Mphungu yagolide ndi mbalame yomwe imayimira mtundu wa ziwombankhanga. Amadziwika kuti ndi m'modzi mwa akulu akulu amtunduwu. Amasiyana ndi mbalame zina osati kokha kukula kwake kochititsa chidwi, komanso mtundu wake, womwe umadziwika ndi ziwombankhanga zagolide zokha. Mbalame yokongola komanso yamphamvu imeneyi imazolowera mosavuta chilichonse ndipo imatha kupezeka pafupifupi kulikonse.
Komabe, kuli kovuta kumuwona m'malo ake achilengedwe, popeza ali ndi nzeru komanso zochenjera ndipo amapewa kukumana ndi munthu m'njira iliyonse. Popita nthawi, ziwombankhanga zagolide zikuchepa. Iyi ndi mitundu ya mbalame yomwe ikuopsezedwa.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Berkut
Ziwombankhanga zagolide ndi za mbalame zokhala ngati mbewa, zimaimira banja la nkhamba, mtundu wa ziwombankhanga, mtundu wina wa mphungu zagolide. Akatswiri a sayansi ya zinyama sangavomerezanebe komwe mbalame zimachokera. Pali malingaliro angapo pakusintha kwawo. Chodziwika kwambiri ndi chiyambi cha ma dinosaurs. Asayansi amati makolo akale kwambiri a mbalame zodya nyama adawonekera nthawi ya Jurassic (pakati pa 200 ndi 140 miliyoni zaka zapitazo).
Kanema: Berkut
Ofufuza akhala akuganiza kuti ma dinosaurs okhala ndi nthenga - ma troodontid ndi ma dromaeosaurids - anali makolo akale amanjazi. Kutha kuuluka kudabwera ma dinosaurs okhala ndi nthenga ndikupanga mitengo. Chifukwa cha zikhadabo zawo zazitali ndi miyendo yakumbuyo yamphamvu kwambiri, ma dinosaurs okhala ndi nthenga aphunzira kukwera mitengo yayitali.
Komabe, chiphunzitso choterechi chidayamba kukayikira mu 1991, pomwe akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale adapeza zotsalira za mbalame zakale ku Texas, zomwe zimatchedwa protoavis. Mwina, adakhalapo Padziko Lapansi zaka 230-210 miliyoni zapitazo, ndiye kuti, pafupifupi zaka 100 m'mbuyomu kuposa Archeopteryx. Anali ma protohavis omwe amafanana kwambiri ndi zolusa zamasiku ano. Asayansi ena aganiza kuti otsatira onse a protohavis ndi abale, ngati si abale. Komabe, chiphunzitsochi chilibe umboni wokhazikika ndipo sichichirikizidwa ndi asayansi ndi ofufuza onse.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mbalame Berkut
Chiwombankhanga chagolide ndi imodzi mwa mbalame zazikuluzikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Kutalika kwa thupi lake kumafika pa masentimita 75 mpaka 100. Mbalame zimakhala ndi mapiko akuluakulu - kuyambira masentimita 170 mpaka 250. Mtundu uwu wa mbalame umakhala ndi chiwerewere - akazi amakhala ndi mwayi wokula ndi kukula kwa thupi. Kuchuluka kwa mkazi wachikulire kumachokera pa 3.7 mpaka 6.8 kilogalamu. Amuna amalemera kuyambira 2.7 mpaka 4.8 kilogalamu. Mutu ndi waung'ono. Ili ndi maso akulu ndi mlomo womwe umafanana ndi mawonekedwe a mphungu. Ndi wamtali, wosalala mbali zonse, ndipo wolumikizidwa.
Zosangalatsa! Ziwombankhanga za golide zimawona bwino. Ali ndi mawonekedwe ovuta kwambiri. Chilombocho chimatha kuzindikira kalulu wothamanga kuchokera kutalika kwa 2000 mita. Nthawi yomweyo, ma cones osiyanasiyana ndi ma lens amakulolani kuti nthawi zonse muzisunga chinthucho. Kupadera kwa masomphenya a nyama zolusa nthenga ndikuti amatha kusiyanitsa mitundu. Khalidwe ili ndilosowa kwambiri munyama.
