Pafupifupi mbalame yokhayo yomwe imadya nsomba. Osprey amabalalika padziko lonse lapansi ndipo kulibe ku Antarctica kokha.
Kufotokozera kwa osprey
Pandion haliaetus (osprey) ndi nyama yodya nyama nthawi zonse, yoimirira yokha yoyimira dongosolo la Osprey (Pandion Savigny) ndi banja la Skopin (Pandionidae). Komanso, banjali ndi gawo limodzi laling'ono lofanana ndi Hawk.
Maonekedwe
Mbalame yayikulu yokhala ndi utoto - mutu woyera wokhala ndi mzere wakuda womwe umayambira pamlomo kupitilira diso mpaka kumbuyo kwa mutu, pamwamba pake pamtambo wakuda ndi chifuwa choyera ndi mkanda wamawangamawanga wakuda ukuwoloka. Kachilombo kakang'ono kamawoneka kumbuyo kwa mutu, ndipo osprey yokha imawoneka yosokonekera.
Pakhoza kukhala kusiyanasiyana kwamitundu kutengera mtundu wa subspecies komanso komwe imakhala, koma ma osprey onse amakhala ndi mapiko atali komanso otambalala omwe amapindika m'dera la carpal. Chifukwa cha mapiko opindika ofanana ndi uta, omwe malekezero ake amapita pansi, nkhono zomwe zimayandama zimakhala ngati seagull, ndipo mapikowo amawoneka ocheperako.
Mchira waufupi, woduladula poyenda umafalikira ngati fani, kuwulula (ukawonedwa kuchokera pansi) mizere ingapo yakuda yopingasa. Mphalapala uli ndi maso achikaso komanso mlomo wakuda wolumikizidwa. Tarsi, wokutidwa ndi zikopa zazing'ono zophatikizika, mulibe nthenga. Osprey amapanga utoto wosatha pafupifupi chaka chimodzi ndi theka.
Ziwombankhanga sizikadakhala zosiyana ndi akulu zikadapanda kuti iris yofiira ndi lalanje la diso, mkandawo ndiwopepuka, ndikuwoneka kofiirira kunja kwa mchira ndi mapiko.
Akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo amalankhula za zinthu zingapo zomwe zimapangitsa kusodza kukhala kosavuta kwa nkhono - nthenga zonenepa, zopanda malire; mavavu ammphuno amatseka ndikudumphira pansi; yamphamvu miyendo yayitali yokhala ndi zikhadabo zopindika.
Kukula kwa mbalame
Ichi ndi chilombo chachikulu, chofika 1.6-2 makilogalamu misa ndi kutalika kwa 55-58 masentimita ndi mapiko mpaka 1,45-1.7 m Kuphatikiza apo, kukula kwa nkhono, komanso mawonekedwe amtundu wake, zimadalira subspecies okhala kudera linalake.
Ornithologists amasiyanitsa magawo anayi a osprey:
- Pandion haliaetus haliaetus ndiye subspecies yayikulu kwambiri komanso yakuda kwambiri yomwe ikukhala ku Eurasia;
- Pandion haliaetus ridgwayi - wofanana kukula kwa P. h. haliaetus, koma ali ndi mutu wopepuka. Subpecies wokhala pansi wokhala kuzilumba za Caribbean;
- Pandion haliaetus carolinensis ndi subspecies yamdima komanso yayikulu mbadwa ku North America;
- Pandion haliaetus cristatus ndiye tizilombo tating'onoting'ono kwambiri, omwe nthumwi zawo zakhazikika m'mbali mwa nyanja, komanso m'mbali mwa mitsinje ikuluikulu ya Australia ndi Tasmania.
Mwambiri, zitha kuwoneka kuti nkhono zomwe zimakhala kumtunda wapamwamba kuposa abale ake obadwira kumadera otentha ndi kotentha.
Moyo
Osprey amadziwika kuti ndi mtundu wa ichthyophagous, motero sangathe kulingalira moyo wake wopanda nyanja, mtsinje, chithaphwi kapena malo osungira. Madzi oyandikira kwambiri ali mkati mwa malire a malo osakira a osprey ndipo ali 0.01-10 km kuchokera pachisa chake. Kuchulukana kwa zisa ndikosiyana - zisa ziwiri zoyandikana zitha kusiyanitsidwa ndi mita zana kapena ma kilomita ambiri.
Osprey sadzasiya mwayi wowongolera madamu ang'onoang'ono angapo nthawi imodzi kapena magawo osiyanasiyana amtsinje / malo osungira (kutengera komwe mphepo imasaka). Pofuna kulamulira motero, nkhonozi zimamanga chisa m'mbali mwa mtsinje kapena pa mane m'dambo.
