Dera lolumikiza Europe ndi Asia latenga mbali zonse ziwiri komanso zodabwitsa ndi kukongola kwachilengedwe. Mbalame za ku Urals ndizosiyana komanso zodabwitsa.
Makhalidwe a zinyama ndi nyengo za Urals
Ural, yomwe ili pakati pa mapiri a East Europe ndi West Siberian, yakhala, chifukwa cha mapiri, malo apadera achilengedwe komanso nyengo.
Mapiri a Ural amapita ku Kazakhstan (kumwera) ndi Nyanja ya Arctic (kumpoto), chifukwa chomwe mpumulo wa Urals umawoneka ngati mapiri oyimirira moyandikana. Sizitali kwenikweni (mpaka 1.6 km) ndipo zili ndi zisoti zazitali / zazitali pomwe mapiri amiyala amafalikira.
Mitsinje yothamanga imayenda pakati pa zitunda ndi zigwa zili, ndipo nyengo ya Ural nthawi zambiri imakhala yamapiri. Kumpoto kwa derali kuli kotentha, pansi pake pamakhala kotentha, kum'mawa kumafanana ndi kontinenti, koma kumadzulo (chifukwa chamvula) kontinenti imachepa.
Zoona. Pafupifupi zonse (kupatula zipululu) zigawo zachilengedwe zodziwika zimakhazikika mu Urals.
Dera limagawika magawo anayi, gawo lililonse limakhala ndi gawo limodzi kapena awiri:
- Polar - tundra ndi nkhalango-tundra;
- kumpoto - nkhalango-tundra ndi taiga;
- pakati - taiga ndi nkhalango;
- Southern - steppe moyandikana nkhalango steppe.
Mitsinje ya Ural ndiyothamanga, ndipo magombe ake nthawi zambiri amakhala amiyala. Zigwa ndi madzi akuya amatulutsa zamoyo zamitundu yambiri yazinthu zosiyanasiyana. Zinyama za dera lililonse ndizosiyana: mwachitsanzo, mbalame za m'chigawo cha Sverdlovsk zimasiyana ndi mbalame zomwe zimakhala mdera la Chelyabinsk. Oyambawo amayimira nyama za taiga ndi tundra, pomwe zomalizazi zikuyimira nkhalango ndi nkhalango.
Mbalame zamtchire
Mbalame zambiri za Ural zimakhala m'nkhalango. Maonekedwe a mbalamezi amadalira makamaka zakudya. Grouse ndi grouse zamatabwa zimafuna miyendo yolimba ndi zikhadabo zolimba kuti zithetse nkhalango. Wokonda matabwa amakhala ndi mlomo wolimba kuti alobole thunthu lake ndi kutulutsa tizilombo. Mbalame zamtchire sizingachite popanda mapiko ozungulira omwe amathandiza kuyenda pakati pa mitengo.
Nightjar
Mbalame yofiirira yakuda kukula kwa jackdaw, yokhala ndi mawanga ocher kumbuyo ndi mtundu womwewo wokhala ndi mikwingwirima yopitilira pachifuwa. Nightjar ili ndi chotupa chokwanira mkamwa ndi mulomo wawung'ono, mchira wautali ndi mapiko akuthwa. Nightjar imakonda kupezeka ku South / Middle Urals (mpaka 60 ° N) ndipo imakonda kukhazikika pafupi ndi mapiri a nkhalango, m'malo owotcha ndi kuwoloka.
Amabwerera kwawo komwe amakhala pakati pa Meyi kuti akope azibwenzi usiku wamfupi wa Juni ndi nyimbo yomwe imawoneka ngati phokoso - "uerrrrrr ...".
Ma Nightjar amawuluka nthawi yamadzulo, amatenga tizilombo tomwe timagona usiku ndikudya m'makungu ambiri a Meyi, kafadala a June ndikutuluka. Yaikazi imakhala yopanda chisa, nkuikira mazira angapo pansi panthaka. Ma Nightjars amathawira kumadera ofunda kumapeto kwa Ogasiti (Middle Urals) kapena kumapeto kwa Seputembala (Kumwera).
Wamng'ono Whitethroat
Kachilombo kakang'ono kwambiri kokhala m'nkhalango, kupatula mapiri ake akumpoto. Msana ndi bulauni-bulauni, korona ndi masaya ndi mdima kwambiri, mbali yakumunsi ya thupi ndiyopepuka. Accentor imapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana, chinthu chachikulu ndikuti kubzala kumakhala kosalala komanso koperewera, ndikupezeka m'mbali.
Mbalameyi imadya tchire ndi mitengo. Zakudya za Lesser Whitethroat ndi:
- tizilombo;
- mphutsi;
- mbozi;
- tizilombo mazira.