Pamwamba pa maso a chiwombankhanga chagolide pali zipilala zabwino kwambiri zomwe zimateteza maso a mbalameyo ku kuwala kowala ndikupatsa mawonekedwe owopsa. Oimira banja la nkhamba ali ndi khosi lalifupi lokhala ndi nthenga zazitali.
Zosangalatsa! Khosi la nyamayo limatha kuzungulira madigiri 270, ofanana ndi a kadzidzi.
Mbalame zimakhala ndi mapiko ataliatali komanso otambalala, omwe amapapatiza kumapeto kwa thupi. Mapiko omwe amafalikira panthawi youluka ali ndi mawonekedwe a S. Kupinda koteroko kumatchulidwa mwa achinyamata. Mchira wa adaniwo ndi wautali, wozungulira. Imakhala ngati chiwongolero chouluka. Mbalame zimakhala ndi miyendo yamphamvu ndi zikhadabo zazitali kwambiri, zakuthwa.
Akuluakulu amakhala ndi nthenga zakuda. Mbalamezo ndi zofiirira, zofiirira, pafupifupi zakuda. Mbali yamkati yamapiko, chifuwa, occiput ndi khosi zimasiyanitsidwa ndi nthenga zopepuka zagolide. Anapiye aswedwa m'mazira amaphimbidwa ndi zoyera pansi. Mbalame zazing'ono zimakhala ndi utoto wakuda poyerekeza ndi zakale. Mbali yapadera ndi mawanga oyera pamapiko, komanso zipsera pamchira.
Kodi chiwombankhanga chagolide chimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Eagle Berkut
Mbalameyi imakhala pafupifupi kulikonse. Amatha kukhala kumapiri, zigwa, nkhalango, minda, madera, etc.
Malo okhala mbalame:
- Korea;
- Japan;
- gombe lakumadzulo kwa North America;
- Alaska;
- chigawo chapakati cha Mexico;
- zochepa pang'ono ku Canada;
- Scandinavia;
- Russia;
- Belarus;
- Spain;
- Yakutia;
- Transbaikalia;
- Alps;
- Ma Balkan.
Ngakhale kuti ziwombankhanga zagolide zimatha kupezeka paliponse, zimakonda mapiri ndi zigwa zazikulu. Zodya nthenga zimakonda kukhazikika m'malo omwe anthu sangathe kufikako. Ziwombankhanga zagolide nthawi zambiri zimakhala m'mapiri, nkhalango, tundra, zitsamba zosiyidwa, m'nkhalango iliyonse, m'nkhalango zowirira.
Mbalame zimakonda kukhazikika pafupi ndi matupi amadzi - mitsinje, nyanja, komanso mapiri atali okwera mita 2500-3000. Pofuna kusaka, mbalame zimasankha malo otseguka, otseguka. Kudera loterolo, ndizosavuta kwa iwo kutsatira nyama zawo, komanso kutalika kwa mapiko akulu, malo opanda malire amafunikira. Popuma, mbalame zimasankha mitengo yayitali ndi mapiri.
M'madera a Russia, nyama zodya nthenga zimakhala pafupifupi kulikonse, koma ndizosowa kwambiri kuti munthu azikumana nazo. Anthu amachititsa mantha mbalame, motero amakhala kutali ndi iwo momwe angathere. M'madera athu, amakhala m'malo athyathyathya omwe ali kumpoto kwa Russia, Baltic States, Belarus.
Mphungu zagolide monga mbalame zina zimakonda malo amtchire, opanda anthu komanso obisika. Ichi ndichifukwa chake amakhala komwe kulibe anthu. Amatha kukhala ku Transbaikalia kapena ku Yakutia, bola ngati zisa zili pamtunda wa makilomita 10-13 kuchokera wina ndi mnzake. M'madera aku Africa, nthumwi za banja la hawk zimapezeka kuchokera ku Morocco kupita ku Tunisia, komanso pafupi ndi Nyanja Yofiira. Kudera lomwe amakhala, payenera kukhala mitengo yayitali kwambiri yomwe mbalame zimamangapo zisa zawo.
