Elk, kapena Alces alces - chimphona pakati pa nyama zogawanika. Amatchedwa Prong chifukwa cha nyanga zake zazikulu, zowoneka ngati khasu. Chilombochi chafalikira m'nkhalango zakumpoto ku Europe, Asia ndi North America. Amasiyana ndi ena oimira banja la agwape ndi miyendo yayitali, thupi lalifupi koma lokulirapo, kufota, mutu wawukulu.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Elk
Komwe mitundu iyi yama artiodactyl imachokera sikudziwika kwenikweni. Zina mwazomwe zimapezeka munthawi ya mphalapala zidapezeka koyambirira kwa nyengo ya Quaternary. Maonekedwe ake amadziwika kuti ndi Upper Pliocene ndipo amalumikizidwa ndi mitundu yofanana kwambiri, North American Cervalces. Mitundu ina ya Quaternary imasiyanitsidwa, yolingana ndi gawo lakumunsi la Pleistocene - thambo lakumphumi.
Ndi amene angatchedwe kholo la mphalapala zomwe zimapezeka m'dera la Russian Federation. Makolo a mtundu uwu, omwe amawoneka ofanana ndi kufotokozera kwamakono, adakumana munthawi ya Neolithic m'mapiri a Ukraine, dera la Lower Volga ndi Transcaucasia, pagombe la Black Sea, ku Ireland ndi England, Western Europe, koma sanasamukire ku Balkan ndi Apennines.
Kanema: Elk
Artiodactyl amakhala madera akulu kumpoto kwa Europe, Asia, America. Pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka zapitazi, panali kuchepa kwa mitunduyi, koma njira zobwezeretsera kuchuluka kwa anthu zidapangitsa kuti mphalapalayo ipezenso m'nkhalango za Eurasia mpaka ku Vosges komanso pakamwa pa Rhine. Malire akumwera amatsikira ku Alps ndi Carpathians, omwe amakhala m'chigawo cha Don bas, Western Transcaucasia, amadutsa m'dera la nkhalango ku Siberia mpaka ku taiga la Ussuri.
Chilombocho chimamva bwino ku Norway, Finland ndi Sweden. Ku Russia, imapezeka paliponse m'nkhalango, kupatula Sakhalin ndi Kamchatka. Amapezeka kumpoto kwa Mongolia ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China. Ku kontinenti yaku America - ku Canada. Chiwerengero chobwezeretsedwachi chimakwirira dera lonse la nkhalango ku United States. Nyamayo si yooneka bwino. Mutu umakulitsidwa mwamphamvu ndikukhala pakhosi lamphamvu. Artiodactyl yake imagwira pafupifupi pamlingo wofota.
Kukula kwakukulu kwa mphutsi kumaperekedwa ndi mphuno yayikulu yokhala ndi mawonekedwe owopsa a cartilaginous. Amadutsa mlomo wapamwamba, wamakwinya, wonyentchera.
Makutu akuluwo amayenda kwambiri ndipo analoza pamwamba. Mchira ndi theka la kutalika kwa khutu. Amamaliza kutsetsereka ndipo sakuwoneka. Thumba longa thumba, lotchedwa ndolo, limapachikidwa pakhosi. Amakula kwambiri mwa amuna ndipo amatha kutalika kwa masentimita 40, koma nthawi zambiri osapitilira masentimita 25. Mphete imakula mpaka zaka zinayi, kenako imafupikitsa ndikukula.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Animal Elk
Chovala cha elk chili ndi utoto wakuda, chopanda "kalilole" wamba kwa achibale ake kumbuyo. Khosi ndikufota amakhala ndi tsitsi lalitali. Miyendo ndi yowala kwambiri kuposa thupi. Ziboda ndi zazikulu, zopapatiza, zazitali komanso zosongoka. Ziboda zam'mbali zimayikidwa pafupi ndi nthaka. Poyenda panthaka yofewa, chithaphwi, matalala, zimapuma pamtunda, kugawa katundu ndikumapangitsa kuti zisamavutike kuyenda.
