Pafupifupi theka la mbalame zomwe zimakhala padzikoli zimaimba bwino kwambiri. Mbalame zonse zoyimba zimaimira dongosolo la odutsa komanso kagawo kakang'ono ka mbalame zanyimbo (zosasinthasintha).
Momwe mbalame zimayimbira
Mbalame iliyonse imamveka, koma mwa oyimba okha, onse amaphatikizidwa mogwirizana ndi ma trill ndi masikelo. Vocalization ili ndi kuyimba ndi mawu amawu, omwe amasiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe, kutalika, komanso kusinthasintha kwa mawu. Kuyimbira pamawu ndi laconic, ndipo nyimboyi ndi yayitali, yodzikongoletsa ndipo nthawi zambiri imalumikizana ndimakhalidwe oyeserera.
Momwe mawu amapangidwira
Mbalame (mosiyana ndi zinyama) zilibe khola lofuula. Kanyama kamene kamamveka mbalame ndi syrinx, yomwe ndi mafupa apadera mu trachea. Mpweya ukamadutsa, makoma ake ndi tragus zimanjenjemera kuti apange mawu. Mbalameyi imayendetsa mafupipafupi / voliyumu posintha mamvekedwe am'mimbamo ndikukweza mawu kudzera m'matumba amlengalenga.
Zoona. Pothawira, nyimboyi imakulirakulira kwambiri: kukupiza mapiko ake, mbalameyo imakankhira mpweya kudzera mu trachea, bronchi ndi mapapu. Nyimbo ya kamvuluvuluyo imafalikira pamtunda wamakilomita atatu kumwamba, ndipo pansi imamveka chete.
Zipangizo zamawu za amuna ndi akazi zili ndi kapangidwe kofananira, koma minofu ya m'mphako mwa akazi ndi yofooka kuposa yamwamuna. Ichi ndichifukwa chake amuna amayimba bwino mbalame.
Chifukwa chiyani mbalame zimayimba
Chodabwitsa, mbalamezi zimaimba chifukwa ... sizingachite koma kuyimba. Zachidziwikire, ma roulades owoneka bwino kwambiri komanso owoneka bwino amamveka panthawi yopanga, yomwe imafotokozedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa mahomoni komwe kumafuna kutulutsa mwamphamvu.
Koma ... Chifukwa chiyani mbalame zaulere (akulu ndi ocheperako) zimapitilizabe kuyimba kugwa, ndipo nthawi zina nthawi yozizira? Nchifukwa chiyani nightingale, phwiti, wren ndi mbalame zina mwadzidzidzi zimayamba kuyimba, kuchita mantha ndi kuwoneka mwadzidzidzi kwa nyamayi? Chifukwa chiyani mbalame zomwe zimatsekeredwa m'makola zimaimba mofuula ndipo mosasamala kanthu za nyengo (komanso, zimaimba mwamphamvu komanso kuposa abale awo omasuka)?
Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, kuyitanitsa kukwatira sikungoyimba kwenikweni. Nthawi zonse imakhala yosavuta potengera mayimbidwe ndi mawu osalimba.
Oyang'anira mbalame akudziwa kuti ikuimba zomwe zimapereka mphamvu zotulutsa mphamvu mu mbalameyi, yomwe imakula nthawi yakumasirana, koma siyimatha ikamalizidwa.
Mbalame Zanyimbo
Amasiyana ndi mbalame zina zomwe zimakhala zovuta kumunsi kwa kholingo. Pafupifupi onse oyimba ali ndi matupi a mawu apamtundu wa 5-7, omwe mbalame sizimangoyimba bwino, komanso zimaseka. Zowona, onomatopoeia samapangidwa m'mitundu yonse.
