Mphaka wakutchire manul ndi zaufumu - Zinyama, mtundu - Chordates, kalasi - Zinyama, dongosolo - Zoyang'anira nyama, banja - Felines, banja laling'ono - Amphaka Aang'ono, mtundu - Amphaka.
Polemera makilogalamu 2.2 mpaka 4.5, nyamayi imadziwika ndi thupi lake laling'ono, miyendo yayifupi, chovala chake chakuda ndi mchira wake wolimba. Kutalika kwa thupi la mphaka wa Pallas kumasiyana masentimita 50 mpaka 65, ndipo mchira wa kutalika kwake ndi masentimita 20 mpaka 30.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera kwa manul
Chithunzi: Pallas cat
Amphaka oyambilira mwina amawoneka ngati olusa amakono aku Madagascar ngati fossa. Nyama zoterezi zimakhala mofanana kuthengo ndi ziweto zina zonse.
Pafupifupi zaka 18 miliyoni zapitazo, amphaka amakono (Felidae) adachokera ku Schizailurus. Oimira amakono a feline anali ma cheetah oyambilira (Miracinonyx, Acinonyx). Amakhulupirira kuti adawonekera pafupifupi zaka 7 miliyoni zapitazo. Olemba ena akuti a North America cheetah (Miracinonyx) adachokera ku Acinonyx zaka 4 miliyoni zokha zapitazo, koma kafukufuku waposachedwa ndi asayansi akuwonetsa kuti Miracinonyx mwina anali kholo la onse a cheetahs ndi cougars (Puma).
Pafupifupi zaka 12 miliyoni zapitazo, mtundu wa Felis udayamba kuwonekera, pomwe amphaka ambiri amakono amasintha. Mitundu iwiri yoyambirira ya Felis inali mphaka Martelli (Felis lunensis †) ndi Manul (Felis manul). Mitundu ya Felis yomwe idatha ndi Felis attica, Felis bituminosa, Felis daggetti, Felis issiodorensis (Issoire lynx), Felis lunensis, ndi Felis vorohuensis. Chifukwa chake, mphaka wa Pallas ndiye mphalapala wakale kwambiri masiku ano.
Gulu la Acinonyx, Felis ndi Panthera likuyimiridwa ndi anthu omwe akukhala lero. Magulu a mitundu ina yamasiku ano amasinthidwa ndikukonzanso ndikukhala ndi zakale zakale. Amapereka chidziwitso chodalirika chokhudza amene adachokera kwa ndani komanso nthawi yanji njira za mitundu yambiri zidasokera.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe amthupi
Chithunzi: Wild cat manul
Zing'onozing'ono mphaka manul (Felis manul) ali ndi thupi lonyansa lokhala ndi ubweya wofewa wofewa. Mtundu wa malayawo umachokera ku imvi yoyera mpaka bulauni wachikaso. Nsonga zoyera za ubweya wake zimapatsa mphaka wa Pallas "mawonekedwe achisanu". Mikwingwirima yobisika imawoneka mbali zonse za thupi, mutu wa manul ndi wozungulira wokhala ndi mawanga akuda pamphumi.
Maso akulu ndi achikasu achikasu, ana amatenga mawonekedwe ozungulira, mosiyana ndi amphaka ambiri ang'onoang'ono, omwe ana awo amapapatiza mzere wowongoka akawala. Makutu a nyamayo ndi amfupi, ozungulira, amakhala otsika m'mbali mwa mutu. Miyendo ya Pallas ndi yaifupi komanso yolimba, mchira wake ndi wakuda ndipo wagwera pansi. Ili ndi utoto wokhala ndi mphete zisanu kapena zisanu ndi chimodzi zoonda ndipo ili ndi nsonga yakuda.
Mphaka wa Pallas amawoneka wonenepa kwambiri kuposa momwe zimakhalira chifukwa cha ubweya wawo wolimba. Amazolowera bwino malo awo aku Central Asia, omwe amalamulidwa ndi madambo, zipululu zozizira komanso malo amiyala. Zitsanzo za mphaka za Pallas zidapezeka kumtunda kuyambira 4000 mpaka 4800 mita.
Ubweya wakuthwawo umateteza thupi kuzizira, ndipo mchira wake wankhuni nthawi zambiri umagwiritsidwa ntchito kutentha. Mawonekedwe apadera amaso ndi mawonekedwe a chikope amateteza bwino ku mphepo yozizira komanso fumbi. Mphaka wa Pallas ndiwokwera bwino yemwe amangokwera miyala mosavuta ndikudumphadumpha. Mutu wathyathyathya ndi makutu onyentchera ndizomwe zimasinthika pakusaka nyama m'malo opanda zomera.
