Kwa nthawi yayitali, pakhala pali nthano zambiri komanso mphekesera za nsomba zazikuluzikuluzi zomwe zimakhala kunyanja yakumwera. Anthu, owopsedwa ndi mawonekedwe ake ndi kukula kwake, anafotokoza kuti whale sharki ndi chilombo choopsa chokhachokha kuchokera kuphompho m'nyanja. Pokhapokha patapita nthawi yayitali pomwe zidadziwika kuti chilombochi, ngakhale chikuwoneka chowopsa, sichowopsa. Koma, nsomba ya whale mpaka lero imakhalabe imodzi mwamadzi osamveka kwambiri padziko lapansi.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Whale shark
Kwa nthawi yayitali, whale shark sanagwire chidwi ndi ofufuza, ndipo m'mafotokozedwe ochepa omwe adapezeka panali malingaliro ambiri kuposa chowonadi. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, nyamayi (mtundu wa mamitala 4.5 wochokera ku South Africa) adafotokozedwa ndi E. Smith mu 1828. Pakadali pano, shaki whale wodzaza ali ku Paris. Mitundu yamtunduwu idatchedwa mitundu ya Rhincodon. Nsombazi ndi za banja la nsombazi. Kukula kwake, sikuti kumangodutsa anzawo akulu okha, komanso mitundu ina ya nsomba.
Dzina "whale" nsomba linapeza chifukwa cha kukula kwake kwakukulu ndi njira yodyetsera. Malingana ndi kapangidwe ka nsagwada, chinyama chimakhala ngati cetaceans kuposa achibale a shark. Ponena za mbiri ya biovid, makolo akale kwambiri a whale shark amakhala nthawi ya Silurian, pafupifupi zaka 440-410 miliyoni zapitazo. Malinga ndi malingaliro ofala kwambiri, ma placoderms adakhala kholo lenileni la nsomba zonga nsomba: m'madzi kapena m'madzi amchere.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Whale Whale Shark
N'zovuta kusokoneza whale shark ndi oimira ena a nyama. Cholinga chake ndikuti, kuwonjezera pamiyeso yake yayikulu, ili ndi zina zakunja:
- Thupi lamphamvu lokutidwa ndi khungu lakuda lokhala ndi mamba tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono. Khungu lomwe limakhala m'mimba limakhala locheperako, chifukwa chake pakawopsa nsombayo imayesera kubisa malo osatetezeka, ndikutembenukira kumbuyo kwa mdani.
- Mutu wocheperako, wonyezimira pang'ono, womwe umasanduka chitseko chopyapyala pakamwa (pafupifupi mita imodzi ndi theka). Pakamwa pamakhala pakatikati pa mphuno. Ichi ndi chinthu china chomwe chimasiyanitsa nsombazi ndi mamembala ena am'banja (ali ndi pakamwa kumapeto kwa mphuno).
- Kumbuyo kwa mutu, mbali zonse za thupi, kuli ma gill asanu. Amakhala ngati sefu yolola madzi kuti adutse. Kudzera m'mitsempha imatuluka ndikuti nsomba sizingameze.
- Maso ndi ochepa, okhazikika. Ngakhale mwa anthu akuluakulu, kukula kwa diso sikudutsa 50 mm. Amapezeka pafupifupi m'mphepete mwa pakamwa. Whale shark alibe zibangili zokuthwanima. Komabe, zikafika pangozi, maso awo amakokedwa ndikulowera mumsewu ndipo amatsekedwa mwamphamvu ndi khola lachikopa.
- Kutalika kwakukulu kwa thupi kuli kumbuyo kwenikweni kwa mutu. Imapita pang'onopang'ono kumchira.
- Whale shark ali ndi zipsepse ziwiri zakuthambo, kumbuyo kwawo. Yoyamba ndi yaying'ono kwambiri komanso yayitali kuposa yachiwiri, yopangidwa ngati kansalu kapafupipafupi. Mchira wam'mimba wa shaki wamamita khumi ndi awiri ufikira mamitala asanu, ndipo kumapeto kwa pectoral ndi 2.5 m.