Mwa dongosolo la odutsa, mbalame za nyimbo zimapanga gawo laling'ono lomwe lili ndi mitundu yayikulu kwambiri (pafupifupi 4 zikwi). Kuphatikiza pa iwo, pali maudindo ena atatu mgululi:
- ngongole zazikulu (nyanga);
- kukuwa (ankhanza);
- kuimba pang'ono
Oimba ndiosiyana pakapangidwe ka thupi ndi kukula kwake, komanso m'njira yawo yamoyo. Ambiri mwa iwo amakhala m'nkhalango ndipo amasamuka, ena onse amangokhala kapena osamukasamuka. Pansi, nthawi zambiri amasuntha ndikudumpha.
Poganizira zamagetsi, nyimbo zoyimbira zaimba zagawika m'magulu anayi:
- kulipira;
- kulipira mano;
- otakata;
- woonda.
Zofunika. Chisokonezo chachikulu mu taxonomy chikuwonetsedwa mu gawo laling'ono la oyimba. Kutengera ndi njirayi, akatswiri azakudya amasiyanitsa kuyambira 761 mpaka 1017 genera mmenemo, ogwirizana m'mabanja 44-56.
Malinga ndi ena mwamagawo, mabanja otsatirawa amadziwika ngati mbalame zanyimbo: lark, odyera mphutsi, timapepala, ma wangs, ma dulids, ma wrens, ma dunnocks, thymus, swallowils, wagtails, bulbul (zazifupi zazing'ono), mbalame zazingwe, sirloin, bluebird, dwarf corolidae, titmice, osaka ntchentche, ma nutchches, oyamwa maluwa, maso oyera, oatmeal, pikas, suckars, oyamwa uchi, tanagra, arboreal, kumeza tanagra, mtsikana wamaluwa, atsikana a maluwa ku Hawaii, owomba nsalu, mbalame zazing'ono zamphongo, ma gorse finches , starling, drong, magpie lark, mbalame zamatchire, akhwangwala ndi mbalame za paradiso.
Mbalame zanyimbo zotentha ndizowala komanso zazikulu kuposa zomwe zimabadwira kumadera otentha, chifukwa chakufunika kutseka phokoso la tizilombo ndikumveka munkhalango yowirira. Oimba aku Europe gawo la Russian Federation si akulu: thrush yoopsa imatchedwa yayikulu kwambiri, yaying'ono kwambiri - blackbird ndi kinglet.
Nightingale
Katswiri woyimba payekha, wokondwerera ndakatulo ndi seweroli. Pakatikati pa Russia, amapezeka kumayambiriro kwa Meyi, akuyimba mwakhama osati usiku komanso kuwala kwa dzuwa. Nightingale wamba, membala wa banja losaka ntchentche, amakonda mthunzi ndi chinyezi, ndichifukwa chake amakhala m'mitengo yambiri yamadzi osefukira.
Woyimba nkhalango "amapatsidwa" ndi malo okhala, kuphatikiza zizolowezi zodziwika bwino komanso ma trill. Kuyambira nyimbo, amayimirira ndi miyendo yopatukana, akukweza mchira wake ndikutsitsa mapiko ake. Mbalameyo imawerama mopupuluma, ikugwedeza mchira wake ndikupereka phokoso lachete (lofanana ndi "trrr") kapena mluzu wopitilira muyaya.
M'nyimbo ya nightingale, malikhweru, ma roulades odekha ndikudina amalowetsedwa, ndipo chilichonse mwazinthu zake, chotchedwa bondo (pali khumi ndi ziwiri) chimabwerezedwa kangapo. Nightingale wakhala akuphunzira kuyimba kuchokera kwa abale ake achikulire pamoyo wake wonse: ndichifukwa chake ma Kursk nightingales amayimba mosiyana ndi a Arkhangelsk, ndi a Moscow omwe sali ngati a Tula.
Mbalame yotchedwa mockingbird yolankhula zambiri
Mbalame modzichepetsa, wamtali wa 25 cm, wokhala ndi nthenga zoyera kwambiri komanso mchira wautali wakuda wokhala ndi nthenga zoyera (zakunja). Mockingbird amadziwika ndi luso lake losayerekezeka la onomatopoeia komanso nyimbo yabwino kwambiri ya nyimbo 50-200.
