Nyalugwe wa Amur ndi imodzi mwazinthu zosawerengeka zodya nyama zodya anzawo. Kukongola, chisomo, mphamvu ndi mphamvu - izi ndizogwirizana kwambiri mu mphaka wakudyayu. Anthu ali ndi mayina angapo. Kuphatikiza pa Amur, amatchedwanso Ussuri, Siberia, kapena Far Eastern. Dzinali limachokera kudera lomwe anthu amakhala.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Amur tiger
Akambuku a Amur ndi am'gulu lanyama, banja lachiweto. Kukula ndi kukula kwake, amadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwazinyama zazikuluzikulu zodya nyama, chachiwiri chimbalangondo chakumtunda ndi chimbalangondo chofiirira. Kulemera kwa munthu akhoza kufika makilogalamu mazana atatu. Malinga ndi zomwe boma limanena, panthawi yomwe nyama inali isanathe, ndipo panali anthu ochepa, kulemera kwawo kudafika makilogalamu 350-400. Pakadali pano, palibe oimira mtundu uwu wotsalira.
Mphamvu zakuthupi ndi mphamvu zamasewera ndizodabwitsa. Imatha kugwira nyama yolemera theka la tani, ndikukokanso osachepera kilomita imodzi ndi theka. Nyama zimatha kuyenda msanga kwambiri - mpaka 75-85 km / h.
Kunja, akambuku a Amur ndi okongola modabwitsa. Khungu la nyama limakhala ndi utoto wofiyira wokhala ndi mikwingwirima yakuda yopingasa. Mwachilengedwe, palibe akambuku awiri okhala ndi mtundu womwewo. Mamembala amtundu uliwonse ali ndi mzere wapadera. Mtundu uwu umalola kuti nyamayo izitayika mosavuta mu zomera zowirira pamene ikusaka.
Kanema: Amur tiger
Asayansi ambiri komanso olemba mbiri yakale amavomereza kuti kum'mawa kwa Asia ndi komwe kudabadwira nyama zolusa. Mbiri ya mtundu wa feline ili pafupifupi zaka miliyoni ndi theka. Ku Siberia, akambuku a Ussuri sanawonekere posachedwa - zaka zoposa 15,000 - 18,000 zapitazo. Zotsalira zoyambirira za kholo lakale la nyalugwe zidapezeka komwe tsopano ndi China, pachilumba cha Java. Zotsalira za makolo awo zinali za gulu la Panther Paleogenesis.
Poyerekeza ndi kambuku wamakono wa Ussuri, anali ndi kukula kocheperako. Pambuyo pake, akambuku ambiri anafalikira ku India, pafupifupi dera lonse la East Asia, ndi Siberia. M'zaka za zana la 20, chifukwa chakuchepa kwakukulu kwa anthu, akambuku aku Siberia adatchulidwa mu Red Book ngati nyama zosowa, zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe amthupi
Chithunzi: Nyama ya Amur tiger
Akambuku a Amur amadziwika kuti ndi amodzi mwa nyama zazikulu kwambiri, komanso amphaka akulu kwambiri. Kutalika kwakanthawi kwamwamuna wamtunduwu kumachokera pa 2 mpaka 3 mita, kupatula mchira. Mchira kutalika kwake kufika mamita 1-1.5. Kulemera kwa thupi kuchokera makilogalamu awiri mpaka mazana atatu. Kutalika kwakutali kwa thupi pakati pa mitundu iyi ndi 4 mita 20 masentimita, kuphatikiza mchira. Akazi amakhala ochepa mita imodzi kuposa amuna. Kunja, akambuku a Amur amawoneka okongola komanso osinthasintha. Thupi limasiyanitsidwa ndi minofu yolimba, yolimba. Kutalika, chinyama chimafikira pang'ono kupitirira mita. Mbali yakutsogolo ya thupi imawoneka yayikulu kwambiri, yotukuka kwambiri komanso yamphamvu. Zotambalala zazikulu, zamphamvu zili ndi zala zisanu, miyendo yakumbuyo ili ndi inayi.