Kodi chiwombankhanga chagolide chimadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Chiwombankhanga chagolide
Chiwombankhanga chagolide ndi chilombo. Chakudya chachikulu ndi nyama. Wamkulu aliyense amafunika kilogalamu imodzi ndi theka mpaka ma kilogalamu awiri a nyama tsiku lililonse. Nthawi zambiri, kuti ipeze chakudya chokha, mbalame imasaka nyama zazikulu kwambiri kuposa iyo. M'nyengo yozizira kapena ngati kulibe chakudya, zimatha kudya nyama yowola, mazira a mbalame zina, ndi zokwawa. Itha kulimbana ndi odwala, ofooka, komanso anapiye ndi ana. Zowononga izi zimakonda kudya anapiye a ziwombankhanga zina (kudya anzawo). Pakakhala kuti palibe chakudya, amatha kusala mpaka milungu 3-5.
Katundu wa chiwombankhanga chagolide akhoza kukhala:
- Mbewa Vole;
- Hares;
- Nkhandwe;
- Abakha, atsekwe, mapiri, mphalapala, cranes, pheasants, kadzidzi;
- Zinyama;
- Akamba;
- Mapuloteni;
- Martens;
- Mabala;
- Mbawala;
- Nkhosa, ana ang calombe.
Ziwombankhanga za golide zimawerengedwa kuti ndi osaka mwaluso. Mwachilengedwe amapatsidwa miyendo yamphamvu ndi zikhadabo zakuthwa, zazitali, komanso mulomo wolimba. Izi zimawapatsa mwayi wopereka nkhonya zakupha kwa omwe awazunza. Zolusa za nthenga zilibe njira kapena njira imodzi yosakira. Masomphenya akuthwa amalola nyama yonyamula kuti izindikiridwe kuchokera kumtunda wapamwamba komanso kuyang'aniridwa nthawi zonse. Amatha kugwa ngati mwala akamamenya chinthu chosaka, kapena kuuluka mtunda, kunamizira kuti alibe chidwi posaka pakadali pano.
M'malo mwake, akuyembekezera nthawi yoyenera kuti awaukire. Nthawi zambiri, ziwombankhanga zagolide sizimakonda kufunafuna kwanthawi yayitali. Amalimbana ndi nyama yawo mofulumira. Mbalamezi zikuyesa kumenya nthawi yomweyo mwamphamvu, ndikupha. Ngati amasaka nyama zazing'ono, ziphuphu zimaperekedwa ndi milomo yawo. Pofuna nyama zikuluzikulu, nyamayo imalumikiza zikhadabo zazikulu mmenemo, kupyoza khungu ndi ziwalo zake.
Nyamayo imagwira makoswe ndi nyama zing'onozing'ono kumutu ndi kumbuyo ndi zikhasu ndi kupotoza makosi awo. Ziwombankhanga zagolidi ndizosaka mwaluso kwambiri komanso mwamphamvu. Kukhala wozunzidwa ndi mlenje waluso ngati ameneyu, wovutitsidwayo alibe mwayi wopulumutsidwa. Ma Berkuts amakonda kutenga nyama kuchokera kwa osaka aluso kwambiri. Ngati kuli kofunikira kuti awononge nyama zazikulu kwambiri, amatha kupempha anzawo kuti awathandize kusaka pamodzi.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mphungu yagolide ya mbalame
Chiwombankhanga chagolide chimakonda kutalikirana ndi malowa, omwe amakhala pafupi ndi komwe kumakhala anthu. Ngakhale m'nthawi zakale, anthu adazolowera nyama zowopsa izi. Ma Berkuts amakonda kupanga awiriawiri ndikumanga zisa. Zimatengera mtengo wamtali kuti umange chisa. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala paini kapena aspen. Mbalame zimawerengedwa kuti ndi amodzi. Amadzisankhira okha ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala mgululi nthawi yonse ya moyo wawo.