Whitethroat nthawi zambiri imafika ku South Urals koyambirira kwa Meyi, ku Middle Urals m'njira zosiyanasiyana (tsiku loyambirira limatchedwa Meyi 2, mochedwa - Meyi 22). Atafika, mbalamezi zimaswa awiriawiri, zimamanga zisa pa junipere, ndikukula mitengo ya spruce / pine pafupifupi 2 mita kuchokera pansi.
Nyengo yokwatirana ya Warblers imakwezedwa, chifukwa chake amuna ena amayimbanso mu Julayi, koma phokoso la kwayala likucheperachepera kuyambira kumapeto kwa Juni. Ndipo kale koyambirira kwa Seputembara, mbalame zimayamba kusonkhana kumwera.
Hatchi yamtchire
Mbalameyi ndi yocheperako pang'ono kuposa mpheta, yokhala ndi mapiko ofiira otuwa, yopindika timizere tating'onoting'ono, tokhala tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono komanso toderapo pachifuwa ndi mbewu.
Kugawidwa m'nkhalango za Middle / Southern Urals, imakafika ku zigwa za kumpoto kwa Urals. Amakonda m'mphepete mwa nkhalango, kudula ndi kuwotcha. Pafupi ndi Yekaterinburg, idawoneka kamodzi pa Epulo 18, komanso pafupifupi mwezi umodzi pambuyo pake (Meyi 12), ifika ku South Urals nthawi yomweyo kapena pang'ono pang'ono.
Mpaka pomwe tizilombo timadzuka, mipope ya m'nkhalango imadyetsa mbewu zazomera. Pakufika kutentha, menyu amakhala olemera:
- tizilombo ndi mphutsi;
- mbozi;
- Ntchentche ndi agulugufe.
Amuna amayamba kuimba nthawi yomweyo atangofika, koma kuyimba kwamisala kumamveka osati koyambirira kwa Meyi. Nthawi yomweyo, kuswana kumachitika, ndipo kale mu Juni - Julayi, anapiye amatuluka pamapiko. Pofika pakati pa mwezi wa Julayi, kwayimba yamphongoyo imakhala chete, ndipo pofika kumapeto kwa Ogasiti, mapaipi amutchire amachoka ku Middle Urals. Ku South Urals, kunyamuka kumachitika osati koyambirira kwa Seputembara.
Mbalame za steppe
Kutanthauzira kolondola kwambiri ndi mbalame za malo otseguka, chifukwa zimakhala osati m'malo okhawo, komanso m'mapiri ndi zipululu. Iwo, monga lamulo, ali ndi mapiko olimba, omwe amafunikira kuti asamukire patali, ndi mafupa opepuka, komanso miyendo yamphamvu yomwe imatsimikizira kuti kumakhala pansi nthawi yayitali.
Chingwe cha steppe
Imafanana kwambiri ndi dambo komanso zotchingira m'munda: mitundu yonse itatu ili pafupifupi yosazindikirika ngakhale m'manja mwa katswiri wazinyama. Chombocho ndi chaching'ono kuposa khwangwala, koma chikuwoneka chokulirapo chifukwa cha mchira wake wautali ndi mapiko ake akuluakulu. The steppe harrier imakhala makamaka ma step biotopes. Munda umapezeka kulikonse, ngakhale m'nkhalango, koma zotchinga zonse zimakhala m'malo otseguka. Zisa zimamangidwa pansi pomwepo - pamapampu kapena muudzu.
Mwezi ndi mbalame zodya nyama zomwe zimawononga nyama zing'onozing'ono m'mitundu yambiri (motsindika makoswe):
- gophers;
- mbewa;
- ma voles;
- abuluzi ndi njoka;
- achule;
- anapiye.
M'mbuyomu kuposa ena (theka loyambirira la Seputembara), steppe harrier imasamukira kunja kwa South Urals, dambo lonyamula masamba limachoka kumapeto kwa Seputembala, ndi chotchingira kumunda koyambirira kwa Okutobala kokha.
Lark wam'munda
Ndi wamtali ngati mpheta ndipo amakhala m'minda ya Middle / South Urals. Ifika pano mu Marichi - Epulo ndipo imakhala yoyamba pamatumba osungunuka. Lark amadya osati mbewu zamsongole zokha, komanso tizilombo ta m'munda, kenako amasinthana ndi mbewu zomwe zatsala pambuyo pokolola.