Mutu wa nyalugwe ndi wokulirapo. Kutalika, pamphumi kwakukulu, masaya akulu. Kutalika kwa chigaza ndi 15-20 sentimita pafupifupi. Pali makutu ang'onoang'ono ozungulira pamutu. Pali matanki kumbuyo kwa mutu mbali zonse. Kutalika, vibrissae zoyera zimakonzedwa m'mizere isanu. Kutalika kwawo kumafika masentimita 14-15.5. Nature anapatsa akambuku Ussuri ndi wamphamvu, nsagwada lakuthwa, makamaka, mano. Kutalika kwa dzino la canine ndi masentimita 7.5-8. Mbali yotsatira ya lilime ili ndi timatumba ting'onoting'ono, tomwe timathandiza kambuku kusamba, komanso kulekanitsa nyama yomwe imadya ndi fupa. Akambuku a Ussuriysk ali ndi ubweya wandiweyani, wamtali, chifukwa chake amapirira mosavuta mawonekedwe apadera a nyengo yaku Siberia ndi mphepo yamphamvu.
Mtundu wa kambuku umayenera kusamaliridwa mwapadera. Mtundu wa malaya, ndi makonzedwe amikwingwirima yakuda yodutsa, amasiyana mosiyanasiyana, kutengera malo okhala. Izi ndichifukwa choti ntchito yayikulu yomwe khungu la nyama limachita ndikupereka chobisalira.
Pamphuno pakamwa pa masharubu, mkatikati mwa makutu, chibwano ndi mkati mwa miyendo, zoyera zimapambana. Thupi limalamulidwa ndi malaya ofiira okhala ndi mikwingwirima yakuda yopingasa. Mwambiri, kuchuluka kwa mayendedwe sikupitilira mazana. Mchira nthawi zonse umathera ndi nsonga yakuda. Pa mchira, mikwingwirima yopingasa imapanga mphete. Mitundu yambiri imakhala ndi khumi mwa iyo, nthawi zambiri pamakhala ochepa.
Kodi kambuku wa Amur amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Amur tiger kuchokera ku Red Book
Mpaka 1994-95, akambuku ambiri anali okulirapo. Malo awo anali aakulu. Amakhala ku Kazakhstan, kumpoto kwa Iran, India, kudera la zilumba za Sunda. Komabe, kuyambira nthawi ya 1995 mpaka 2006, mtundu uwu udawonongedwa pafupifupi theka, ndipo malo awo amakhala ochepa kwambiri. Masiku ano akambuku a Amur amakhala ndi 6-7% yokha yamalo awo oyambirira.
Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti wamkulu aliyense amakhala ndi malo akeake. Pafupifupi, mkazi m'modzi amakhala 200-250 ma kilomita, chachimuna chimakwirira gawo lalikulu, pafupifupi kilomita imodzi ndi theka la kilomita.
Kuti azikhala mwachilengedwe, akambuku a Amur amasankha malo athyathyathya, m'mbali mwa mitsinje, zigwa ndi nkhalango. Komanso nyama zolusa zimakonda kukhala m'dera lamapiri, kutalika kwa 2000 mita pamwamba pamadzi. Akambuku amalekerera mosalekeza, chisanu chambiri bwino. Komabe, m'malo ngati amenewa, amavutika ndi kusowa kwa chakudya ndipo amatha kufikira anthu momwe angathere.
Malo okhala Amger tiger:
- Gawo lakumwera chakum'mawa kwa Russia - Primorsky, Khabarovsk Territories, gombe la Mtsinje wa Amur, Far East;
- China Anthu;
- Manchuria;
- India.
Kodi kambuku wa Amur amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Amur tiger m'nyengo yozizira
Maziko azakudya za nyama zolusa ndi nyama. Nyalugwe wamkulu wa Amur amadya nyama zolemera makilogalamu 8 mpaka 20 patsiku. Nyalugwe samatha kukhala masabata opitilira 3-3.5 opanda chakudya. Zinyama ndizo nyama ya nyamayi. Pafupifupi, nyani m'modzi wamkulu wa Amur amafunika mitu 50-50 ya nyama zazikulu zakuya zomwe zimakonda kuchita chilichonse chaka chilichonse.
Zowononga ndi:
- mbawala;
- mbawala zamphongo;
- nswala zofiira;
- nguluwe zakutchire;
- Elk.