Osprey ambiri amatsata malo awo odyetserako ziweto, chifukwa chake samapanga zigawo zambiri. Kugawika m'magulu kumapezeka pafupipafupi kuzilumba komanso pamizere yofalitsira, ndiye kuti, pomwe pali malo ambiri okhala ndi zisa zambiri.
Osprey nthawi zambiri amapita kukasaka pagulu, komwe kumachita bwino kuposa kusaka kamodzi. Mbalame zimapuma pamitengo, zikumayang'anitsitsa kusamala kwawo. Iwo amakhala mzati pa nthambi, mapiri otsetsereka a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, mabanki ofatsa kapena otsetsereka. Osprey amapanga mawu, ngati "kai-kai-kai", akusunthira kumtunda "ki-ki-ki" pafupi ndi chisa.
Mimbulu ikamafunafuna nyama mumtsinje, nthawi zambiri imanjenjemera - imaima ndikuyandama pamwamba pamadzi, ikumagwedeza mapiko ake mwachangu. Osprey amateteza zisa zawo, koma osateteza madera awo, chifukwa chakudya chomwe amakonda (nsomba zamitundu yonse) chimayenda ndipo chitha kukhala patali mosiyanasiyana ndi chisa.
Oimira akummwera amtunduwu amakonda kukhazikika, pomwe osprey akumpoto amakonda kusamuka.
Utali wamoyo
Osprey amakhala nthawi yayitali, osachepera zaka 20-25, ndipo mbalame ikakulirakulira, imakulitsa mwayi wake wokhala ndi moyo wautali. Anthu osiyanasiyana ali ndi ziwerengero zawo zomwe zidapulumuka, koma chithunzicho chiri motere - 60% ya mbalame zazing'ono zimapulumuka mpaka zaka ziwiri ndipo 80-90% ya mbalame zazikulu.
Zoona. Akatswiri azinyama adakwanitsa kutsata mkazi wazitsulo, yemwe amakhala ndi mbiri yotalikirapo ku Europe. Mu 2011, adakwanitsa zaka 30.
Ku North America, osprey wakale kwambiri anali wamwamuna yemwe amakhala ndi zaka 25. Mwamuna yemwe amakhala ku Finland, yemwe panthawi yomwe amamwalira anali ndi zaka 26 ali ndi masiku 25, adapulumuka chaka chopitilira chaka. Koma ziyenera kumveka kuti osprey ambiri kuthengo samakhala ndi moyo mpaka pano.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Kusiyanitsa pakati pa amuna ndi akazi muutundu kumawonekera kokha poyang'anitsitsa - akazi nthawi zonse amakhala akuda ndipo amakhala ndi mkanda wamawangamawanga owala. Kuphatikiza apo, akazi ndi 20% olemera kuposa amuna: oyambayo amalemera pafupifupi 1.6-2 makilogalamu, omaliza - kuchokera 1.2 kg mpaka 1.6 kg. Akazi a Osprey amawonetsanso mapiko okulirapo (5-10%).
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Osprey amakhala m'magawo onse awiri, m'makontinenti omwe amabalanso kapena kubisala. Sizikudziwika ngati nthumwi za mitunduyo zimaswana ku Indo-Malaysia ndi South America, koma mbalame zimawoneka komweko nthawi yozizira. Komanso m'nyengo yozizira, mafunde osokosera nthawi zonse amakhala ku Egypt komanso mbali zina za zilumba za Red Sea.
Osprey amasankha ngodya zotetezedwa zokomera malo, osati kutali ndi madzi osaya, okhala ndi nsomba zambiri. Zisa zimamangidwa 3-5 km kuchokera pamadzi (malo osungira, nyanja, madambo kapena mitsinje), koma nthawi zina - pamwamba pamadzi.
Ku Russia, osprey amakonda nyanja zozizira, komanso mitsinje / mitsinje, pomwe mitengo yayitali (yokhala ndi nsonga zouma) imakula, yoyenera kukaikira mazira. Mbalame zimasamala kwambiri za anthu, koma zimazilola pafupi kwambiri ku Australia ndi America, zimamanga zisa ngakhale m'malo osinthira.
Zakudya za Osprey
Zoposa 99% zake zimakhala ndi nsomba zosiyanasiyana, popeza nkhonozi sizosankha zokha ndipo zimagwira chilichonse chomwe chimayandikira kumtunda kwa madzi. Komabe, nsomba ikakhala yayikulu, nkhono zimasankha mitundu 2-3 yokoma kwambiri (mwa lingaliro lake). Osprey nthawi zambiri amasaka ntchentche (nthawi zina kuchokera pamalo obisalira): amauluka pamwamba pamadzi, osakwera kupitirira 10-40 m. Ndi njira iyi yosakira, kuwonekera kwamadzi ndikofunikira kwa nkhono, chifukwa zimakhala zovuta kuwona nyama yomwe ili mumtsinje wamatope.