Mitunduyi imayamba kumwera kwa Canada, kudutsa ku USA kupita ku Mexico ndi ku Caribbean, koma mbalame zambiri zimakhala mdera la Florida mpaka Texas. Mbalame yotchedwa mockingbird imazolowera malo osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo olimidwa, komanso nkhalango, zipululu zazing'ono, minda ndi madambo otseguka.
Mbalame yamphongo yamphongo nthawi zambiri imayimba masana, mwaluso kutulutsa mawu a nyama zina (kuphatikiza mbalame) ndi mkokomo uliwonse, monga phokoso la mafakitale ndi nyanga zamagalimoto. Nyimbo ya mockingbird nthawi zonse imakhala yovuta, yayitali komanso mokweza kwambiri.
Amadyetsa mbewu, zipatso ndi nyama zopanda mafupa, kuziyang'ana pansi. Mbalame yotchedwa mockingbird si mbalame yamanyazi: iye molimba mtima komanso mwamphamvu amayimirira kuti ateteze chisa chake, nthawi zambiri amasonkhanitsa oyandikana nawo kuti athamangitse nyamayo pamodzi.
Lark wam'munda
Mbalame ina, yotamandidwa mwandakatulo ndi olemba ndakatulo kwazaka zambiri. Mbalame yotchedwa nondescript motley kukula kwa mpheta ya nyumba - 40 g yokha yolemera ndi 18 cm ya thupi lolimba. Amuna ndi akazi ocheperako kuposa amuna ndipo samayang'ana konse: pomwe wamwamuna amayimba modzipereka, bwenzi lake limafunafuna chakudya kapena limamuyembekezera pansipa.
Lark imayamba nyimbo mumlengalenga, ikukwera ndikukwera mozungulira mpaka itasungunuka kumwamba. Pofika pachimake (100-150 m pamwamba panthaka), khungwalo limathamangiranso, lili kale lopanda mabwalo, koma likugwetsa mapiko ake mosatopa.
Khungwalo likatsika, nyimbo yake imachepa, ndipo phokoso limayamba kumveka. Pafupifupi mamita khumi ndi awiri kuchokera pansi, khunguyo limasiya kuyimba ndipo limatsika mwadzidzidzi ndi mapiko ake atafalikira.
Nyimbo ya lark, yomwe imalira m'minda kuyambira m'mawa mpaka madzulo, ngakhale panali zolemba zochepa, imamveka bwino kwambiri. Chinsinsi chake chimakhala pakuphatikizika kwakumveka kwa mawu omwe amasewera ndi belu (mofanana ndi mabelu) ndi trill.
Wren
Kambalame kakang'ono (10 g pa 10 cm kutalika), koma mbalame yofiirira yofiirira yomwe imakhala ku Eurasia, America ndi North Africa. Chifukwa cha nthenga zake zomata, ma wren amawoneka ngati mpira wonyezimira wokhala ndi mchira wawufupi watembenuzidwa.
Wren amauluka mosalekeza pakati pa nthambi za tchire, amathamangira pakati pa nkhuni zakufa kapena amathamanga pakati paudzu. Imabwereranso kumalo obisalirako msanga, ikasungunuka zigamba m'nkhalango, ndipo chipale chimasungunuka m'malo otseguka.
M'dera la Moscow, kuyimba kwa wrens kumatha kumveka kale mu Epulo. Nyimboyi siyosangalatsa kokha, komanso yamphamvu, yopangidwa ndi sonorous, koma yosiyana wina ndi mnzake, ma trill othamanga. Wren amanyambita nyimbo yake, kukwera pa chitsa, mulu wa matabwa kapena kuyenda pakati pa nthambi. Pambuyo pomaliza ntchitoyi, yamphongo imadumphira pachithaphwi kuti ilowe msanga m'nkhalango.