Pakalibe zinyama zazikulu, akambuku amasaka nyama zing'onozing'ono. Itha kukhala kalulu, mbira, gopher, nyani, mbewa, mbalame zina, nyani, nkhandwe, ngakhale nsomba. Akambuku amasaka makamaka mumdima. Olusa ali ndi ziwalo zomveka bwino komanso masomphenya. Chifukwa cha ziyangoyango zofewa pamiyendo yawo, amayandikira wovutitsidwayo mosazindikira komanso mwakachetechete. Kuukira nyama ndi kulumpha. Mtundu wa kudumpha kamodzi kambuku wa Amur ufikira mamita makumi awiri.
Nthawi zambiri nyama zolusa zimakoka nyama zomwe zimakwerere kumene zimachokera. Nthawi zonse amakhala akumenyera nkhondo, kuthamangitsa ndikudzitchinjiriza kwa ena omwe akufuna kupindula. Nyama zolusa zimadya zitagona pansi, zitanyamula nyama zawo ndi zikoko zazikulu zamphamvu kutsogolo. Ngati, chifukwa cha kuukirako, wovulalayo adatha kuthawa, nyalugwe wa Ussuri amasiya kuukirako osachita ziwonetsero mobwerezabwereza. Amapita kukapuma. Itachira, nyamayo imapitanso kukasaka chakudya.
Amayi amakhala ndi mawonekedwe amphongo. Chifukwa cha izi, amatha kupanga mawu ofanana ndi omwe amapangidwa ndi agwape ndi agwape munthawi yakuswana. Mwanjira imeneyi, amakopa nyama zonyansa.
Akambuku samapita kokasaka ngati ali ndi chakudya. Amakhala m'malo akutali kwambiri kuchokera komwe anthu amakhala. Njala ndi kusowa kwa chakudya kwa nthawi yayitali zimakufikitsani pafupi ndi munthu. Nthawi zambiri, amamenya ziweto ndi agalu.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nyama ya nyamakazi ya Amur
Oimira akuluakulu am'banja lachiweto amadziwa bwino malowa. Amayenda momasuka pachikuto cha chisanu, amatha kuyenda maulendo ataliatali. Wamkulu amayenda pafupifupi makilomita 40-50 patsiku. Akambuku a Amur amayenda makamaka mumsewu womwewo. Sinthani njira yopanda nyama. Masewerawa amasambira bwino ndipo amatha kuthana ndi matupi amadzi mamitala masauzande angapo.
Zowononga zimagawaniza gawoli m'magawo. Woimira aliyense wamkulu amateteza madera ake kwa omwe akupikisana nawo. Izi zikamawonekera, amuna akulu nthawi zambiri samalimbana. Amawonetsa mphamvu zawo ndi mphamvu mwa kubangula. Wofooka amadzisiya yekha. Woimira aliyense amalemba gawo lake ndi mkodzo. Pamapeto pake pamitengo, amang'amba makungwa ake mumitengo. Kuti achite izi, amadzuka ndi miyendo yake yakumbuyo.
Amuna amakhala moyo wakutali. Amayi nthawi zina amatha kupanga timagulu ting'onoting'ono. Ndi mitala mwachilengedwe.
Nthawi yobereketsa yamtunduwu imagwera kumapeto kwa dzinja. Amuna amabadwa m'miyezi 3.5-4. Mkazi aliyense amatha kubereka ana anayi akhungu. Ndi mkazi yekhayo amene amatenga nawo mbali polera ana. Amuna samaphunzitsa ndi kudyetsa ana. Ali ndi miyezi iwiri, amayamba kudyetsa anawo nyama. Patatha milungu ina 3-4, pang'onopang'ono amayamba kuphunzitsa njira zosakira. Ana a nyalugwe amakhala moyo wodziyimira pawokha kuyambira azaka ziwiri.