Kusaka
Mbalameyi imathamangira pambuyo pa nsomba kuchokera kumtunda - poiwona kuchokera paulendo wovekedwa, mbalameyo imafutukula mapiko ake ndikutambasula zala zake, ikumagwera mwamphamvu pansi pamadzi kapena mbali ina ya madigiri 45. Nthawi zambiri imapita pansi pamadzi, koma nthawi yomweyo imakwera mmwamba, ikunyamula chikho (chomwe chimatsogozedwa koyamba kumutu) mumakhola a chimodzi kapena ziwiri zonse.
Zosangalatsa. Kugwira nsomba yoterera kumathandizidwa ndi zikhadabo zazitali, zala zake zili ndi timabowo takuthwa pansipa, komanso chala chakumbuyo chakumbuyo (kuti agwire nyama).
Potuluka pamwamba pamadzi, nkhonozi zimagwiritsa ntchito mapiko amphongo amphamvu kwambiri. Ali mlengalenga, mwachizolowezi amadzigwedeza yekha ndikuwuluka pamtengo kapena kuphompho kuti akapeze chakudya chamasana. Atamaliza kudya, akubwerera kumtsinje kukatsuka mamba a nsomba ndi mamina mwaviika miyendo yake ndi kulowa m'madzi.
Migodi
Nyama yayikulu yolemera 2 kg saopa kupha nyama yofanana kapena ngakhale kupitirira kulemera kwake, kutulutsa nsomba zitatu kapena zinayi za kilogalamu. Zoona, izi ndizosiyana ndi malamulo - nthawi zambiri amanyamula nsomba za gramu zana ndi mazana awiri.
Izi zimachitika kuti nkhono sizimawerengera mphamvu zake ndipo zimaluma zikhadabo zake kuti zikhale zolemera 4 kg kapena kuposa, zomwe ndizolemetsa kwambiri. Ngati mbalame ilibe nthawi yotulutsa zikhadabo zake, nsomba yamphamvu imapita nayo pansi. Asodzi nthawi ndi nthawi amagwira ma pike akuluakulu ndi ma carps okhala ndi "zokongoletsa" zoyipa kumbuyo kwawo - mafupa a osprey wakufa. Palinso chithunzi cha zomwe zidapezeka, pomwe carp yayikulu (yomwe idagwidwa ku Saxony) idagwidwa ndi osprey wakufa atakhala pamphepete mwake.
Zambiri
Mbalame imadya nsomba kuyambira kumutu. Ngati yamphongo idyetsa yaikazi panthawiyi, imadya gawo limodzi, ndikubweretsa ina ku chisa. Mwambiri, ma ospreys sagwiritsidwa ntchito kubisa zomwe agwira: amanyamula, amataya kapena kusiya zotsalira pachisa.
Osprey amadziwika kuti amanyansidwa ndi zovunda ndipo samamwa konse madzi, kukhutiritsa zosowa za tsiku ndi tsiku za chinyezi ndi nsomba zatsopano.
Oyang'anira mbalame adawerenganso kuchuluka kwa ma dive opambana (24-74%), ndikuwona kuti mlingowu umakhudzidwa ndi nyengo, kuchepa / kuthamanga komanso kuthekera kwa osprey komweko. Achule, mafunde am'madzi, ma muskrats, agologolo, salamanders, njoka, mbalame zazing'ono komanso ng'ona zazing'ono zimakhala mu gawo limodzi la mbalame zomwe zimadya nyama.
Kubereka ndi ana
Kuchokera kumalo ozizira, osprey nthawi zambiri amapita kumalo otsegulira madzi m'modzi m'modzi, komabe, amuna amachita izi koyambirira. Mabanja amayesetsa kubwerera ku zisa zawo, kuwabwezeretsa mchaka ngati pakufunika kutero.
Kukaikira mazira
Pamwamba pa chisa, nthawi zambiri mumatha kuwona wamwamuna akupanga zida zowombera mpweya - izi ndizofunikira pamiyambo yofananira ndipo nthawi yomweyo kuyesa kuwopseza otsutsana nawo.
Mwambiri, osprey amakhala okhaokha, koma amawonetsa mitala pamene zisa zawo zili pafupi ndipo yamphongo imatha kuteteza zonsezi. Chisa choyamba pankhaniyi ndichofunika kwambiri kwa champhongo, popeza amatengera nsomba kumeneko.