Mbalame Yanyimbo
Lili ndi mutu wosatchulidwa wa "nightingale wa m'nkhalango", chifukwa umakonda kukhazikika m'nkhalango zosiyanasiyana ndikuima kunja chifukwa cha mawu ake ovuta komanso omveka. Nyimbo thrush ndi membala wa banja la thrush ndipo imadziwika bwino kwa anthu okhala ku Asia Minor, Europe ndi Siberia.
Izi ndi motley imvi bulauni mbalame masekeli 70 g ndi thupi kutalika 21.5-25 masentimita. Mbalame kuonekera pa kukaikira mazira malo osati kale kuposa m'ma April, akukhala ngodya oyenera kuswana.
Kuimba zipsinjo kuimba mpaka madzulo, koma makamaka makamaka madzulo ndi m'mawa. Nyimbo zaphokoso, zosafulumira komanso zosiyana zimatha motalika kokwanira: nyimboyi imaphatikizira mluzu wotsika komanso ma trill a laconic. Thrush imabwereza bondo lililonse loyimba kawiri.
Kuyimba ma thrushes kuyimba, atakhala pamwamba pamtengo. Nthawi zambiri amatsanzira mbalame zina, komabe, nyimbo ya thrush imawerengedwa kuti ndi yokongola kwambiri.
Starling wamba
Mbalame zoyambirira zosamuka, zimafika pakati pa Russia ndizigamba zoyambirira zosungunuka, nthawi zambiri mu Marichi. Starlings amakonda chikhalidwe, koma amakhalanso ofala m'mapiri, nkhalango, nkhalango zochepa komanso mapiri.
Nyimbo ya nyenyezi imamveka mokweza komanso masika. Mwamuna amadzipereka kwathunthu ku chikhumbo chakulenga kwathunthu, koma ndikulakalaka kotero kuti ngakhale ziwombankhanga ndi mawu ena osamveka ophatikizidwamo samasokoneza chidwi chake.
Zosangalatsa. Kumayambiriro kwa masika, ndi nyenyezi zomwe zimaimba mokweza komanso mwaluso kwambiri kuposa mbalame zonse zomwe zimazungulira, makamaka zomwe zimangokhala pansi komanso zosamukasamuka, makamaka popeza mitundu yonse yosamukayi sinabwerere kunkhalango.
Starlings nawonso ndi mbalame zonyoza, kuphatikiza mosavuta mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya polar munyimbo zawo - kulira kwa achule, kulira kwa agalu ndi kukuwa, kukuwa kwa gudumu la ngolo komanso, kutsanzira mbalame zina.
Nyenyeziyo imangoyimba nyimbo yake osati achibale ake okha, komanso phokoso lomwe limamveka nthawi yachisanu / maulendo apandege, osapunthwa kapena kuyima kwa mphindi. Nyama zakale zogwidwa zimatsanzira mawu amunthu, kutchula mawu amodzi komanso ziganizo zazitali.
Chikumbu chamutu wachikasu
Mbalame yaying'ono yanyimbo, yosaposa masentimita 10, yodziwika m'nkhalango ku Europe ndi Asia. Mkanda wamutu wachikaso umawoneka ngati mpira wawung'ono, wonyezimira wokhala ndi mapiko amizeremizere, pomwe pamakhala mpira wocheperako - uwu ndi mutu wokhala ndi maso akuda wonyezimira komanso mzere wautali wachikaso wowala wokometsera korona.
Amuna a kachilomboka kamutu wachikaso amaimba mu Epulo komanso koyambirira kwa Meyi - awa ndi phokoso lokoma lomwe limamvekera kuchokera panthambi za spruce.
Kinglet imakhala makamaka m'nkhalango za coniferous (nthawi zambiri spruce), koma imapezekanso mosakanikirana komanso mosakhazikika, osunthira kumeneko nthawi yozizira, pakuyenda komanso pambuyo pogona. Mbalame zazing'ono zimayendayenda pamodzi ndi titmice, omwe zizoloŵezi zawo zimakonda kwambiri.