Kukaikira mazira kumayambira koyambirira / mkatikati mwa Meyi, nthawi yozizira ikamatuluka ndikulimba: panthawiyi, kuyimba kwa lark kumakhala kovuta kwambiri. Mbalame zimaimba mlengalenga, zikukwera mmwamba ndikuzungulira pazisa zawo zili m'malire kapena m'mphepete mwa munda. Anapiye amatuluka kumapeto kwa Juni, ndipo amathawira nthawi yozizira (South Ural) kumapeto kwa Seputembara.
Kadzidzi wamfupi
Ikuwoneka ngati kadzidzi wa khutu lalitali, koma yopanda khutu lakumva. Kuphatikiza apo, mitundu yonse iwiri imadalira kuchuluka kwa makoswe am'madzi. Ku Middle Urals, akadzidzi ofupika mwachidule amawonekera chakumapeto kwa Epulo, akukhala malo owoneka bwino ndi madambo, madambo, steppe kapena kuwonekera.
Nthawi yoberekera imakulitsidwa kwambiri, ndipo munyengo zomwe "zimabala" makoswe, akazi ena amaphatikana kawiri.
Zisa zimamangidwa pansi pakati pa nkhalango / tussocks, ndipo kumapeto kwa Meyi, zisa zokhala ndi anapiye achikuda zimapezeka pafupi ndi mazira osaswa, omwe amatuluka pamapiko kumapeto kwa Juni. Mitundu yambiri ya akadzidzi ofulumira imasamukira kumwera mu Seputembala, koma mbalame zina zimakhala (ngati makoswe amakhala ochuluka) mpaka nthawi yozizira ikafika.
Mbalame zam'mbali
Ali ndi zakudya zofananira ndipo ambiri ali ndi mawonekedwe ofanana. Awa ndi miyendo yayitali yopyapyala kuti asamamiremo dambo, ndi mlomo wokokomeza kutulutsa nyama m'madzi.
Great egret
Mbalame yayikulu kwambiri, mpaka 1.05 kutalika ndi mapiko a 1.3-1.45 m.Amuna nthawi zonse amakhala okulirapo pang'ono kuposa akazi. Nthengawo ndi yoyera, mulomo wake ndi wowongoka, wautali komanso wachikasu. The egret yayikulu imayenda moyenera komanso pang'onopang'ono, ikutambasula khosi lake ndikusaka nyama yabwino, yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala:
- nsomba ndi nkhanu;
- makoswe ang'onoang'ono;
- njoka ndi achule;
- njoka ndi ziwala;
- tizilombo tina.
Imasaka yokha kapena pamodzi masana / dzuwa lisanalowe, ndipo kukada, imabisala pamodzi ndi abale ake ena onse. The egret yayikulu imasemphana mwachilengedwe (ngakhale ndi chakudya chochuluka), ndipo nthawi zambiri imamenyana ndi anthu amtundu wina, komanso imachotsanso chakudya kuchokera ku zitsamba zazing'ono.
Kupindika kwakukulu
Amawerengedwa kuti ndi omwe akuyimira banja lalikulu kwambiri lomwe limaposa theka la mita, lolemera 0,6-1 makilogalamu komanso mapiko mpaka 1 mita. Chikhalidwe chake ndi mlomo wautali wopindidwira pansi.
Kumakhala madambo, moss / herbaceous bogs, ndi malo achinyontho. Kuchokera nyengo yachisanu imabwerera kumalo osungunuka kwambiri a chipale chofewa, ikukhazikika m'malo ochepa kapena awiriawiri. Chisa chimakonzedwa pansi pa chitsamba kapena muudzu, nkuikapo mazira akulu (mosiyana ndi nkhuku). Ma curlews amawasinthana nawonso, ndipo amatsogolera anawo kwa angapo.
Mbalame zosamuka nthawi zambiri zimauluka molondola (oblique line kapena wedge), zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zachilendo kwa mbalame zam'madzi.
Wothira
Wodutsa yekhayo amene amalumphira m'madzi kufunafuna chakudya - zopanda mafupa, mphutsi za mayfly / caddis ndi ena okhala pansi. Mbalame yapamadzi yokhala ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino, yolimba komanso yamiyendo yayifupi, kukula kwa thrush yapakati. Nthengazo ndi zofiirira, zojambulidwa ndi thewera yoyera.
Mphalapala zimakhala chaka chonse m'mbali mwa mitsinje, ndikugawa magulu awiri odziyimira pawokha kuti apange zisa. Amayamba kuyimba mpaka kutentha, kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa masika kuti amange zisa.
Mbalame zam'madzi
Ambiri mwa iwo samangokhala osambira abwino, komanso osiyanasiyana. Mbalame zam'madzi zimasiyanitsidwa ndi bwato lathyathyathya ngati bwato ndipo zatchulanso zoluka pamapazi ndi miyendo, ndikusunthira pafupi ndi mchira. Amatuluka m'madzi amalowa pansi ndipo amayenda, akuyenda ngati abakha.