Amphongo amakula nyanga zazikulu zomwe zimafalikira kumbali. Amakula pafupifupi mozungulira m'munsi ndipo alibe nthambi. Pafupi ndi malekezero, pali njira ngati nswala, koma zambiri zimapezeka m'mphepete mwa gawo lokulirapo, lotchedwa "fosholo".
Kutalika kwa nyanga kumafika masentimita 180, ndipo kulemera kwake mpaka 40 kg. Malo awo akhakula ndi abulauni. Mwa mitundu yaku Europe, fosholo ili ndi njira zochepa ngati zala; ku abale aku North America, kuchuluka kwawo kumafika makumi anayi. Mwa achinyamata, nyanga zopyapyala zopanda nthambi zimakula mchaka choyamba chamoyo. Mafosholo okhala ndi mphukira amapezeka pokhapokha chachisanu.
Nyamayo imachotsa zokongoletsa zake kumutu pofika Disembala, ndipo zatsopano zimayamba kukula mu Epulo. Akazi alibe nyanga. Zitsanzo za achikulire zimakhala ndi thupi mpaka mamitala asanu, kutalika kwa nkhonoyo kumafota kumatha kufika 2.4 m, kulemera kwake ndi pafupifupi 600 kg, akazi ndi ocheperako komanso opepuka kuposa amuna. Ku Canada ndi ku Far East, kuchuluka kwa anthuwa kumafikira 650 kg. Miyendo yamphamvu ndi ziboda zimateteza.
Kulemera kwakukulu ndi kukhathamira sikulepheretsa chilombo chamiyendo yayitali kuyenda mwachangu m'nkhalango ndi mafunde, madambo, imagonjetsa mosavuta mpanda wamiyendo iwiri kapena zigwa. Kuthamanga kwakukulu pakamayenda ndi 9 km / h, pomwe akuthamanga mpaka 40 km / h. Mphalapala zimatha kuwoloka (ma kilomita atatu) ndikulowerera kwambiri. Milandu idalembedwa pomwe nyama zimasambira kudutsa malo osungira a Rybinsk (20 km); Owonerera aku Scandinavia ndi America ali ndi zotsatira zofananira.
Kodi moose amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Elk m'nkhalango
Nyamayi imakhala m'nkhalango, mpaka kumtunda. Pambuyo pobwezeretsa anthu omwe adatayika, adakhazikikanso m'nkhalango zosiyanasiyana, m'mphepete mwa mapiri, mapiri, mitengo yazitali, m'mbali mwa matupi amadzi.
M'nyengo yotentha, ungulate amatha kupita kutali ndi nkhalango, ndikuyenda m'malo otsetsereka kapena tundra. Amakonda aspen, alder, mead ndi udzu wochuluka.
Nyama imakonda mahebulo okula msanga, ngalande zamtsinje, nyanja zosaya, chifukwa nthawi yotentha amakhala nthawi yayitali m'madzi kapena pafupi ndi matupi amadzi, ndipo amakonda kusamba. Zimadya msondodzi, koma sizimakonda kwambiri taiga. Zomera zikamasiyana-siyana, ndipamenenso mumakumana ndi mphalapala pano. Zinyama zomwe zili m'mapiri zimakhala m'zigwa za mitsinje, malo otsetsereka pang'ono, sizimakonda zojambula zokongola kwambiri. M'mapiri a Altai ndi Sayan, ofukula kwake ndi mamitala 1800-2000. Nyama imatha kuyendayenda m'mapiri, pomwe pali nyanja zokhala ndi masamba a m'mphepete mwa nyanja.
M'madambo, nyama imasunthira kumalo omwe nthaka imalowa mkati mwakuya, kenako ndikuyenda pazilumba, ndikuyenda m'malo am'madzi pamimba, pomwe miyendo yakutsogolo imatalikitsidwa kupita patsogolo. Ku Altai, amagogoda njira mumadambo m'malo ouma, omwe akuya mpaka masentimita 50. Nyamazi zimakhala zokhazikika, zimakhala malo amodzi kwa nthawi yayitali, ngati palibe amene akuvutika komanso ali ndi chakudya chokwanira. M'chilimwe, chiwembu chake chimakhala chachikulu kuposa nthawi yachisanu. Ungulates amatha kupita kunja kwa malo awo kukanyambita mchere. Ngati pali malo oterewa pamasamba awo, ndiye kuti nyama zimawayendera mumdima 5-6 patsiku.