Osprey wobadwira ku Russia makamaka chisa pazitali zazitali zomwe zimamera m'mphepete mwa nkhalango, mtsinje / gombe la nyanja, kapena kuyimilira m'mbali mwa nkhalango. Mtengo wotere umakwera 1-10 mita pamwamba pa denga la nkhalango ndipo umayenera kupirira chisa chachikulu chopangidwa ndi nthambi kwa zaka zingapo.
Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, chisa chimawoneka pama chingwe chothandizira magetsi, nsanja zopangira ngakhale nyumba. Chisa cha Osprey pansi sichachilendo ku Australia. Chisa chimapangidwa ndi nthambi, cholumikizidwa ndi ndere kapena udzu, nthawi zambiri pogwiritsa ntchito zomangira zosagwirizana - matumba apulasitiki, mzere wosodza ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimapezeka m'madzi. Kuchokera mkati, chisa chimakhala ndi moss ndi udzu.
Anapiye
Mkaziyo amaikira mazira angapo owala (okhala ndi zofiirira, zofiirira kapena zotuwa), omwe amasungidwa ndi makolo onse awiri. Pambuyo masiku 35-38, anapiye amaswa, ndipo bambo ndi amene ali ndi udindo wodyetsa banja, osati ana okha komanso mkazi. Mayi amateteza anapiye ndikudikirira chakudya kuchokera kwa mnzake, ndipo osalandira, amapempha amphongo oyandikana nawo.
Zosangalatsa. Bambo wachikondi tsiku lililonse amabweretsa chisa chilichonse kuchokera pa nsomba 3 mpaka 10 iliyonse ya g 60-100 g. Makolo onse awiri amatha kung'amba nyama ndikuwapatsa anapiye.
Pasanathe masiku 10, anapiye amasintha zovala zawo zoyera kukhala zakuda, ndikutenga nthenga zoyambirira pakatha milungu ingapo. Anawo amadzaza masiku 48-76: pakusamukira kwa anthu, njira yowonjezereka ikufulumizitsidwa.
Pofika mwezi wachiwiri wa moyo wawo, anapiye amafika 70-80% kukula kwa mbalame zazikulu, ndipo atathawa, amayesetsa kusaka paokha. Podziwa kale kugwira nsomba, anapiye sazengereza kubwerera ku chisa kukafuna chakudya kwa makolo awo. Chiwombankhanga chonse cha banja ndi pafupifupi 120-150 kg.
Ana a osprey amakhala pachisa kwa miyezi pafupifupi 2, koma mosiyana ndi ana a mbalame zina zodya nyama, sikuwonetsa kuwopsa pangozi, koma m'malo mwake, amayesera kubisala. Nthawi zambiri makolo amasiya chisa kuti asawonetse ana omwe akukula. Ntchito yoberekera mu osprey wachichepere sichimawoneka zaka 3 zapitazo.
Adani achilengedwe
Ku North America, anapiye osprey, ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala achikulire, amasakidwa ndi kadzidzi wa Virginia ndi mphungu. Adani achilengedwe a Osprey amadziwikanso:
- ziwombankhanga ndi akadzidzi;
- raccoons ndi martens (kuwononga zisa);
- zazikazi ndi njoka (zowononga zisa).
Mbalame zachisanu m'maiko otentha zimaukiridwa ndi mitundu ina ya ng'ona, makamaka, Nile: imagwira nkhono zomwe zimadumphira nsomba.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
International Union for Conservation of Nature yatcha mtundu wa osprey kukhala Wosasamala (LC), pozindikira kuti kuchuluka kwa anthu padziko lonse lapansi kukukulira. Komabe, Pandion haliaetus pano akuphatikizidwa m'malemba angapo azachilengedwe, monga:
- Zowonjezera II za Msonkhano wa Berne;
- Zowonjezera I za EU Rare Bird Directive;
- Zowonjezera II za Msonkhano wa Bonn;
- Mabuku a Red Data aku Lithuania, Latvia ndi Poland;
- Mabuku a Red Data aku Russia, Ukraine ndi Belarus.
Mu Red Book of Belarus, osprey adatchulidwa mgulu lachiwiri (EN), lomwe limagwirizanitsa maxaxa omwe saopsezedwa kuti atha mdzikolo, koma ali ndi vuto losamalira zaku Europe / mayiko kapena akuneneratu za kuwonongeka kwake.
M'madera omwe nambala ya osprey ikuchepa, izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kupha nyama, poizoni ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso kuwononga chakudya.
Chiwerengero cha osprey ku Russia ndi pafupifupi ma 10 zikwi ziwiri zoweta. Ku Europe ndi North America, anthu osprey akuchira chifukwa chazisungidwe komanso kukopa mbalame kumalo opangira zisa.