Pamodzi, mbalamezi zimakwera singano mwachangu, zikumamatira kunsonga zanthambi zowonda modabwitsa kwambiri komanso zimawoneka bwino. M'chilimwe, amapeza chakudya kumtunda kwa korona, kumapita nthawi yozizira / yophukira pafupifupi pansi kapena kusonkhanitsa chakudya choyenera m'chipale chofewa.
Guyi
Mbalame zamtchire (zamtali wa 23 mpaka 40 cm), zimapezeka ku New Zealand kokha. Banja la huya limaphatikizapo mitundu itatu, iliyonse yomwe imayimira mtundu umodzi wokha. Mbalame zonse zimadziwika ndi kupezeka kwa mphalapala (zowala zowala) pansi pamlomo. Mapiko awo ndi ozungulira, miyendo ndi mchira ndi wautali.
Guia wamitundumitundu uli ndi nthenga zakuda, zomwe zimasiyana ndi kumapeto kwa mchira, zopaka utoto woyera. Ali ndi ndolo zachikaso ndi mlomo. Yotsirizira, mwa njira, ndi yosiyana kwambiri pakati pa akazi ndi amuna: mwa akazi ndi yayitali komanso yopindika, mwa amuna ndi yaifupi komanso yolunjika.
Mtundu wina wochokera kubanja lachihuya, zishalo, uli ndi milomo yayitali komanso yopyapyala, yopindika pang'ono. Mtundu wake umayang'aniranso ndi mdima wakuda, koma udasungunuka kale ndi bulauni wokhuthala kwambiri pamapiko azitsulo ndi kumbuyo, komwe amapanga "chishalo".
Kokako (mtundu wina) ndi wamtundu wakuda, wokhala ndimiyeso ya azitona kumchira / mapiko, ndipo ali ndi mlomo wawufupi wonenepa wokhala ndi mbewa pamwamba pake. Kokako, ngati zishalo, zimauluka mosafunikira, monga lamulo, zikungoyenda monyinyirika mamitala pang'ono, koma zimapezeka m'nkhalango zowirira zakumwera kwa beech (notofagus).
Zosangalatsa. Amuna amitundu iwiri yapitayi ali ndi mawu okongola komanso olimba, otchedwa "chitoliro" mawu. Mwachilengedwe, nyimbo zotsutsana komanso zoyimba zimawonetsedwa nthawi zambiri.
Cocako ndi saddleback nawonso ali ndiudindo womwewo mu IUCN Red List - onse ali pangozi.
Kuvina kwapompopompo
Mbalame yaying'ono kukula kwa siskin, yomwe imakula osapitilira masentimita 12-15 ndikulemera magalamu 10 mpaka 15. Kuvina kwapompopu ndikosavuta kuzindikira ndi utoto wake wowonekera. Amuna ndi ofiira otuwa mkati ndi ofiira ofiira pamimba; korona ndi uppertail nawonso amafotokozedwa mofiyira. Zazimuna ndi mbalame zazing'ono zimangovala korona wofiira, koma matupi awo ndi oyera.
Kuvina kwapompopompo kumakonda kukhala ku taiga, tundra ndi nkhalango zamtchire ku Europe, North America ndi Asia. Mu taiga imakhazikika mumiyala ing'onoing'ono yam'madzi kapena m'nkhalango zowirira, ngati tikulankhula za shrub tundra.
Zoona. Amayimba kuvina pang'ono, makamaka nthawi yakumasirana. Nyimboyi siimayimba kwambiri, chifukwa imakhala ndi ma trill owuma ngati "thrrrrrrrr" komanso zomwe zimalimbikitsa "che-che-che".
M'madera a Alpine ndi subalpine, kuvina kwapampopi kumakhala kofala kwambiri, komanso ku tundra / taiga ku Eurasia - gule wapampopi. Mikanda yonse yapampopi imasungidwa mulu wamagulu ndikulira mosalekeza pa ntchentche, kumveka ngati "che-che", "chen", "che-che-che", "chiv", "cheeii" kapena "chuv".