Katundu wa anthu oyandikana nawo atachulukana, mopitilira muyeso, ndiye kuti zolengedwa zoyamwitsa zimalekerera izi mosakhazikika ndipo sizithamangitsa ena, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi mabanja ambiri agwape. Kupatula kwake ndi ng'ombe zamphongo poyamba zitatha kubereka.
Kodi mphalapala zimadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Big Elk
Nyama yansaluyi imakonda udzu wautali, imagwiritsa ntchito ndere (makamaka zowuma), imasangalalanso ndi bowa, komanso, ndi poizoni pamaso pa anthu. Zipatso: cranberries, blueberries, lingonberries amatenga ndikudya limodzi ndi nthambi. M'chilimwe, chifukwa cha kutalika kwake, amatenga nthambi ndi milomo yake yamphamvu ndikung'amba masambawo.
Prong amakonda kudya masamba ndi nthambi:
- kufuna;
- phulusa lamapiri;
- chitumbuwa cha mbalame;
- msondodzi;
- ziphuphu;
- mitengo ya phulusa;
- buckthorn;
- mapulo;
- dzina.
Mwa zitsamba zokhala ndi zitsamba zokondeka, wokondedwa kwambiri ndi moto wamoto, womwe umakula mochuluka m'malo omasuka - malo omwe amakonda kwambiri artiodactyl. Pafupi ndi malo osungiramo madzi ndi m'madzi, amadyetsa ulonda, maluwa amadzi, makapisozi a dzira, marigold, sorelo, udzu waudzu, calamus, sedge, horsetail ndi mbewu zina zomwe zimakula m'mbali mwa magombe. Kugwa, zakudya zake zimasintha, nyama imadya mphukira zazing'ono zamitengo ndi tchire, imadya makungwa a mitengo.
Ndi kusowa kwa chakudya, imatha kukukuta nthambi zazing'ono za paini ndi fir, makamaka theka lachiwiri la dzinja, koma nthawi zambiri imaluma nthambi za msondodzi, aspen, rasipiberi, birch, phulusa lamapiri, buckthorn, mpaka 1 cm. mbali komwe kumawotcha ndikusungunuka.
Pazonse, zakudya za elk zimaphatikizapo:
- mpaka 149 genera la angiosperms;
- 6 genera la ma gymnosperms, monga pine, juniper, yew;
- mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ferns (5 genera);
- ndere (mbadwo 4);
- bowa (11 genera);
- algae, monga kelp.
Evenks amatcha uyu wodya ziboda zogawanika - "moot", kapena ivoed - "shektats", chifukwa amadyetsa nthambi zamitengo. Dzina lake lodziwika bwino ndi "toki", osaka zamatsenga amawopa kuigwiritsa ntchito.
M'chaka, zinyama zimadya mpaka matani asanu ndi awiri azakudya, zomwe:
- makungwa - 700 kg;
- mphukira ndi nthambi - 4000 kg;
- masamba - 1500 kg;
- herbaceous zomera - 700 makilogalamu.
M'chilimwe, chakudya cha tsiku lililonse chimatha makilogalamu 16 mpaka 35 makilogalamu, ndipo nthawi yozizira chimakhala pafupifupi 10 kg. M'nyengo yozizira, elk imamwa pang'ono ndipo imangodya chipale chofewa, kupewa kutentha, koma nthawi yotentha imatha kukoka madzi kapena madzi kuchokera mphindi 15 mpaka ola limodzi, pafupifupi popanda zosokoneza.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Elk chilimwe
Pronged siwanzeru kwambiri, amachita mantha, nthawi zonse amapita patsogolo. Mu moyo wamba, amasankha njira zoponderezedwa. Ziphona zazikulu za m'nkhalango zimapewa madera omwe chipale chofewa chimakhala choposa masentimita 70 ndipo amasonkhana pamalo otsetsereka pomwe pamakhala chinsalu choterocho. Pa chisanu, katunduyo ndi wamkulu kwambiri ndipo nyama yokhala ndi ziboda zogawanika imagwera, ngakhale miyendo yayitali imathandizira kuthana ndi malo okutidwa ndi chipale chofewa. Aang'ombe aang'ono a mphalapala amatsata njira ya munthu wamkulu pachikuto chotere.