Amakonda kupanga zisa zingapo, kuchokera pa chimodzi mpaka zisanu, ndikukhalamo mosiyanasiyana. Mtunda pakati pa zisa ndi makilomita 13-20. Kumalo okhala ndi gulu limodzi, achinyamata ena omwe sanapangirebe awiriwa akhoza kukhala ndi moyo mosavuta. Ziwombankhanga za nthenga zimaona malo oterowo mosatekeseka. Malo ena amasankhidwa posaka. M'nyengo yozizira, chakudya chikachepa kwambiri, ziwombankhanga zagolide zimawonjezera gawo lawo losaka.
Mbalame zimaopa kwambiri kusokonezedwa ndi anthu m'malo awo achilengedwe. Ngati munthu wapeza chisa chawo chomwe chili ndi mazira, ziwombankhanga zagolide nthawi zambiri zimazisiya. Mbalame zimakhala zolimba komanso zodabwitsa. Adzapitiliza kutsatira wovulalayo mpaka itakhala nyama yawo. Zowononga zimapatsidwa mphamvu zazikulu. Mbalame imodzi yaikulu imatha kukweza katundu wolemera makilogalamu 25 mlengalenga. Mphamvu ya miyendo yakumunsi imalola anthu akulu a nkhandwe wamkulu kugwa khosi. Mbalame zimadziwika ndi kupirira, kutha kusaka awiriawiri, komanso kumenya nkhondo.
Ngakhale kukula kwake, nyama zolusa nthenga zimakonda kuwuluka mokongola kwambiri, zimauluka mlengalenga mosasunthika, zimasintha msangamsanga ulendo wawo wouluka. Mbalameyi imasankhidwa posaka masana okha, mpweya ukafika kutentha pang'ono ndipo ndiyabwino kuti uyandikire mlengalenga. Mbalame zimakonda kupanga njira inayake yomwe ziwombankhanga zagolide zimauluka mozungulira katundu wawo kufunafuna chakudya. Amakonda kusankha mitengo yolondera, pomwe malo abwino amatsegulira. Malo omwe mbalame zimasaka ndi zamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Kukula kwawo kumayambira 140 mpaka 230 sq. Km. Sichizolowezi cha ziwombankhanga zagolidi kupereka mawu; kokha mwa apo ndi apo mumatha kumva phokoso lililonse kuchokera kwa iwo.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Chiwombankhanga chagolide chikuuluka
Mphungu za golide mwachilengedwe ndizomwe zimakhala zokha. Kukhulupirika ndi kudzipereka kwa okwatiranawo kumakhalabe moyo wawo wonse. Kusankha theka lachiwiri kumachitika ali ndi zaka zitatu. Nyengo yakumasirana imayamba kumapeto kwa February ndipo imatha pafupifupi kumapeto kwa Epulo. Masewera okhathamira a mbalame amawoneka osangalatsa kwambiri. Anthu mwa amuna ndi akazi amakonda kuwonetsa kukongola kwawo, mphamvu zawo ndi mphamvu zawo. Izi zimawonekera mu ndege zowoneka bwino. Mbalame zikukula kwambiri. Kenako amathamangira pansi ndikutambasula mapiko awo akuluakulu kutsogolo kwa dziko lapansi. Amakonda kuwonetsa kusaka kwawo. Amamasula zikhadabo, amanamizira kutsatira ndi kugwira nyama.
Mbalamezo zitasankha wokwatirana naye, zimayamba kumanga zisa ndi kuikira mazira. Amasamala kwambiri posankha malo oti amange chisa. Kawirikawiri awa ndi malo obisika mu chisoti cha mitengo pamalo okwera kwambiri. Kutalika kwa chisa chimodzi kumafika 1.5-2 mita, ndipo m'lifupi mwake ndi 2.5-3 mita. Amangidwa ndi nthambi ndi nthambi, pansi pake pamakhala masamba ofewa ndi moss. Chisa chilichonse chimakhala ndi dzira limodzi kapena atatu. Ndi ofiira-otuwa ndi utoto wakuda. Amayenera kuthyola mazira kwa mwezi umodzi ndi theka. Nthawi zina abambo amalowa m'malo mwa akazi, koma izi ndizochepa.