- Mano ndi ochepa kwambiri. Ngakhale nsomba zazikulu kwambiri, sizidutsa masentimita 0,6. Koma kuchuluka kwa mano ndiokulirapo (pafupifupi 15,000). Chifukwa chake dzina lachi Latin lanyama - Rhincodon, kumasulira kwake kumatanthauza "kukukuta mano."
Kwa nthawi yayitali, amakhulupirira kuti kutalika kwa nthumwi za mitundu iyi ndi pafupifupi 12.7 m. Komabe, malinga ndi zomwe ena amati, nyama zimafikira kukula kwakukulu. Pakutha kwa zaka zana zapitazi, zidziwitso zolembedwa mwalamulo zidapezeka za munthu aliyense wa mita 20, yemwe kulemera kwake kumafika matani 34. Komabe, colossi zoterezi ndizosowa ngakhale pakati pa asodzi a whale. Pafupifupi, kutalika kwawo kumakhala pafupifupi 9.7 m, ndikulemera pafupifupi matani 9. Pakati pa nsomba zonse zapadziko lapansi, ndi akatswiri kukula kwake.
Mtundu wa nsombayo ndiwodziwika kwambiri. Kumbuyo ndi mbali zakuthupi za thupi ndi imvi yakuda. Chiyambi ichi chimakhala ndi mikwingwirima yachikaso kapena yoyera yoyera komanso yopingasa. Pakati pawo pali zizindikiro za mthunzi womwewo, wozungulira. Zipsepse za mutu ndi pectoral zili ndi mawanga ofanana, nthawi zambiri komanso mosakhazikika. Mimba ndi yotuwa imvi. Khungu la zipsepse ndi thupi pamakhala zikhalidwe zina zomwe zimaphatikizika ndikupanga mtundu umodzi. Chikhalidwe cha "chitsanzo" cha munthu aliyense ndichapadera. Ndi ukalamba, sasintha; mwa mawonekedwe, nsomba imodzi kapena ina imatha kuzindikirika.
Kodi whale shark amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Kodi whale shark amawoneka bwanji
Whale shark amakhala m'nyanja zam'malo otentha, otentha pamadzi madigiri 21-26. Zimphona zocheperako sizimapezeka pamwambapa makumi anayi. Izi zimachitika makamaka chifukwa cha thermophilicity of sea colossi, monga chakudya chawo. Kupatula apo, ndi m'madzi ofunda pomwe mitengo yambiri imapezeka - chakudya chomwe amakonda kwambiri nsomba izi.
Mtundu wa whale shark umafikira madera otsatirawa:
- Madzi a m'nyanja pafupi ndi Seychelles.
- Madera oyandikana ndi Madagascar komanso kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Africa. Akuyerekeza kuti pafupifupi 20% ya nsomba zonsezi zimakhala m'madzi a Indian Ocean pafupi ndi Mozambique.
- Anthu a Whale shark amapezeka pafupi ndi Australia, Chile, zilumba za Philippine ndi Gulf of Mexico.
Kodi whale shark amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Whale shark wamkulu
Monga mitundu ina ya nsombazi, nsomba iyi ndi m'gulu la nyama zolusa. Komabe, palibe amene angamunyoze ndi kukhetsa magazi. Ngakhale anali wowoneka wowopsa komanso dzina lowopsa la Chilatini, whale shark "akukukuta mano ake" amadyetsa zooplankton ndi nsomba zazing'ono zophunzirira (yaing'ono tuna, mackerel, sardines, anchovies). Nsombazi sizigwiritsa ntchito mano ake kutafuna nyama yake, koma kuti zipewe kuthawa pakamwa pake zazikulu. Mwanjira ina, awa si miyala yopera yopera chakudya, koma mtundu wa "maloko" otsekera.