Pakudyetsa, nyama imayimirira, ikudya chakudya chapadziko lapansi, imayesera kutambasula miyendo yake pakati, kugwada, ana ang'onoang'ono a mphalapala nthawi zambiri amakwawa nthawi yomweyo. Zikakhala zoopsa, nyamayo imadalira kwambiri pakumva komanso mwachibadwa, imawona bwino kwambiri ndipo sazindikira munthu wosayenda. Mphalapala sizimenyana ndi anthu, kokha pazochitika zapadera, zikavulala kapena kuteteza ana.
Pamene ziphuphu zikuchitika, zinyama zimagwira ntchito nthawi zonse. M'nyengo yozizira, amapuma kasanu patsiku, koma ndi chipale chofewa kapena kumapeto kwa dzinja mpaka kasanu ndi katatu. Kutentha kochepa, amagwera m'chipale chofewa, momwe pansi pake pamakhala mutu wowoneka, ndikugona kwa maola ambiri. Nthawi ya mphepo yamphamvu, zimphona za m'nkhalango zimabisala m'nkhalango. M'zaka za m'ma 30, mphalapala zinaleredwa m'mafamu apadera kuti azigwiritsa ntchito nkhanza, ngakhale mfuti zamakina zimalimbikitsidwa panyanga zawo. Anawaphunzitsa kusiyanitsa Chifinishi ndi Chirasha ndi khutu ndi kupereka chizindikiro. Nyama zinagwira mawu amunthu pamtunda wopitilira kilomita imodzi.
Kumayambiriro kwa Juni, nsombazi zimagwira masana. Ndikukula kwanyengo ndikuwonekera kwa ntchentche ndi ntchentche zambiri, artiodactyls imakonda kuziziritsa, pomwe mphepo imawomba ndipo pali tizilombo tochepa. Amatha kukhazikika pama conifers achichepere, m'malo amphepete mwamadambo, osaya, m'mphepete mwa matupi amadzi. M'madzi osaya, nyama zimagona m'madzi, m'malo ozama amalowa mpaka m'khosi. Kumene kulibe madamu, zimphona zija zimagona pamalo opanda chinyezi, koma zikangotentha, zimadzuka ndi kufunafuna zina zatsopano.
Osati kokha kokha komwe kumawachititsa kunama, kutentha kwambiri sikulekerera ndi ma artiodactyls, chifukwa chake amakonda kupumula masana nthawi yotentha.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Wild Elk
Anthu akuluakuluwa amakhala okha, kapena amakakamira m'magulu a anthu anayi. Zazikazi zimapanga gulu la mitu isanu ndi itatu; m'nyengo yozizira, ng'ombe zazing'ono zimatha kudyetsa nawo. Pofika masika, nyama zimabalalika. M'nyengo yotentha, ng'ombe zamphongo zoyenda ndi mphalapala zimayenda ndi ana a ng'ombe, nthawi zina zimayenda ndi za chaka chatha. Ena awiri amapulumuka pambuyo povulaza, nthawi zina ng'ombe zamphongo chaka chatha ndi akulu amaphatikizana nawo, ndikupanga magulu a mitu 6-9. Pambuyo pachimake, nthawi zambiri amuna amakhala mosiyana, ndipo ana amatenga timagulu tating'ono. M'nyengo yozizira, gulu la ziweto limakula makamaka m'nyengo yachisanu.