Anapiye amaswa m'mazira mmodzimmodzi. Anapiye achikulire nthawi zonse amakhala okulirapo komanso olimba, ndipo amathamangitsa ang'onoang'ono ndi ofooka pachakudya chomwe champhongo chimadya. Nthawi yomweyo, makolo sakuyesera kubwezeretsa chilungamo. Zotsatira zake, mwana wankhuku wofooka amafa ndi njala. Anapiye amatha pafupifupi miyezi itatu ali m'chisa. Kenako mayiwo amawaphunzitsa kuuluka. Kulankhulana ndi anapiye ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa zochepa zomwe mbalame zimalankhulira. Anapiye omwe ali ndi luso louluka amakhalabe m'chisa mpaka masika otsatira. Kutalika kwa moyo m'zinthu zachilengedwe ndi pafupifupi zaka 20. Mu ukapolo, chiwerengerochi chitha kuwirikiza.
Adani achilengedwe a ziwombankhanga zagolide
Chithunzi: Berkut Red Book
Chiwombankhanga chagolide chimaonedwa kuti ndi nyama yolusa kwambiri. Izi zikutanthauza kuti m'malo awo achilengedwe alibe adani. Kukula kwake, mphamvu zake komanso mphamvu zake sizilola kuti mbalame zilizonse zodya nyama zizipikisana ndi mbalame.
Munthu amadziwika kuti ndiye mdani wamkulu wa ziwombankhanga zagolide. Amapha kapena kuwononga mbalame, komanso amatha kukhazikitsa madera atsopano ndi nkhalango, madambo. Izi zimapangitsa kuti malo achilengedwe owononga awonongeke, kuchuluka kwa chakudya kumachepa.
Ngati munthu apeza malo okhala mbalame, amasiya zisa zawo, ndikupatsira anapiye mpaka kufa. Izi zimaonedwa kuti ndi chifukwa chachikulu chotsikira kuchuluka kwa mbalame.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Berkut Russia
Masiku ano chiwombankhanga chagolide chimawoneka ngati mbalame yosowa, koma palibe chowopseza kutheratu. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, akatswiri a zinyama awona kuti pali chizolowezi chowonjezera kuchuluka kwawo. Munthu adakhala chifukwa chowonongera iwo. M'zaka za zana la 19, adawombeledwa kwambiri chifukwa cha ziweto ndi ziweto zina. Chifukwa chake, mbalame zinawonongedweratu ku Germany.
M'zaka za zana la 20, kuwononga kwakukulu kwa mbalame kunayambitsidwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, omwe, chifukwa cha kudzikundikira, adatsogolera kuimfa kwa achikulire ndikusintha msanga komanso kutha kwa kukula kwa mazira osasunthika. Komanso, chifukwa cha zinthu zovulaza, chakudya cha mbalame chimachepa mwachangu m'malo ambiri.
Kuteteza kwa ziwombankhanga zagolide
Chithunzi: Berkut kuchokera ku Red Book
Pofuna kusunga ndikuchulukitsa kuchuluka kwa mbalame, mitundu iyi idalembedwa mu Red Book. Wapatsidwa udindo wokhala ndi chiopsezo chotha. M'madera ambiri, kuphatikiza Russia, kuwononga mbalame sikuletsedwa pamalamulo. Kuphwanya lamuloli kumakhudza kuyang'anira komanso kuphwanya malamulo. Malo okhala ndi malo okhala mbalame amatengedwa moyang'aniridwa ndi nkhokwe ndi malo osungirako zachilengedwe. M'gawo la Russian Federation lokha, mbalame zimakhala m'malo opitilira khumi ndi awiri.
Mbalame zimazolowera msanga kuti zikhale muukapolo, koma sizimaswana kwenikweni. Ku United States, pali lamulo loletsa kugwidwa ndi kugulitsa mbalame zosowa, komanso mazira awo. Mphungu zagolide ndizodabwitsa, zamphamvu modabwitsa komanso nyama zokoma. Mphamvu, ukulu, moyo ndi zizolowezi zimapangitsa chidwi chachikulu ndi chisangalalo. Munthu ayenera kuyesetsa kuteteza ndi kuonjezera chiwerengero cha mbalamezi.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 02/14/2019
Tsiku losintha: 09/18/2019 nthawi 20:26