Wagtail wachikaso, kapena pliska
Yocheperako pang'ono kuposa yoyera yoyera, koma yocheperako, komabe, imawoneka yokongola kwambiri chifukwa cha utoto wowoneka bwino - nthenga zobiriwira zachikaso kuphatikiza mapiko akuda-wakuda ndi mchira wakuda, womwe nthenga zawo za mchira (zakunja) ndizopaka utoto woyera. Kugonana kwamakhalidwe abwino kumadziwonetsera muutoto wobiriwira kumtunda kwa mutu ndikutuluka pachifuwa mwa akazi. Pliska wamkulu amalemera pafupifupi 17 g ndipo amatalika 17-19 cm.
Zisamba zachikaso kumadzulo kwa Alaska, ku Asia (kupatula kumwera, kumwera chakum'mawa, ndi madera akumpoto kwambiri), komanso kumpoto kwa Africa (Nile delta, Tunisia, kumpoto kwa Algeria) ndi Europe. Ngolo zachikaso zimabwerera kudera lapakatikati la dziko lathu kwinakwake mkatikati mwa Epulo, nthawi yomweyo zimafalikira padambo lonyowa komanso laphokoso (pomwe tchire limawonekerapo nthawi zina) kapena pamitengo yolimba ya peat.
Ma trisok oyamba oyamba amveka pafupifupi atangofika kumene kuchokera kuzizira: yamwamuna imakwera pa tsinde lolimba ndikutsegula mulomo wake, imachita serenade yake yosavuta.
Pliska amafunafuna chakudya, kuyenda pakati paudzu kapena kugwira tizilombo mumlengalenga, koma amachita izi ntchentche, mosiyana ndi zoyera zoyera, mochulukira. Sizosadabwitsa kuti nthawi ya nkhomaliro yachikaso chachikasu nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi nyama zazing'ono zopanda nyama.
Chromosome "yowonjezera"
Osati kale kwambiri, lingaliro linawoneka kuti, chifukwa cha chromosome iyi, mbalame zanyimbo zinatha kukhazikika padziko lonse lapansi. Kukhalapo kwa chromosome yowonjezera m'maselo a majeremusi a mbalame zanyimbo kunatsimikiziridwa ndi akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo ochokera ku Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk ndi University of St. Petersburg, komanso Siberia Ecological Center.
Asayansi anayerekezera DNA ya mitundu 16 ya mbalame zanyimbo (kuchokera m'mabanja 9, kuphatikiza ng'ombe zamphongo, siskins, titmice ndi akumeza) ndi mitundu 8 ya mitundu ina, yophatikizira mbalame zotchedwa zinkhwe, nkhuku, atsekwe, abakha ndi mphamba.
Zoona. Zinapezeka kuti mitundu yosayimba, yomwe ndi yakale kwambiri (yomwe idakhalapo padziko lapansi zaka zopitilira 35 miliyoni), ili ndi chromosome imodzi yocheperako mitundu yoyimba yomwe idawonekera padziko lapansi pambuyo pake.
Mwa njira, chromosome yoyamba "yochulukirapo" idapezeka mu 1998 mu mbidzi yamphongo, koma izi zimachitika chifukwa cha mawonekedwe amunthu payekha.Pambuyo pake (2014), chromosome yowonjezerapo idapezeka ku Japan finch, zomwe zidapangitsa akatswiri odziwa zamagulu kuganizira za izi.
Akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo ku Russia akuti chromosome yowonjezera idapangidwa zaka zopitilira 30 miliyoni, ndipo kusinthika kwake kunali kosiyana ndi oyimba onse. Ndipo ngakhale kuti gawo la chromosome iyi pakukula kwa mbalame zanyimbo silikumveka bwino, asayansi akukhulupirira kuti yakulitsa mbalame zomwe zimatha kusintha, kuti zizikhala pafupifupi m'makontinenti onse.
