
Kodi swordfish imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Lupanga Nsomba
Nsombazi ndi nyama yolanda nyama yomwe ili ndi mwayi wopeza nyama zina. Zakudyazo ndizazikulu (nsomba zina, nkhono zam'madzi, plankton, ndi zina zambiri). Swordfish mwachangu ali ndi mano ang'onoang'ono pang'ono ndi mphuno yopyapyala. Amadyetsa nkhono zomwe zimapezeka nthawi zambiri ndipo amakula mwachangu. Umu ndimomwe zimasinthira pang'onopang'ono kukhala munthu wamkulu.
Pofunafuna nyama yake, wosaka malupanga amakhala ndi liwiro mpaka 140 km / h. Chifukwa cha chiwalo chapafupi, chilombocho chimatha kuwona ndikugwira nyama yomwe ili m'mbali mwa nyanja. Ndizovuta kubisalira chilombo! Kutengera kuti nsombazi zimamizidwa m'madzi kuzama kwa 800 m, komanso zimayenda pamwamba, pakati pamadzi otseguka ndi madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, zimadyetsa zamoyo zonse zazikulu ndi zazing'ono. Mwachidule, wonyamula lupanga amadya mwamtheradi aliyense amene wakumana ndi mayendedwe ake. Amatha kupirira ngakhale chilombo (monga shark).
Kwambiri, chakudyacho chili ndi:
- sikwidi;
- nsomba ya makerele;
- hering'i;
- nsomba ya makerele;
- nsomba;
- nyanja;
- nkhanu;
- njala;
- hake.
Nthawi zina nsomba ya lupanga, itapeza wovulalayo, imatha kuipinimbiritsa ndi "lupanga". Ofufuzawa adapeza kuti m'mimba mwa munthuyu muli squid, nsomba zomwe zidulidwa kapena kuwonongeka ndi "lupanga". Kuphatikiza apo, chilombocho chimatha kumeza nyama yonse.
Zosangalatsa: swordfish imatha ngakhale kuwukira anamgumi! Khalidwe ili silinafotokozeredwe ndi asayansi, popeza munthuyu samadya nyama ya chinsomba.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Swordfish nsomba lupanga
Wonyamula lupanga ali ndi mawonekedwe ake:
- liwiro lalikulu loyenda;
- kapangidwe kapadera ka ma gill;
- kutentha thupi kosazolowereka;
- kuukira zombo (zombo).
Nsombazi zimawerengedwa kuti ndi mitundu yofulumira kwambiri m'nyanja, yonyamula chida ngati lupanga lakuthwa. Izi zimawoneka ngati nsomba yowopsa komanso yowononga, yomwe ndiyabwino kuti isawoneke! Nsombazo zimakhalanso ndi mpangidwe wapadera wamitsempha. Samagwira ntchito yopuma kokha, komanso injini ya ndege. Mwachitsanzo, nsomba ikayenda mofulumira, madzi amayenda mumtsinje wosatha kudzera m'mitsempha ndipo amaponyedwa kunja mothandizidwa nayo. Nthawi yomweyo, nsomba yam'madzi imatchinjiriza ndikukulitsa ma gil, omwe amathandizira kuwongolera kuthamanga kwa madzi.
Mbali ina ndikutentha kwapadera kwa thupi. Ndipafupifupi madigiri dazeni imodzi ndi theka kupitirira kutentha kwa madzi momwe nsomba zimakhalira. Chuma chapadera ndikuti wopanga malupanga ali ndi chiwalo chapafupi chomwe chimalimbikitsa magazi. Izi zimapangitsa kuti nsombazi zisadziwike mkatikati mwa nyanja pamene magazi amapita ku ubongo ndi maso.
Zinthu zoterezi zimalola kuti lupanga lizikhala loyenda nthawi zonse. Nthawi zonse amakhala wokonzeka kuponyera mwamphamvu mphezi ndi kumugwira, komanso kuzemba adani ake mwachangu. Wonyamula lupanga ali ndi chizolowezi chowukira mabwato kapena zombo zazikulu. Popeza nsombayo imathamanga kwambiri, izi zimaipatsa mphamvu kuti igwire. Lupangalo limaboola choduliracho ndi chitsulo komanso matabwa akuluakulu a thundu. M'mikhalidwe yotere, nsomba imenenso siyimenyedwa.
Koma pali ngozi ina kwa iye: nthawi zina zimachitika kuti lupanga limakanirira kumapeto kwa sitimayo, ndipo siyingakokedwe kapena kuthyoledwa. Tsoka ilo, pambuyo pake wonyamula lupanga uja amwalira. Kwa asodzi, uku ndikofunikira kwambiri.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Lupanga la nsomba zam'nyanja
Swordfish imakonda kusaka ndikusuntha palokha osati m'magulu. Chilombo chilichonse chimachita zinthu mosadalira anzawo. Ndi nthawi yokha yokha yomwe magulu awiriawiri amawoneka. Nthawi ngati izi, anthu nthawi zambiri amayandikira kugombe kuti abereke. Kutentha kwamadzi koyenera kuswana ndi madigiri 24, koma osatsika. Caviar imafika pamizere yayikulu (mpaka 1.8 mm) ndipo imakhala ndi mafuta ambiri.