Zimachitika kuti ma artiodactyls amatayika awiriawiri chisanachitike, kumapeto kwa chilimwe. Ng'ombe yamphongo imayamba kulira, kutsatira yaikazi isanayambike estrus. Amuna panthawiyi amayamba kuthyola nthambi ndi nsonga za mitengo ndi nyanga, kumenyedwa ndi ziboda. Komwe mphodza zakodza, zimadya nthaka, ndikusiya kununkhira kulikonse. Pakadali pano, ng'ombe zamphongo zimadya pang'ono, ubweya wawo umaphulika, ndipo maso awo ali magazi. Amasiya kusamala, amakhala aukali, amathamangitsa ana amphongo kuchokera kwa ana amphongo. Mfundoyi imatha kupitilira mwezi umodzi, imayamba koyambirira kumadera akumwera, kumpoto - pambuyo pake, kuyambira pakati pa Seputembala. Kusiyana kumeneku kumachitika chifukwa chakumapeto kwa masika kumpoto - nthawi yabwino kuwonekera kwa ana.
Pa nthawi yovutayi, ng'ombe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zokhazokha. Koma ngati mphalapala sizikufuna chibwenzi, chachimuna chimayang'ana china. Ofunsira angapo amapezeka pafupi ndi akazi ndipo pali ndewu pakati pawo, nthawi zambiri amapha. Mphalapala zazing'ono zimakhala zokonzeka kulowa mchaka chachiwiri, koma asanakwanitse zaka zinayi satenga nawo mbali, chifukwa sangathe kupikisana ndi ng'ombe zamphongo. Wachinyamata amalowa mumtsinje pambuyo pake "akale". Mimba imatenga masiku 225 mpaka 240, m'modzi amabadwa - ng'ombe ziwiri, zolemera 6-15 kg, kutengera jenda ndi kuchuluka. Mtundu wa ana a mphalapala ndi bulauni wonyezimira komanso wofiyira. Ng'ombe yachiwiri nthawi zambiri imamwalira. Pambuyo pa mphindi 10, akhanda amakhala atayimirira kale, koma nthawi yomweyo amagwa.
Pa tsiku lachiwiri amasuntha mosatsimikizika, patsiku lachitatu akuyenda bwino, ndipo patsiku lachisanu amathamanga, atatha masiku khumi akusambira ngakhale. Poyamba, mwana wamwamuna amakhala pamalo amodzi, ngati mayiyo athawa, ndiye amagona, atabisala muudzu kapena pansi pa tchire. Mzimayi amamwetsa mkaka mkaka kwa miyezi inayi, chisanachitike. Mwa anthu omwe satenga nawo mbali pazakugonana, mkaka wa m'mawere umapitilira. Kuyambira milungu iwiri yakubadwa, ng'ombe zamphongo zimayamba kudya chakudya chobiriwira. Pofika Seputembala, amalemera makilogalamu 150.
Adani achilengedwe a mphalapala
Chithunzi: Elk ndi nyanga
Mwa adani akuluakulu a nkhandwe pali zimbalangondo. Nthawi zambiri amalimbana ndi nyama zokhala ndi ziboda pakati podzuka kutulo. Nthawi zambiri amathamangitsa zazikazi zapakati kapena kumenya ng'ombe zamphongo. Amayi amateteza ana. Kuphulika ndimiyendo yakutsogolo ndikowopsa kwambiri. Mwanjira imeneyi, ungulate amatha kupha chimbalangondo pomwepo, kapena mdani aliyense
Mimbulu imawopa kuukira achikulire, imachita paketi kokha kumbuyo kwawo. Nthawi zambiri ana amamwalira ndi adani akuda. M'nyengo yozizira yachisanu, mimbulu imatha kukhala pansi ndi nkhandwe, ngakhale achichepere. Kudzera m'nkhalango yowinduka ndi mphepo yolimba, kapena m'nyengo yozizira ikabwerako kuzizira, gulu la nkhosa limathamangitsa ng'ombe kapena wamkulu wonenepa. Ma artiodactyls akuluakulu sangathe kulimbana ndi mphaka kapena wolulu wamphongo, yemwe amateteza nyama zawo kuti zibisalire pamtengo. Kuthamanga kuchokera kumtunda, zolusa zimagwira khosi, ndikuluma kudzera m'mitsempha.