Mwachilengedwe chawo, akambuku a ku Siberia amawerengedwa kuti ndi nyama zamtendere, zabwino. Sizachilendo kuti apange phokoso losafunikira, mikangano, ndewu. Kuukira anthu ena amtundu wawo ndikosowa kwambiri. Amatha kukhala chete kwathunthu kwa zaka zingapo. Ali ndi zizolowezi za amphaka oweta. Amakonda kusewera, kuyeretsa, kunyengerera. Nyama ikakwiya, imafuula ndi mawu osamveka bwino, osakweza. Akambuku amakwiya, amamveka zomwe amati "chifuwa".
Nthawi yayitali ya moyo wa munthu m'modzi ndi zaka 13-15. Zatsimikiziridwa kuti chinyama chimatha kukhala zaka 50. Chimodzi, nthawi zambiri, amamwalira kale.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Amur tiger cub
Anthu anyani a Ussuri amakhala moyo wakutali. Amuna samalowa nawo paketiyo. Malo okhala munthu aliyense payekhapayekha samalumikizana. Chifukwa cha mitala, yamwamuna imatha kukhalapo ndi akazi angapo mdera limodzi nthawi imodzi. Ndi aliyense wa oimira akazi kapena atsikana, amasintha kuti akwatirane. Mbewuyo imawonekera kamodzi pachaka, miyezi itatu kapena inayi atakwatirana. Pali nthawi zoberekera ana kawiri pachaka.
Akazi samasiya ana awo. Kusamalira ana kumagwera pamapewa a mayi. Mkazi amapeza chakudya cha iyemwini ndi anawo. Amateteza ana, amawaphunzitsa kusaka ndi kukhala moyo wakutali. Ngati mwamuna wina ati walowa muukwati ndi m'modzi wa akazi, kuopsa kwake sikungapeweke. Amuna amateteza mwamphamvu ufulu wawo ndi ulemu wawo wokwatirana. Nthawi yoswana, akazi amadziwika pakupanga mamvekedwe ena omwe amakopa amuna kapena akazi anzawo. Amuna samamveka kawirikawiri m'nyengo yokhwima.
Kutha msinkhu kumafika pofika zaka 4-5. Zazikazi zimakhalanso ndi gawo m'nyengo yamabele. Patangotha sabata imodzi kuchokera ku estrus, mkaziyo amakhala wokonzeka kukwatira. Nthawi zambiri, ma tigress okha amapita kukafunafuna anzawo oyenerera. Zizindikiro pa makungwa a mitengo nthawi zambiri zimakhala chizindikiro chakuti akazi akufuna mkazi.
Pafupifupi, tigress iliyonse imakhala ndi ana awiri. Miyoyo ya makanda ndiyotsika kwambiri. Malinga ndi kafukufuku, theka la ana onse obadwa amamwalira miyezi yoyambirira ya moyo wawo.
Pa tsiku lachisanu ndi chinayi atabadwa, maso a ana amatseguka. Mano amayamba kuonekera patatha milungu iwiri. Ngakhale amayi akuyamba kudyetsa tiana tija ndi nyama kuyambira azaka ziwiri zakubadwa, amapitilizabe kudyetsa mkaka wa mayi mpaka miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Self-kusaka zotheka palibe kale kuposa zaka chimodzi. Wamkulu ndi munthu yemwe wafika zaka 3-4.
Adani achilengedwe a nyalugwe a Amur
Chithunzi: Amur tiger Red Book waku Russia
Ngakhale kuti chilombocho ndi champhamvu, champhamvu komanso chofulumira, chimakhalabe chodzitchinjiriza motsutsana ndi mitundu yamakono ya zida. Ku East Asia, ubweya wa nyama, mafupa ndi zipsera ndizofunika kwambiri. Ndalama zambiri zidzawonjezera chiwerengero cha ozembetsa.
Kuphatikiza pa zikho zodula komanso zofunidwa, akambuku a Amur adawomberedwa kuti apange mankhwala. Zotumphukira zambiri zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwakukulu pamankhwala achikhalidwe chakum'mawa.