Kodi manul cat amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Steppe cat manul
Mphaka wa mphaka wa nkhalango Pallas 'cat amapezeka ku Central Asia, ku Caspian Sea, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan ndi kumpoto kwa India. Komanso, mphaka wamtchire amakhala mkatikati mwa China, Mongolia ndi kumwera kwa Russia. Chiwerengero cha anthu akumwera chakumadzulo chakumadzulo kwawo - m'chigawo cha Nyanja ya Caspian, Afghanistan ndi Pakistan - akuchepa kwambiri. Mphaka wa Pallas ndizosatheka kukumana pamapiri a Tibetan. Mongolia ndi Russia tsopano ndiwo ambiri mwa magawo awo.
Malo amphaka a Pallas amadziwika ndi nyengo yayikulu kwambiri yomwe imakhala ndi mvula yochepa, chinyezi chochepa komanso kutentha kwakukulu. Amapezeka pamalo okwera mpaka 4800 m m'malo ozizira, owuma pakati pa zitunda ndi zipululu zamiyala.
Zoyipa zazing'onozi zimakonda zigwa ndi malo amiyala momwe amatha kubisalamo, chifukwa amapewa malo okhala. Komanso, amphaka a Pallas sakonda malo okhala ndi chivundikiro chachikulu chachisanu (pamwambapa 10 cm). 15-20 cm - malire a mitundu iyi.
Malo okhala akuwoneka okulira kwa mphamba yaying'ono chonchi. Mwachitsanzo, ku Mongolia, mtunda wapakati pa akazi ndi 7.4-125 km2 (pafupifupi 23 km2), pomwe pakati pa amuna ndi 21-207 km2 (pafupifupi 98 km2). Kuchokera apa titha kuganiza kuti pa 100 km2 iliyonse pali anthu anayi kapena asanu ndi atatu.
Kodi mphaka wamtchire amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Manul wamtchire
Pallas mphaka nsomba zosiyanasiyana kwambiri. Mphaka wakutchire amasaka:
- ma voles;
- ziphuphu;
- mapuloteni;
- mbalame zosiyanasiyana (kuphatikizapo lark, aviaries ndi partridges);
- tizilombo;
- zokwawa;
- owononga.
Mphaka wa steppe amabisala masana m'mapanga ang'onoang'ono omwe anasiya omwe anali a nyongolotsi kapena nkhandwe. Popeza mphaka wa Pallas ndi wochedwa kwambiri, ayenera kukhazikika pansi ndikuyandikira nyamayo asanalumphe. Pofuna kuti asakhale nyama ya mphungu, mimbulu, ankhandwe ofiira kapena agalu, amayenda pang'ono, kenako amabisala akudya.
Ntchito yayikulu kwambiri pakusaka mphaka wa Pallas ndi madzulo komanso mbandakucha. Amphaka amtchire amathanso kusaka masana. Nyama zina, monga nkhandwe za corsac, nkhandwe zofiira ndi mbira za ku Ulaya, zimadalira chakudya chomwecho monga mphaka wa Pallas. Pofuna kupewa kupatula mpikisano, pali mfundo yoti zamoyo zomwe zimadalira zinthu zomwezo sizingakhale m'malo amodzi. Potengera izi, mphaka wa Pallas adasinthiratu nyengo yakusaka chakudya.
M'nyengo yozizira, chakudya chikasowa, mphaka wa Pallas akuyang'ana mwachangu tizilombo tating'onoting'ono kapena tomwe timazizira. Zima ndi nthawi yozizira ya mbira, chifukwa amphaka amtchire amapewa mpikisano wampikisano.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Pallasov cat
Khalidwe la Pallas ndi lovuta. Nyamayo imakhala yobisa kwambiri komanso yosamala. Mofanana ndi nthumwi zina za mphaka wina wa mphala Pallas, ali osungulumwa. Pa amphaka onse amtchire, mphaka wa Pallas ndiye wodekha kwambiri ndipo samatha kuyenda msanga. Mphaka wa Pallas, monga zilombo zina, amakonda nthawi yausiku. Ngakhale kuti nyamayi imatha kusaka masana, amphaka a Pallas amakonda kugona masana. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake, monga kuzengereza komanso kusathamanga, mphaka wa Pallas nthawi zambiri amayenera kuteteza wovulalayo pafupi ndi khola. Mtundu wa ubweya wamphaka wakutchire umakhala ngati kubisa.
Mphaka wa Pallas amabisalira adani m'zigwa, m'miyala kapena m'mabowo. Mphaka uyu amapanga malo ake osalala kuchokera ku mbira yakale kapena mabowo a nkhandwe, kapena amasintha m'ming'alu yamiyala ndi m'mapanga ang'onoang'ono. Izi ndizomwe zimathandiza kuti manul asadziwike ngati abisala. Mphaka wa Pallas ndiye wodekha kwambiri pakati pa amphaka amtchire. Akakhala wokwiya kapena wamwano, mphaka wa Pallas amalira mokweza kwambiri zomwe zimafanana kwambiri ndi kulira kwa kadzidzi.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Amphaka amphaka a Pallas
Amakhulupirira kuti mphaka wamphongo wa Pallas amayenda pafupifupi 4 km2, koma palibe umboni wodalirika wosonyeza izi. Asayansi akuti kuitana kwa mphaka wa Pallas kumamveka ngati chisakanizo cha kukuwa kwa agalu achichepere komanso kulira kwa kadzidzi.
