Chipale cha Chipale - Uyu ndi wokhala modabwitsa wa kumapiri, olanda nyama, agile, komanso nyama zokoma kwambiri. Nyama satchedwa chisanu pachabe. Ndiye yekhayo amene amaimira banja lamphaka lomwe limakhala kumapiri, komwe kuli chipale chofewa chaka chonse. Chilombocho chimatchedwanso kambuku wa chisanu, mbuye wa mapiri kapena kambuku wa chisanu.
M'nthawi zakale, chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ofanana, amatchedwa anyalugwe achisanu, ndipo amawonedwa ngati oimira mtundu womwewo. Komabe, akambuku a chipale chofewa sagwirizana ndi akambuku. Amakhala olimba komanso othamanga kwambiri, ngakhale ndi ochepa kukula kwake. Tsoka ilo, lero chilombo chokongola modabwitsa uyu watsala pang'ono kutha.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Snow Leopard
Irbis ndi oimira nyama zodya nyama. Amachokera ku banja la mphalapala, amadziwika kukhala amtundu ndi akambuku a chisanu. Chiphunzitso cha chiyambi cha nyamayi yodabwitsa komanso yokoma kwambiri sichinapangidwebe.
Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 16, amalonda aku Russia ndi amisiri adamva kuchokera kwa osaka aku Turkic za munthu wokongola wokongola yemwe adamutcha "irbiz". Kwa nthawi yoyamba, nzika zaku Europe zidatha kuwona mphaka wachilendo mu 1761. Wofufuzira a Georges Buffon adawonetsa zithunzi zaku Europe za mphaka wamtchire wokongola kwambiri. Anawonjezera zithunzi zake ndikudziwitsa kuti amaphunzitsidwa ndikuleredwa kuti athe kutenga nawo mbali pakusaka ku Persia.
Kanema: Irbis
Kuchokera nthawi imeneyo, ofufuza ambiri asayansi komanso akatswiri azanyama akhala akuchita chidwi ndi chilombo chodabwitsa ichi. Mu 1775, katswiri wazachilengedwe waku Germany komanso wasayansi yachilengedwe a Johann Schreber adalemba zolemba zonse zasayansi zomwe zimayambira pachiyambi komanso pakusintha kwa nyama, komanso kufotokoza mawonekedwe awo ndi moyo wawo. Pambuyo pake, wasayansi waku Russia a Nikolai Przhevalsky nawonso adachita kafukufuku wokhudza moyo wa kambuku wa chisanu. Zingapo zasayansi, kuphatikiza majini, mayeso adachitika, malinga ndi zomwe zinali zotheka kutsimikizira kuti kukhalapo kwa wolanda nyama ya feline pafupifupi zaka miliyoni ndi theka.
Zotsalira zoyambirira za nyama, zomwe mwanjira zonse zinali za kambuku wa chipale chofewa, zidapezeka kumalire akumadzulo a Mongolia, ku Altai. Amadziwika kuti anali kumapeto kwa nthawi ya Pleistocene. Chotsatira chotsatira chofunikira ndichotsalira cha nyama kumpoto kwa Pakistan. Zaka zawo zoyandikira ndi zaka miliyoni ndi theka. Poyamba, akambuku a chisanu adasankhidwa ngati ma panther. Pambuyo pake, kafukufuku adawonetsa kuti kambuku wa chipale chofewa ndi panther alibe zofanana.
Yemwe akuyimira banja lachikazi ali ndi mawonekedwe apadera omwe siomwe amapezeka mwa oimira ena amtunduwu. Izi zimapereka zifukwa zowasiyanitsira ndi mitundu ina. Ngakhale lero kulibe chidziwitso chokwanira chokhudza mtundu wa akambuku a chipale chofewa, asayansi amakonda kukhulupirira kuti kambuku wa chipale chofewa komanso mbalameyi analibe makolo ofanana. Zotsatira zakuwunika kwa majini zikusonyeza kuti adagawanika kukhala nthambi yosiyana zaka zopitilira miliyoni zapitazo.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kambuku wa chisanu chanyama
Kambuku wa chisanu ndi nyama yokongola komanso yosangalatsa. Kutalika kwa thupi la munthu wamkulu ndi mita 1-1.4. Nyama zimakhala ndi mchira wautali kwambiri, womwe kutalika kwake ndikofanana ndi kutalika kwa thupi. Mchira kutalika - 0.8-1 mita. Mchira umagwira ntchito yofunikira kwambiri. Nyama zimagwiritsa ntchito izi kuti zizisamalira bwino mapiri ndikutenthetsa miyendo yawo yakutsogolo ndi yakumbuyo mchisanu ndi chisanu. Kulemera kwa munthu wamkulu ndi makilogalamu 30-50.