Mwachilengedwe, kambuku wa Amur alibe adani. Pafupifupi palibe nyama yomwe ingapirire. Alibe wofanana mu mphamvu ndi chipiriro. Amatha kugonjetsa ngakhale chimbalangondo chachikulu. Mdani yekhayo wamunthu wokongola wokongola ndimwamuna.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Amur tiger m'chilengedwe
Kusaka kwenikweni kambuku wa ku Siberia kudayamba m'zaka za zana la 20. Pafupifupi, anthu opitilira zana a kambuku wa Ussuri adawonongedwa pachaka. Munali munthawi imeneyi pomwe mitunduyo idasowa. Nthawi zina amatha kupezeka m'nkhalango yakuya, momwe kumakhala kovuta kuti munthu afikire. Osaka nyama mozemba anawombera zokongola zazikulu pamlingo waukulu ndipo adagwira ana a akambuku. M'zaka za m'ma 40, kuchuluka kwa anthu padziko lapansi sikunadutse khumi ndi anayi. Mokhudzana ndi kuchepa kwakanthawi kwamitengo, mitunduyi idalembedwa mu Red Book.
Zifukwa zazikulu zakuchepa kwa mitunduyi:
- kuchuluka kwa anthu opha nyama mosavomerezeka;
- kusintha kwa nyengo, nyengo yachisanu ndi chipale chofewa;
- kusowa kwa chakudya cha nyama zolusa;
- kuwononga malo okhala nyama, kuwononga zomera ndi zinyama.
Moto wa m'nkhalango, kuwonongedwa kwa nkhalango, kuwononga zinthu zonyansa za anthu kumabweretsa kuchepa kwa nyama zosadya nyama. Zonsezi zimachepetsa malo okhala adani. Pambuyo pochepetsa kwambiri anthu padziko lonse lapansi, nyalugwe wa Amur adaopsezedwa kwambiri kuti atheratu. Komabe, anthu adakwanitsa kuchitapo kanthu popewa zochitika zosayembekezereka zachilengedwe.
Chitetezo cha Amur tiger
Chithunzi: Amur tiger kuchokera ku Red Book
Mpaka pano, mitunduyo idalembedwa mu Red Book. Kusaka nyalugwe wa Amur ndikoletsedwa. Kuswa malamulowa ndi kuwononga nyama ndi chilango ndi chilango chokhwima. Lamulo loletsa kusaka akambuku a Ussuri lidakhazikitsidwa mu 1947. Zaka zisanu ndi zitatu pambuyo pake, lamulo lina lidakhazikitsidwa, lomwe limaletsa mwamphamvu kugwidwa kwa ana anyalugwe amtundu uwu, ngakhale malo osungira nyama ndi nazale.
Pambuyo kalembera womaliza, womwe unachitika mu 2015, zidapezeka kuti gawo la Russian Federation limakhala anthu opitilira 500. Poyerekeza, pafupifupi zaka zana zapitazo, kuchuluka kwa zamoyo zamtunduwu zidapitilira 5000. Mu 1995, boma la Russian Federation lidavomereza Resolution No. 795 "Pakusunga ndi kupititsa patsogolo nyalugwe wa Amur ndi mitundu ina yanyama yosowa."
Mpaka 2007, nyamayo idawonedwa ngati mtundu womwe watsala pang'ono kutha. Pokhudzana ndi kuswana kwa nyama zolusa m'misewu, chiwerengerocho chinawonjezeka kufika zana limodzi ndi theka. Ndipo kuyambira 2007, nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha zatha.
Pakadali pano, khama likuyesetsa kukulitsa malo otetezedwa m'dera la akambuku a ku Siberia. M'derali, lomwe limaphatikizidwa ndi malo otetezedwa, zochita za anthu zimachepetsedwa kuti tisunge ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa adani.
Imodzi mwa njira zotetezera zamoyozi ndi lingaliro lomwe lakhazikitsidwa pamsonkhano wa 14th wa International Congress of Sites. Adakhazikitsa lamulo loletsa kuswana kwa nyama zosowa kwambiri kuti zizitha kupeza ziwalo zathupi, khungu, ndi mano. Nyalugwe wa Amur ankaona kuti ndi mmodzi wa okongola kwambiri, wachisomo ndi wamphamvu zolusa pa dziko. Mphamvu ndi mphamvu zake ndizodabwitsa. Lero, umunthu ukuyesetsa kwambiri komanso njira zowongolera zolakwika zake, zomwe zatsala pang'ono kupha mitundu yonseyo.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 27.01.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 17.09.2019 pa 9:16