Amphaka a Pallas amakhala ndi nyengo yoswana pachaka. Akazi amtunduwu amakhala ndi mitala, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mwamuna amatha kukwatirana ndi akazi angapo. Nthawi yobereketsa imayamba kuyambira Disembala mpaka kumayambiriro kwa Marichi, ndipo nthawi yobereka imakhala pafupifupi masiku 75. Kuyambira pa 2 mpaka 6 zimabereka nthawi imodzi. Ana amabadwa kumapeto kwa Marichi ndipo amakhala ndi amayi awo miyezi iwiri yoyambirira.
Amphaka atabadwa, abambo samatenga nawo gawo pakulera. Ana amphakawo akachoka mgulumo, amaphunzira momwe angakhalire ndi kusaka ali ndi miyezi 4-5. Pafupifupi chaka chimodzi, amakhala okhwima ndipo amatha kupeza anzawo. Nthawi yayitali yomwe mphaka wa Pallas amakhala ndi moyo pafupifupi miyezi 27, kapena kupitirira zaka ziwiri, chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe komanso kukhudzana kwambiri ndi nyama. Ali mu ukapolo, mphaka wa Pallas amakhala zaka khumi ndi ziwiri.
Zifukwa zakuchepa kwa mphaka wa Pallas
Chithunzi: Wild cat manul
Zowopseza zazikuluzikulu za anthuwa ndi:
- zolusa zina;
- munthu.
Amphaka a Pallas amapezeka mwachilengedwe ochepa ndipo sanasinthidwe bwino kuti azitetezedwa kuzilombo. Kudalira kwawo malo ena ake kumawapangitsa kukhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Ubweya wa mphaka wamtchirewu ndi wamtengo wapatali m'misika yambiri. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, amphaka mpaka 50,000 amaphedwa pakhungu lililonse pachaka.
Kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala kukukulirakulira ndipo kumakhudza kupezeka kwa manul. Agalu akunyumba ndi zinthu zaumunthu zimapangitsa 56% ya amphaka a Pallas omwe amafa ku Central Mongolia mokha. Amphaka nthawi zina amaphedwa molakwika ndi alenje, kuwazindikira ngati anyani.
Anthu aku Mongolia akuopsezedwa kuti azisaka komanso kupha nyama mopitirira muyeso. Mphaka wa Pallas amasakidwa chifukwa cha "zolinga zapakhomo", ndizothekanso kupeza chilolezo kwa oyang'anira maboma. Komabe, kukhazikitsa malamulo kumakhala kofooka ndipo palibe zowongolera. Mwina chowopseza chachikulu mphaka wachichepereyu ndi kampeni yovomerezedwa ndi boma yoletsa poyizoni kuti athetse zamoyo zomwe zimachitika kwakukulu ku Russia ndi China.
Udindo wa anthu ndi chitetezo cha mphaka wa Pallas
Chithunzi: Pallas cat
Pallas mphaka mzaka zaposachedwa wasowa m'malo ambiri ozungulira Nyanja ya Caspian, komanso kum'mawa kwa malo ake oyamba. Mphaka wa Pallas adatchulidwa kuti "ali pangozi" m'ndandanda wa Red IUCN. Msonkhano waku Washington Woteteza Zinyama umapereka chitsogozo pamtundu uwu mu Zowonjezera II.
Mu 2000, a Dr. Bariusha Munktsog aku Mongolian Academy of Science ndi Irbis Center of Mongolia, limodzi ndi Meredith Brown, adayamba kafukufuku woyamba wamphaka wa Pallas. Dr. Munktsog apitiliza kuphunzira za amphakawa pakatikati pa Mongolia ndipo ndi m'modzi mwa ofufuza ochepa omwe amawona kubereka kwazimayi. Pallas Cat International Conservation Union (PICA) ndi ntchito yatsopano yosamalira zachilengedwe yoyambitsidwa ndi North Ark Zoo, Royal Zoological Society of Scotland ndi Snow Leopard Trust. Fondation Segre yakhala ikuthandizanso ntchitoyi kuyambira Marichi 2016.
Ntchito ya PICA ndikudziwitsa anthu a Manuls padziko lonse lapansi, kutengera mbiri yawo yachilengedwe ndikufotokozera za kuwonongeka kwa amphakawa. Kuchulukitsa anthu ogwidwa kumathandizira kukonza kukhulupilika kwa mitunduyo. Chiyembekezo chabwino kwambiri cha mphaka wa Pallas ndi oteteza zachilengedwe omwe, ngakhale akuwononga komanso kuwononga malo awo, akufuna kuthandiza amphaka amtchire. Njira zotetezera ziphatikizepo kukhazikitsa malamulo oyendetsera bwino ndikusintha kwamalamulo osakira.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 21.01.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 17.09.2019 pa 16:16