Zoyipa zakugonana sizinafotokozedwe, komabe, amuna amakhala okulirapo kuposa akazi. Nyama zolusa zili ndi miyendo ikulu yakutsogolo yokhala ndi ziyangoyango zozungulira zotalika masentimita 1 * 1. Mapazi ataliatali aatali amapita mofulumira pakati pa nsonga za mapiri ndi kulumpha mokongola, kokongola. Miyendo siitali kwambiri, koma mawondo ake ndi olimba komanso amphamvu. Manjawa amakhala ndi zikhadabo zochotseka. Chifukwa cha ichi, palibe zilembo zamagazi zosiyidwa pachipale chofewa pomwe chilombo chokongola chadutsa.
Nyamayi imakhala ndi mutu wozungulira, koma ndi makutu ang'onoang'ono, amphongo atatu. M'nyengo yozizira, amakhala osawoneka muubweya wawo wokulirapo komanso wautali. Nyama zimakhala ndi maso owoneka bwino. Kambuku wa chipale chofewa amakhala ndi mikwingwirima yayitali komanso yoonda. Kutalika kwawo kumangofika masentimita opitilira khumi.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti. Kambuku wa chipale chofewa amakhala ndi ubweya wautali komanso wokulirapo, womwe umapangitsa kuti utenthedwe mma nyengo ovuta. Kutalika kwa malaya kumafika masentimita 50-60.
Dera la msana wam'mimba ndi mbali yotsatira ya thupi ndi yotuwa, yoyera. Mimba, ziwalo zamkati ndi mimba yakumunsi ndizopepuka. Mtundu wapaderawo umaperekedwa ndi mdima wooneka ngati mphete, pafupifupi mphete zakuda. Mkati mwa mphetezi muli mphete zing'onozing'ono. Mabwalo ang'onoang'ono kwambiri amapezeka kumtunda. Pang`onopang`ono, kuyambira mutu, m'khosi ndi thupi mpaka mchira, kukula ukuwonjezeka.
Mphete zazikuluzikulu zili m'khosi ndi miyendo. Kumbuyo ndi mchira, mphetezo zimaphatikizana ndikupanga mikwingwirima yopingasa. Nsonga ya mchira nthawi zonse imakhala yakuda. Mtundu wa ubweya wachisanu ndimasuta otuwa ndi utoto wa lalanje. Mtundu uwu umawalola kuti asadziwike ndi miyala ikuluikulu komanso mapiri achisanu. Pofika chilimwe, chovalacho chimakhala chowala, pafupifupi choyera.
Kodi kambuku wa chisanu amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Snow Leopard ku Russia
Nyama zimakhala kumapiri okha. Kutalika kwakutali kwa malo ake okhazikika ndi ma 3000 mita pamwamba pa nyanja. Komabe, pofunafuna chakudya, amatha kukwera msinkhu wowirikiza kawiri chiwerengerochi. Mwambiri, malo okhala akambuku a chipale chofewa amakhala osiyanasiyana. Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha nyama chimapezeka m'maiko a Central Asia.
Madera omwe ali ndi kambuku wa chipale chofewa:
- Mongolia;
- Afghanistan;
- Kyrgyzstan;
- Uzbekistan;
- Tajikistan;
- China;
- India;
- Kazakhstan;
- Russia.
M'dziko lathu, kuchuluka kwa nyama zomwe zimadya nyama zazimayi si zochulukirapo. Amapezeka makamaka ku Khakassia, Altai Territory, Tyva, Krasnoyarsk Territory. Nyamayo imakhala m'mapiri monga Himalaya, Pamirs, Kun-Lune, Sayan, Hindu Kush, m'mapiri a Tibet, ndi ena ambiri. Komanso, nyama zimakhala kumadera otetezedwa ndi otetezedwa. Izi zikuphatikizapo gawo la paki ya Altushinsky, Sayano - Shushensky.