Udzudzu wa chilimwe, ntchentche ndi ntchentche zimakwiyitsa kwambiri mphalapala. Mphutsi zawo zimatha kukhazikika mu nasopharynx. Ndi ambiri a iwo, kupuma kumakhala kovuta, nyamayo yatopa, popeza zimamuvuta kudya, nthawi zina amafa. Kuchokera kulumidwa kwa ntchentche, zilonda zosachiritsa zimawonekera pa miyendo ya nyama zomwe zimakhetsa magazi.
Malinga ndi mboni zowona ndi maso, panali zaka pomwe nyama, zozunzidwa ndi udzudzu, zimapita kunyumba zawo, osagwirizana ndi agalu kapena anthu. Okhala m'midzi adatsanulira madzi nyama zolumazo, atakuta utsi, koma samatha kupulumutsa aliyense kuimfa.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Animal Elk
Chifukwa cha kusodza kwambiri, anthu osakhazikika m'nkhalango zazikulu kwambiri m'nkhalango adayamba kuchepa kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 19. Pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka zapitazi, nyamayo idawonongedwa, kapena pafupifupi idasowa m'malo ambiri komwe idapezedwa koyambirira, ku Eurasia komanso ku North America. Kuletsa kwakanthawi posaka, njira zosungira zadzetsa bata ndikubwezeretsa pang'onopang'ono malo omwe kale anali. Khungu la Elk limagwiritsidwa ntchito kusoka ma camisoles ndi mathalauza okwera, omwe amatchedwa "leggings".
Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1920, m'madera ambiri a Russia, anthu osapitirira khumi ndi awiri anali ochepa. Malamulo oletsa kusodza (kupatula Siberia) adadzetsa chakuti kuwonjezeka kwa ziweto kudayamba kumapeto kwa ma 30s. Nyamazo zidasamukira kumadera akumwera, komwe nkhalango zazing'ono zimawonekera m'malo amoto komanso kuwoloka.
Pa Nkhondo Yaikulu Yokonda Dziko Lanu, kuchuluka kwa ma artiodactyl mu gawo la Europe ku Russia kunatsikanso kwambiri. Mu 1945, kuletsedwa kwa kusaka kunayambika, ndipo kulimbana koopsa ndi mimbulu kunayamba. Kuchepa kwa ziweto zakuda, kukhazikitsidwa kwa malo otetezedwa, ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa nsomba zololedwa kwakhala zinthu zazikulu zomwe zakhudza kuchuluka kwa ziweto.
Chiwerengero cha omasulidwa kutchire ku RSFSR anali:
- mu 1950 - 230 zikwi;
- mu 1960. - zikwi 500;
- mu 1980. - 730 zikwi;
- pofika 1992 - 904 zikwi
Kenako panali kuchepa ndipo pofika 2000 chiwerengerocho chinali anthu 630,000. Ndi dera laling'ono kwambiri, nthawi yomweyo ku North. America idakhala ndi ma elks okwanira 1 miliyoni, ku Norway 150,000, ku Finland - 100 zikwi, ku Sweden - 300,000.Ndipo izi zili m'maiko omwe nyamayo idatsala pang'ono kuwonongedwa. Mkhalidwe wosungira nyama iyi padziko lonse lapansi umatchedwa Wosasamala.
Ku Russia, malinga ndi akatswiri, ngakhale poganizira zofuna za nkhalango, ndizotheka kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa elk mpaka 3 miliyoni, tsopano nambala yawo ili pafupifupi mitu 700-800 zikwi. Ngakhale nyamayi siopsezedwa kuti idzawonongedwa, ndi bwino kuwonetsa chidwi chachitetezo chake komanso kuchuluka kwa ziweto. Elk Atha kukhala mu ukapolo wa nyama, khungu, nyanga ndi mkaka.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 06.02.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 16.09.2019 pa 16:24