Mofanana ndi anamgumi a baleen, nsombazi "zimadya" kwa nthawi yayitali. Kutunga madzi mkamwa mwake, amatulutsa plankton. Nsombazi zimatseka pakamwa pake, ndipo madzi amatuluka kudzera m'mafinya osefa. Chifukwa chake, okhawo okhala m'nyanja omwe amatha kulowa mummero mwa nsomba (m'mimba mwake umangofika 100 mm okha) omwe amakhala mkamwa mwa nsomba. Kuti ipeze zokwanira, whale shark imayenera kuthera pafupifupi maola 8-9 patsiku chakudya. Kwa ola limodzi, imadutsa mumitsinje pafupifupi 6,000 cubic metres yamadzi am'nyanja. Nthawi zina nyama zazing'ono zimatseka zosefera. Kuti awachotse, nsombayo "imatsuka kukhosi". Nthawi yomweyo, chakudyacho chimatuluka mkamwa mwa nyama.
Mimba yam'madzi a whale shark ndi pafupifupi 0.3 m3. Nsombayo imagwiritsa ntchito zina mwa nsomba posunga mphamvu zake. Chakudya china chimasungidwa m'chipinda chapadera m'mimba ngati chosungira. Gawo la zakudya zimayikidwa m'chiwindi cha nyama - mtundu wa nkhokwe yamagetsi. Izi zitha kutchedwa malo osungira "tsiku lamvula". Chiwindi cha whale shark ndi chochepa, ndipo sichiyenera kukhala "choyandama" posungira thupi lalikulu, lolemera m'mbali yamadzi. Nsombazi zilibe chikhodzodzo chosambira. Pofuna kubuula bwino, nyama imameza mpweya, kuumasula ikamira pansi pa nyanja.
Malingana ndi kafukufuku waposachedwapa wa akatswiri a zoo ku Japan, zakudya za whale shark ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi zomwe amaganiza poyamba. Kuphatikiza pa chakudya cha nyama, chomwe mosakayikira chimapanga maziko a menyu, amadyanso ndere, ndipo, ngati kuli kotheka, akhoza kufa ndi njala. Nsomba "mwachangu" makamaka pakusamuka kuchokera pachakudya china kupita china. Chifukwa chosowa chakudya, whale shark amakhutira ndi "zakudya" zamasamba kwakanthawi.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Shaki yayikulu kwambiri
Akatswiri ambiri a ichthyologists amakonda kulingalira za whale shark modekha, mwamtendere komanso pang'onopang'ono. Monga lamulo, chinyama chimakhala pafupi ndi madzi, koma nthawi zina chimakhala chotalika mamita 700. Nsombazi zimasambira motsika kwambiri - pafupifupi 5 km / h, ndipo nthawi zina zimakhala zochepa. Amagwira ntchito usana ndi usiku, akugona pang'ono.
Sharki imeneyi ndi yotetezeka kwathunthu kwa anthu. Osiyanasiyana amapezerapo mwayi pa izi osati kumangoyandikira nsomba, koma kukwerapo. Komabe, anthu ovulala akhoza kukhala owopsa. Kungomenya kamodzi mchira ndikokwanira kupha munthu kapena kuwononga bwato laling'ono.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Whale shark
Whale shark amakhala okha kapena amakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Kukula kwakukulu kwa mazana a anthu ndikosowa. Gulu lalikulu la ziphona zam'nyanja (anthu 420) adalembedwa mu Ogasiti 2009 pafupi ndi Peninsula Yucatan. Mwachidziwikire, adakopeka ndi nyama ya mackerel caviar yatsopano, yomwe zimphona zimasangalala nazo. Kutha msinkhu kwa whale shark ndikutalika kwambiri. Ndi moyo zaka 70-100, ndi wokonzeka kubereka ali ndi zaka 30-35, nthawi zina 50. Kutalika kwa munthu wokhwima kumakhala pakati pa 4.5 ndi 5.6 m (malinga ndi magwero ena, 8-9 m). Kutalika kwa thupi la amuna okhwima ogonana pafupifupi 9 m.