Nthawi zambiri, chilombocho chimasankha malo okhala ndi miyala ikuluikulu, zigwa zakuya komanso tchire ngati malo okhalamo. Irbis amakonda madera okhala ndi chipale chofewa chochepa. Pofunafuna chakudya, imatha kupita kumapiri, koma amakhala nthawi yayitali kumapiri. M'madera ena, akambuku a chipale chofewa amakhala m'malo okwera osapitilira ma kilomita zikwizikwi pamwamba pa nyanja. M'madera monga lokwera Turkestan, amakhala makamaka kutalika kwa 2.5 zikwi mamita, ndi ku Himalaya kukwera kwa kutalika kwa sikisi ndi theka mamita zikwi. M'nyengo yozizira, amatha kusintha malo awo oti atumizidwe kutengera madera omwe ungulates amakhala.
Gawo la Russia siliposa 2% ya malo onse okhala nyama zolusa. Munthu aliyense wamkulu amakhala ndi gawo lapadera, lomwe ndi loletsedwa kwa ena.
Kodi kambuku wa chisanu amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Mphaka Snow Leopard
Mwachilengedwe, kambuku wa chisanu ndi chilombo. Amadyetsa kokha chakudya cha nyama. Amatha kusaka mbalame zonse komanso zazikulu zazikulu.
Kodi chakudya ndi chiyani?
- Yaki;
- Nkhosa;
- Mbawala;
- Argali;
- Zojambula;
- Serau;
- Nguluwe;
- Musk agwape;
- Zinyama;
- Ophwanya;
- Hares;
- Kekliki;
- Nthenga;
- Makoswe;
- Mbuzi zamapiri.
Pakudya kamodzi, nyama imafunika makilogalamu 3-4 a nyama kuti ikhutitse.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti. Ingwe ya chisanu imangodya kunyumba. Ikasaka bwino, nyalugwe amatenga nyama yake kupita nayo kuphanga ndipo imangodyako komweko.
Irbis ndi mlenje wapadera, ndipo imatha kupha anthu angapo nthawi imodzi pakusaka kamodzi. M'chilimwe, imatha kudya zipatso kapena mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomera, mphukira zazing'ono. Pofuna kusaka bwino, nyalugwe amasankha malo abwino kwambiri oti amubisalire. Amasankha makamaka malo pafupi ndi mathithi pomwe nyama zimabwera kudzamwa, komanso pafupi ndi njira. Imagunda mwamphamvu ndikudumpha mwachangu kuchokera pamalo obisalira. Nyama yodabwitsayi ilibe nthawi yoti ichitepo kanthu ndipo imakhala nyama yolusa. Nyalugwe nthawi zambiri amaukira kuchokera patali mamitala makumi angapo.
Nyama yayikulu kwambiri imalumphira kumbuyo kwake ndipo nthawi yomweyo imaluma m'mero, imayesa kudya kapena kuphwanya khosi. Irbis, monga ulamuliro, alibe mpikisano. Amadya nyama yatsopano, ndipo amasiya chilichonse chosadyedwa kwa adani ena kapena mbalame.
Nthawi ya njala, amatha kutsika kumapiri ndikusaka ziweto - nkhosa, pogona, nkhumba, ndi zina zambiri. Nthenga, makoswe ndi nyama zing'onozing'ono ndizomwe zimapatsa chakudya pokhapokha pakakhala kusowa kwakukulu kwa nyama zikuluzikulu mdera momwe ogwirira amakhala.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Buku Lofiira la Leopard
Irbis amakonda kukhala payekha. Munthu aliyense wamkulu amasankha malo enaake, omwe ndi oletsedwa kwa mamembala ena amtunduwo. Ngati anthu ena am'banja lino alowa m'malowo, mosatengera kuti ndi amuna kapena akazi, sawonetsa nkhanza. Malo a munthu m'modzi amachokera pa 20 mpaka 150 ma kilomita.