Nsomba zoswedwazo zimakhala ndi mamba odabwitsa komanso minga yaminga yolinganizidwa motsatira. Zipsepsezo sizinalekanitsidwe, koma zili zolimba. Mwachangu poyamba amakhala pamwamba pamadzi, osatsika pansi pa 3 mita. Komanso, ndi kukula, chitukuko ndi kusintha mu ntchito ya zolusa kumachitika. Lupangalo limabwerera mmbuyo nsomba zikafika kutalika kwa 8 mm, ndipo kale ndi kutalika kwa 1 cm, wonyamula lupanga amatha kusaka mwachangu nsomba zina. Pofika chaka choyamba chamoyo, chilombocho chimakhala ndi kutalika kwa 60 cm.
Ntchito yosintha mphutsi kukhala munthu wamkulu imayenda bwino, popanda kusintha kwadzidzidzi. Nsomba mita 1 kutalika amakhala ndi machitidwe onse a munthu wamkulu. Pazaka zitatu zakubadwa, ma lupanga achichepere ambiri amapita kumadzi amalire a madera otentha, komwe amapitilizabe kudyetsa, kukula ndikukula.
Kutha msinkhu kumachitika kutalika kwa thupi kwa masentimita 140-170 (izi ndi pafupifupi zaka 5 kapena 6). Kubereka kwafishfish ndikokwera. Chachikulu chachikazi, chimakula kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, yaikazi yolemera makilogalamu 65 imatha kubereka mazira pafupifupi 15 miliyoni.
Natural adani lupanga
Chithunzi: Lupanga Nsomba
Nsombazi zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe owopsa komanso owopsa. Ndi machitidwe ake, amatha kuwopseza nzika zambiri zam'nyanja. Ngakhale izi, wonyamula lupanga ali ndi adani achilengedwe. Mmodzi wa iwo ndi nsomba yakupha. Nyamayi idzawombera nsombazi, koma akuluakulu, chifukwa cha matupi awo akuluakulu, amapatsa nyangayi wakupha. Mdani wina anali mako shark kapena imvi-blue shark. Nthawi zambiri amasaka anyamata omwe ali ndi malupanga omwe sanaphunzire kudziteteza. Oyimira akuluakulu amalimbana ndi nsombazi mpaka omaliza, mpaka mdani atamwalira ndi lupanga lakuthwa.
Mdani wamkulu wa swordfish (ndi nyama zonse ndi nsomba) ndi munthu. Nsomba zimavutika ndi nsomba za pelagic line. Palinso kuwedza masewera, komwe kusodza kumachitika mwa kupondaponda. Kugwira nsomba iyi kwakhala kukuchitika kuyambira kalekale kuti ndikapeze nyama yokoma. Ndiwokoma kwambiri komanso wokwera mtengo, alibe kukoma kwa "mtsinje" ndi mafupa ang'onoang'ono.
Kutengera ndi momwe nsomba idadyera, nyama imatha kukhala yofiira, yalanje (ngati nkhanu ndizambiri pazakudya) kapena zoyera. Chodziwika kwambiri ndi chovala choyera choyera, chomwe chimawerengedwa kuti ndichabwino kwambiri komanso chapamwamba kwambiri. Asayansi sada nkhawa ndi ntchito yopezera nyama kuchokera ku malupanga, chifukwa ali ndi chonde.
Chowonadi chofunikira: swordtail nyama imatsutsana ndi azimayi apakati ndi ana aang'ono, chifukwa imadziwika kuti ndi poizoni chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zipilala za organometallic mmenemo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Swordfish
Asayansi adachita kafukufuku ndikuwerengera kuti pafupifupi 40% yaomwe akukhala munyanja atopa. Ngati palibe zoyesayesa zochepetsera kugwira, ndiye pofika 2050 chizindikirocho chitha kufikira kapena kuwonjezeka mpaka 90%. Vutoli limadza chifukwa chakuti nsomba ndi nkhono zikasowa, anthu akuluakulu nawonso amafa. Usodzi sikuti ndiwosodza kokha, komanso kuwedza anthu ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi, ndipo koposa zonse, kuwononga nyama moperewera.
Masiku ano, nthawi zambiri pamakhala nkhani zakusodza kosaloledwa kwa nsomba zamtengo wapatali - ma lupanga. Pazifukwa izi, maukonde akuya kwambiri kapena maukonde apadera amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Bungwe lodziwika bwino la "Greenpeace" zaka 10 zapitazo lidayika wonyamula lupanga pamndandanda wofiira wam'madzi, womwe uli m'mashelufu m'sitolo mochulukira, zomwe ndi zotsatira za kusodza nsomba mopitirira muyeso.
Nsomba zamipeni (Swordsman) ali ndi mawonekedwe apadera komanso mawonekedwe, omwe amamusandutsa mdani kapena chitetezo chodalirika. Nkhondoyo ikupitilirabe ndi nsomba zopanda malire za nsomba iyi, koma kuchuluka kwake kukuchulukabe, chifukwa cha umuna. Nsomba ndi nyama zolusa komanso nyama ya anthu ena okhala mnyanja (shaki ndi anamgumi akupha), komanso chakudya cha anthu. Nthawi zonse ndikofunikira kukumbukira kuti malo osungidwa padziko lapansi ndi ochepa. Ndikofunikira osati kudya kokha, komanso kuteteza ndikusunga zomwe zatizungulira.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08.03.2019
Idasinthidwa: 18.09.2019 pa 21:15