Palibe chidziwitso chenicheni chokhudza chiŵerengero pakati pa chiwerengero cha akazi ndi amuna mwa anthu. Powerenga gulu la nsomba pagombe lakumadzulo kwa Australia (Ningaloo Reef Marine Reserve), asayansi apeza kuti kuchuluka kwa zazikazi pa ziweto zonse zomwe zidawonedwa sizipitilira 17%. Komabe, izi sizingatchedwe kuti ndi 100% zodalirika, chifukwa asodzi a whale sagwiritsa ntchito dera ili osati kubereka ana, koma kudyetsa. Nyama ili m'gulu la nsomba za ovoviviparous cartilaginous. Kwa kanthawi, whale shark amatchedwa oviparous, chifukwa mazira okhala ndi miluza adapezeka m'mimba mwa mkazi yemwe adagwidwa pagombe la Ceylon. Kutalika ndi kutalika kwa kamwana kamodzi mu kapisozi ndi 0.6 ndi 0.4 m, motsatana.
Mzimayi wamamita 12 amatha kunyamula mazira 300 nthawi imodzi. Mluza uliwonse umatsekedwa mu kapisozi wooneka ngati dzira. Shark wakhanda ndi wamtali wa 0.4-0.5m Mwana akangobadwa, amakhala wodziyimira pawokha komanso wokhoza kuchita. Amasiya thupi la mayi ndi zinthu zokwanira zomwe zimamupangitsa kuti asayang'ane chakudya kwa nthawi yayitali. Pali chochitika chodziwika pomwe ng'ombe yamoyo idachotsedwa m'mimba mwa mkazi wogwidwa. Atamuyika mu aquarium, adamva bwino, ndipo adayamba kudya tsiku la 17 lokha. Kutalika kwa mimba ndi zaka 1.5-2. Pa nthawi yobereka, mkazi amakhala yekha.
Adani achilengedwe a whale shark
Chithunzi: Giant whale shark
Kuphatikiza pa mdani wamkulu - munthu - zimphona izi zaukiridwa ndi marlin ndi nsombazi zamtambo. Nsomba zazikulu zoyera zimayenderana nawo. Monga lamulo, achinyamata ndi omwe amakhala pachiwopsezo cha adani, koma kuukira kwa nsomba zazikuluzikulu kumachitikanso. M'malo mwake, whale shark alibe chitetezo chilichonse kuzilombo. Zikopa zolimba sizikhala zothandiza nthawi zonse kuteteza adani. Colossus uyu alibe njira ina yodzitetezera. Whale shark amapulumutsidwanso ndikuti khungu limatha kupanganso. Nsomba zimakhala zolimba modabwitsa, mabala amachira mwachangu kwambiri. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazifukwa zomwe zimphona zidatha kukhala ndi moyo mpaka lero, zomwe sizinasinthe zaka 60 miliyoni.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Kodi whale shark amawoneka bwanji
Chiwerengero cha nsomba za whale ndi chochepa. Malinga ndi zina, nsomba zonse padziko lapansi zili pafupifupi anthu 1,000. Chifukwa chachikulu chakuchepa kwanyama ndizogwidwa kosagulitsika kwamalonda ku Philippines Islands ndi Taiwan, komwe zipsepse za nyama, chiwindi ndi whale shark zili pamtengo wokwera. Nsombazi zimawonongedwanso chifukwa cha mafuta a shark omwe ali ndi michere yambiri. Kutsika kwa ziweto kumathandizidwanso ndikuti asodzi akuyesera kugwira anthu akulu kwambiri (ndipo awa, makamaka, akazi). Zowononga izi ndizosavuta kugwira. Nthawi zina nyama yaulesi, yomwe imalephera kuyendetsa, imagwa pansi pazombo zombo zoyenda.
Malinga ndi momwe mayiko akunja alili, whale shark amadziwika kuti ndi nyama yomwe ili pachiwopsezo (kuyambira 2016, kale amatchedwa "osatetezeka"). Mpaka 2000, ziwetozo zidatchulidwa ngati "zosatsimikizika", popeza kunalibe chidziwitso chokwanira chazamoyo. Chiyambire zaka za m'ma 90 zapitazo, mayiko angapo aletsa kugwidwa kwa nsombazi.