Munthu aliyense amalemba madera ake ndi fungo linalake, komanso zikhadabo pamitengo. Pomwe zikupezeka m'mapaki, kapena m'malo osungira, momwe nyama zilibe malire m'deralo, amayesa kuyandikira pafupifupi makilomita awiri kuchokera wina ndi mnzake. Kupatula kosowa, akambuku a chisanu amapezeka awiriawiri.
Ndimagwira kwambiri usiku. Amapita kukasaka m'mawa kapena madzulo. Nthawi zambiri, amapanga njira inayake ndipo pofunafuna chakudya amangoyenda nayo. Njirayi ili ndi malo othirira komanso malo odyetserako ziweto. Pokonzekera njira yake, samaphonya mwayi wogwira chakudya chochepa.
Kambuku wa chisanu ali ndi zizindikilo panjira iliyonse. Izi zitha kukhala mathithi, mitsinje, mitsinje, nsonga zazitali zamapiri kapena miyala. Kudutsa kwa njira yosankhidwa kumatenga tsiku limodzi mpaka masiku angapo. Nthawi imeneyi, chilombocho chimagonjetsa makilomita khumi mpaka makumi atatu.
M'nyengo yozizira, chipale chofewa chikamakula, chilombocho chimakakamizika kupondaponda njirazo kuti zisamale. Izi zitha kusewera ndi iye nthabwala yankhanza, popeza mayendedwe omwe amawoneka mchipale chofewa komanso chizolowezi chosasintha njira zawo zimawapangitsa kukhala nyama yosaka nyama zosaka nyama. Nyama zimatha kukula kwambiri ndipo, chifukwa cha mapazi ataliatali, zimalumpha mamitala 10-15 kutalika.
Chosangalatsa: Irbis - ndiye yekhayo m'banja la mphalapala, zomwe sizachilendo kukalipa. Nthawi zambiri amapanga zojambula. Izi ndizowona makamaka kwa akazi munthawi yaukwati. Ndikumveka kumeneku, komwe kumapangidwa ndi kudutsa kwa mpweya kudzera m'mphuno, akazi amadziwitsa amuna zakomwe ali.
Phokoso ili limagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati moni wa anthu wina ndi mnzake. Nkhope ndi kulumikizana mwachindunji zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati kulumikizana. Pofuna kuwonetsa mphamvu, nyamazo zimatsegula pakamwa pawo, ndikuwonetsa zipsinjo zawo zazitali. Ngati zolusa zili mumtendere komanso zili mwamtendere, zimatsegula pakamwa pang'ono, osawonetsa mano, komanso khwinya pamphuno.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Snow Leopard Cub
Nyama zimakhala moyo wokha. Anthu omwe si amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amalumikizana nthawi yaukwati. Kusasana kwa akazi kumachitika zaka ziwiri zilizonse. Nyama mwachibadwa zimakhala ndi mkazi mmodzi. Mukakhala mu ukapolo kapena m'malo osungira nyama ndi malo otetezedwa, atha kukhala amodzi.
Nthawi yaukwati imadalira nyengoyo. Imayamba ndikumayamba kwa dzinja ndipo imatha mpaka pakati masika. Zazimuna zimakopa amuna popanga phokoso lalitali, losisima. Amuna amayankha kuitana. Anthu azikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana akapezeka m'dera lomwelo, zimakhazikika kwambiri. Amakweza mchira wake ndi chitoliro ndikuyenda mozungulira wamwamuna. Pakukwana, yamphongo imagwira yaikazi pamalo amodzi, imagwira tsitsilo ndi mano ake atafota. Mimba ya mkazi imatenga masiku 95-115. Amphaka ang'onoang'ono amawoneka kuyambira pakatikati pa masika mpaka pakati pa chilimwe. Nthawi zambiri, mzimayi m'modzi amatha kubereka ana osaposa atatu. Nthawi zina, ana asanu amatha kubadwa. Mkaziyu amasiya kubereka ana ake m'zigwa zamiyala.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti. Mkaziyo amapanga kuboola mumtsinjewo, ndikutsetseka pansi ndi ubweya wochokera kumimba kwake.