Cormorant
Mbalame yolemera (mpaka 3 kg) yamadzi yowoneka modabwitsa, yokhala ndi malamulo okhazikika okhala ndi mchira / khosi lalitali. Mlomo umatha ndi mbedza ndipo umakongoletsedwa ndi malo owala achikaso m'munsi. Great Cormorant ndi yojambulidwa yakuda ndi chitsulo chachitsulo, mosiyana ndi pakhosi ndi pachifuwa.
Mbalameyi imasambira bwino kwambiri, imasambira mpaka kuya mamita 4, koma pamtunda imayenda mosakhazikika, ndikuwongola thupi lake.
Cormorants amakwera mitengo, makamaka anapiye, ndikukhala m'mabanki otsika, ndikupanga malo osungira pang'onopang'ono. Apa cormorants kusaka nsomba, molluscs ndi amphibians, popanda kusiya tizilombo ndi zomera.
Nkhosa, kapena atayka
Mbalame yokongola (yokhala ndi zizolowezi / zakunja kwa abakha ndi atsekwe) yomwe ili ndi mlomo wofiira ndi nthenga zokongola, pomwe zofiira, imvi ndi zakuda zimaphatikizidwa motsutsana ndi zoyera kwambiri. Mu Urals, sizachilendo, m'malo ena bakha ambiri, kukhulupirira munthu ndi kumulola iye pafupi zokwanira.
Zisa zake m'mphepete mwa nyanja kapena patali pang'ono ndi matupi amadzi momwe ataika amapeza chakudya chake: ma molluscs, tizinyalala tating'onoting'ono ndi tizilombo ta m'madzi. Imayamba kuswana mu Epulo - Julayi, kukonzekeretsa zisa m'mayenje, maenje kapena mitengo ikuluikulu.
Lankhulani ndi swan
Idatchulidwa choncho chifukwa cha mimbulu yosiyanitsa yomwe amuna amatulutsa nthawi yakumasulira, kuthamangitsa opikisana nawo patsamba lawo. Nyama yosalankhula imakhala zaka pafupifupi 30, ndikupanga gulu limodzi. Ndiwofalikira m'misewu, nyanja komanso madambo, omwe magombe ake ali ndi zomera zambiri zam'madzi.
Pamtunda, wosalankhulawo ali wokhutira ndi udzu ndi tirigu: panthawi yamnyengo, mbalame yayikulu imadya mpaka makilogalamu 4 azakudya zamasamba.
Kudya zomera zam'madzi, njoka yosalankhulayo imagwira zinthu zazing'ono zomwe zimakhala (crustaceans and molluscs), ndipo imatha kumira pafupifupi mita imodzi. Kusaka mbalame za chinsansa kunali koletsedwa zaka zoposa makumi asanu zapitazo.
Mbalame za Urals kuchokera ku Red Book
Palibe Red Book of the Urals, koma mabuku angapo am'madera okhala ndi mitundu yotetezedwa adasindikizidwa. Red Book of the Middle Urals (yomwe, komabe, idalibe ufulu wodziyimira pawokha) idasindikizidwa ndi mitundu ya nyama ndi nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha za madera a Kurgan, Perm, Sverdlovsk ndi Chelyabinsk.
Kupangidwa kwa Red Redists kudayamba ku USSR, koma adapeza mtundu wamabuku pambuyo pake. Mpainiya apa anali Bashkiria, yemwe adasindikiza Red Book mu 1984 ndikulembanso mu 1987 ndi 2001. Kenako Komi Republic idapeza bukuli - 1996 (kusindikizidwanso mu 2009)
Adatsatiridwa ndi madera ena a Ural:
- Orenburgskaya - 1998;
- Kurgan - 2002/2012;
- Tyumenskaya - 2004;
- Chelyabinsk - 2005/2017;
- Gawo la Perm - 2008;
- Chigawo cha Sverdlovsk - 2008.
Bukhu lirilonse liri ndi mndandanda wa mitundu yotetezedwa, ina yomwe imagwirizana ndi kuwunika kwa Red List ya Russian Federation ndi / kapena IUCN. Mwachitsanzo, mitundu 48 ili m'gulu la Red Book la Chelyabinsk Region, 29 mwa iwo omwe ali mu Red Book of the Russian Federation. Mu 2017, toadstool ya masaya imvi, zipolopolo, avdotka, stilt, stork wakuda, ndi warbler wam'madzi sanatulutsidwe m'buku lachigawo, koma zatsopano zinawonjezedwa - ptarmigan, nkhunda wamba, meadow harrier, ndi Dubrovnik.