Chitetezo cha Whale shark
Chithunzi: Whale shark
Ngakhale anali ochepa, nsomba zazikuluzikuluzi zidafalikira pachikhalidwe cha anthu akum'mawa. Mwachitsanzo, asodzi aku Japan ndi Vietnamese amakhulupirira kuti kukumana ndi whale shark - mulungu wabwino wam'madzi - ndichidziwitso. Ngakhale kuti chakudya cham'madzi ndiye maziko azakudya za anthu m'maiko awa, aku Japan ndi Vietnamese samadya nyama ya shaki ya whale kuti adye. Dzina lachi Vietnamese la nyamayi liri ndi kumasulira kwenikweni: "Master Fish".
Whale shark ndiofunika kwambiri pantchito zokopa alendo. Maulendo amatchuka kwambiri pomwe alendo amatha kuwona zokongola zaulendowu. Ndipo ma daredevils ena amasambira kupita nawo ndi kusambira pamadzi. Maulendowa adatchuka ku Mexico, Seychelles, Caribbean ndi Maldives, Australia. Inde, chidwi chochulukirachulukira chotere kuchokera kwa anthu sichimathandizira mulimonse kukula kwa nsomba izi, zomwe zikucheperachepera. Alendo ayenera kukhala patali ndi iwo, osati pazifukwa zachitetezo, komanso kuti asawononge ma mucous akunja omwe amateteza khungu la nyama kuzirombo zazing'ono. Kuyesera kukupanga kusunga nsombazi.
Kuyesera koyamba kunayamba mu 1934. Nsombazo sizinayikidwe mu aquarium. Gawo lina lotchingidwa ndi malowa lidakhala ngati malo ake (Japan Islands. Nsombazo zidakhala masiku 122. Munthawi ya 1980-1996, ziweto zambiri zidasungidwa ku Japan - 16. Mwa awa, akazi awiri ndi amuna 14. Okinawa Oceanarium ili ndi mamuna wamamita 4.6, wamkulu kwambiri mwa nsombazi, ndipo nsomba zomwe zimagwidwa pafupi ndi Okinawa zimachokera ku shrimp (krill), squid yaying'ono ndi nsomba zazing'ono.
Kuyambira 2007, 2 shark (3.7 ndi 4.5 m) ogwidwa pafupi ndi Taiwan ali ku Georgia Atlanta Aquarium (USA). Kutha kwa nsomba za nsombazi ndi zoposa 23.8 zikwi m3. Munthu yemwe adasungidwa m'nyanjayi adamwalira mu 2007. Zomwe asayansi aku Taiwan adachita posunga ma shark whale m'ndende sizabwino kwenikweni. A shark adamwalira kawiri atangoyikidwa mu aquarium, ndipo mu 2005 kuyesaku kunatheka. Pakadali pano, pali nsomba ziwiri za whale mu Taiwan Aquarium. Mmodzi wa iwo, wamkazi wa 4.2 wamamita, alibe chimbudzi chakumbuyo. Zikuoneka kuti iye anavutika ndi asodzi kapena mano a chilombo. Kuyambira chilimwe cha 2008, mawonekedwe a 4-mita adasungidwa mu aquarium ku Dubai (kuchuluka kwa dziwe ndi 11 zikwi m3). Nsombazo zimadyetsedwa ndi krill, ndiye kuti, chakudya chawo sichimasiyana ndi 'menyu' a baleen whale.
Tsoka ilo, kuchuluka kwa nsomba za whale Padziko lapansi kukucheperachepera. Chifukwa chachikulu ndikupha nyama mosavomerezeka, ngakhale asodzi aletsedwa m'maiko ambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, izi sizikuluzikulu zokha, komanso mwina ndi nsomba zochepa kwambiri padziko lapansi. Ambiri mwa moyo wawo amakhala kutali ndi gombe, chifukwa chake kuphunzira za nyamazi kumabweretsa zovuta zina. Whale shark amafuna thandizo lathu. Kumvetsetsa bwino mikhalidwe yawo, kapangidwe ka zakudya ndi biology kumapangitsa kuti pakhale njira zabwino zotetezera zolemekezekazi ngati zamoyo.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 31.01.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 18.09.2019 pa 21:22