Mwana wamphongo aliyense wakhanda amalemera magalamu 250-550. Ana amabadwa akhungu, patadutsa masiku 7-10 maso awo amatseguka. Amachoka kuphanga pakatha miyezi iwiri. Akafika miyezi 4-5, amatenga nawo mbali pakusaka. Mpaka miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, mayi amadyetsa ana ake mkaka wa mayi. Akafika msinkhu wa miyezi iwiri, amphaka amayamba kudziwa pang'ono pang'ono chakudya chokhazikika. Amayi amakula msinkhu wazaka zitatu, amuna ali ndi zaka zinayi. M'chaka choyamba, amalumikizana kwambiri ndi amayi.
Nthawi yayitali ya nyama zolusa ndi zaka 13-15 m'chilengedwe. Mu ukapolo, chiyembekezo cha moyo chitha kukwera mpaka zaka 27.
Adani achilengedwe a akambuku achisanu
Chithunzi: Big Leopard Leopard
Nyalugwe wa chisanu amadziwika kuti ndi nyama yomwe imayimirira pamwamba penipeni pa chakudya ndipo ilibe mpikisano kapena adani. Nthawi zina, pamakhala udani wa interspecies, momwe akulu, anthu amphamvu amafa. Mikangano pakati pa akambuku a chisanu ndi kambuku ndiyofala. Akuluakulu, olimba mtima amawopseza akambuku achichepere komanso achichepere.
Choopseza chachikulu chimadza ndi anthu kupha nyama kufunafuna ubweya wamtengo wapatali. M'mayiko aku Asia, mafupa amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala m'malo mwa mafupa a kambuku popanga mankhwala.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Amphaka a Leopard
Lero chilombo chodabwitsachi komanso chokoma kwambiri chatsala pang'ono kutha. Udindo wa nyama zamtunduwu ndi chifukwa cha zifukwa zingapo.
Zifukwa zakusowa kwa mitundu:
- Malo okhala magulu amtundu wa nyama ali kutali kwambiri;
- Kuchepetsa kuswana;
- Kutha kwa maziko a chakudya - kuchepa kwa artiodactyls;
- Kupha;
- Kuchedwa kwambiri kutha msinkhu.
Malinga ndi World Organization for the Protection of Animals, pali anthu 3 mpaka 7 zikwi padziko lapansi. Nyama zina 1.5-2 zikwi zilipo m'malo osungira nyama ndi malo osungira nyama. Malinga ndi ziwerengero zovuta, chiwerengero cha anthu ku Russia chatsika ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu pazaka 10 zapitazi. Kutha kwa mitunduyi kunathandizidwanso chifukwa chakuchepa kwakukulu kwa akazi azakagonana.
Kuteteza nyalugwe wachipale chofewa
Chithunzi: Snow Leopard wochokera ku Red Book
Pofuna kuteteza, mtundu uwu wa nyama zodya nyama umatchulidwa mu International Book, komanso mu Red Book of Russia, ngati mtundu womwe uli pangozi. Ophatikizidwa ndi Red Book of Mongolia mu 1997 ndipo adapereka gawo la "mitundu yosawerengeka kwambiri". Masiku ano, pofuna kuteteza ndikuwonjezera ziweto zodabwitsa izi, malo osungirako zachilengedwe ndi malo otetezedwa amapangidwa momwe nyama zimaswana.
Mu 2000, nyamayo idaphatikizidwa mu IUCN Red List motsogozedwa kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, kambuku wa chipale chofewa adatchulidwa mu Zowonjezera Zoyamba za Convention on International Trade in Various Species of Animal and Plants.M'mayiko onse omwe nyama imakhalako, kusaka ndi kuwononga munthu wokongola ndizovomerezeka, pamalamulo. Kuphwanya lamuloli kumakhala mlandu.
Chipale cha Chipale ndi nyama yodabwitsa komanso yokoma kwambiri. Ndi chizindikiro cha ukulu, mphamvu komanso kupanda mantha kwamayiko ambiri. Sizachilendo kuti aukire munthu. Izi zitha kuchitika pokhapokha kusiyanasiyana.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 04.03.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 15.09.2019 pa 18:52
