Akambuku a Amur ndi mtundu wakumpoto kwambiri komanso waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Ndiwosowa kwambiri kotero kuti mu Ufumu Wakumwamba omwe amamupha amaweruzidwa kuti aphedwe.
Kufotokozera kwa nyalugwe wa Amur
Babr (wochokera ku Yakut "baabyr") - ndi m'mene nyalugwe waku Siberia amatchulidwira ku Russia, komwe masiku ano amadziwika kuti Far Eastern, Ussuri kapena Amur tiger. Panthera tigris altaica (dzina lachilatini la subspecies) amadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwazosangalatsa kwambiri m'banja lamphaka, kuposa mkango kukula kwake. Masiku ano, nyalugwe wa Amur akuwonetsedwa pa mbendera / malaya a Primorsky Krai komanso pamikono ya Khabarovsk.
Babr adakongoletsa malaya amtundu wa Yakutsk (kuyambira 1642) ndi Irkutsk mpaka adasandulika "beaver" motsogozedwa ndi Emperor Alexander II kudzera cholakwika cha woteteza mopitilira muyeso wa spelling yemwe adatumikira mu dipatimenti yolengeza. Vutoli lidakonzedwa pambuyo pake, koma pa malaya aku Irkutsk ndi dera lake pali nyama yakuda yachilendo yokhala ndi mchira wawukulu ndi zikopa zazingwe, yonyamula sable m'mano ake.
Maonekedwe
Akambuku a Amur ndi mphaka wakutchire wokongola wokhala ndi utoto wamizeremizere wokhala ndi thupi losinthasintha wokhala ndi mutu wozungulira wokhala ndi makutu ofanana. Babr, monga ma feline onse, ali ndi mano 30 akuthwa ndi zikhadabo zolimba zomwe zimathandiza kugwetsa mitembo ndikukwera mitengo.
Maonekedwe ofiira ofiira (ofiira) amalowetsedwa ndi zoyera pachifuwa, m'mimba ndi "zotumphuka". Mikwingwirima yakuda yopingasa imadutsa thupi ndi mchira, ndikusandulika zikwangwani zakuda pamutu ndi pakamwa.
Pothawa nyengo yozizira yoopsa, nyalugwe wa Amur amakakamizidwa kukhala ndi tsitsi lakuda ndipo amakhala ndi mafuta olimba (5 cm), omwe amateteza nyama yolusa ku chisanu.
Kambuku wamkulu amatha kuyenda popanda phokoso losafunikira, lomwe limafotokozedwa ndimphamvu yakugwira mwamphamvu ya zikopa zazikulu ndi mapadi ofewa. Ichi ndichifukwa chake babr amayenda mwakachetechete ndikudutsa mchilimwe cha Ussuri taiga, osagwa m'nyengo yayikulu yozizira m'nyengo yozizira.
Kukula kwa nyalugwe wa Amur
Akambuku a Amur, m'modzi mwa oimira banja lalikulu kwambiri, posachedwa akucheperako poyerekeza ndi nyalugwe wa Bengal yemwe amakhala m'mapaki aku India. Pomwe ma subspecies ofananawa anali ofanana kukula kwake, kambuku wa Ussuri adayamba kuchepa chifukwa choyandikira anthu, ndendende, chifukwa chachuma chomwe chidachitika.
Zoona. Nyalugwe wapakati wa Amur amatambasukira 2.7-3.8 m m'litali, amalemera 200-250 kg ndipo amakula amafota kuchokera 1 mpaka 1.15 m.
Akatswiri a zoologists amati munthu aliyense atha kulemera makilogalamu 300 kapena kuposa, ngakhale mbiri yolembedwa yosavomerezeka ndi 212 kg. Ya mamuna wokhala ndi kolala yawailesi yolumikizidwa m'khosi mwake.
Moyo, machitidwe
Mosiyana ndi mkango, nyalugwe wa Amur, monga amphongo ambiri, samajowina kunyada, koma amasankha kukhala payekha. Kupatula kumangopangidwa kwa akazi okhaokha, omwe pamodzi ndi anawo amatha kukhala m'dera lamwamuna, lomwe nthawi zambiri limafika 600 mpaka 800 km². Dera lachikazi nthawi zonse limakhala laling'ono, pafupifupi 300-500 km².
Amuna amayang'anira mosamala kuwonongeka kwa malire, kuwayika chizindikiro ndi madzi achinsinsi ndikusiya kugwa kwakukulu pamtengo. Akambuku a Amur, ngakhale ali ndi kukula kwake, amakwera mosavuta pa nduwira za mitengo yakale ya thundu ngakhalenso pamwamba pa mitengo yayitali yamipirara.
Nyama siyidutsa gawo lake ngati pali ziwombankhanga zambiri zomwe zimadya, koma ngati kuli koyenera imatha kuyenda kuchokera pa 10 mpaka 41 km. Tigress imakwirira mtunda waufupi patsiku, kuyambira 7 mpaka 22 km. Nyalugwe wa Amur amatha kukoka nyama yakufa mpaka theka la kilomita osatopa, ndipo amatha kuthamanga mpaka 80 km / h mopepuka komanso chipale chofewa, chachiwiri kupatula cheetah chifukwa chothamanga.
Zosangalatsa. Nyamayo imasiyanitsa mitundu bwino, ndipo mumdima maso ake amakhala akuthwa kasanu kuposa anthu, mwina chifukwa chake imakonda kusaka nthawi yamadzulo ndi usiku.
Akambuku a Ussuri amakhala chete kwambiri: izi ndi zomwe akatswiri azachilengedwe amati, omwe akhala akuyang'ana nyama m'chilengedwe kwazaka zambiri ndipo sanamvepo kubangula kwawo. Kubangula kwa akambuku kumangofalikira nthawi yokhayokha - akazi amakhala achangu makamaka. Babr wosakhutira amalira mopupuluma komanso mopepuka, kutembenukira ku "chifuwa" chokwiya. Nyalugwe wamtendere amatsuka ngati mphaka woweta.
Popereka moni kwa mnzake, nyalugwe amagwiritsa ntchito mawu apadera omwe amatuluka ndi mpweya wotuluka m'mphuno ndi mkamwa. Mikangano ya m'mbali ndi kulumikizana ndi ziphuphu zimanena za mtendere wamanyama.
Akambuku a Amur sakhala odyetsa anthu (mosiyana ndi a Bengal), ndichifukwa chake amayesetsa kupewa anthu ndikudutsa nyumba zawo munjira iliyonse. Ngati mwangozi mwakumana ndi nyalugwe, ndibwino kuti muyime osayesa kuthawa, ndikuchepera pang'onopang'ono osafulatira. Mutha kuyankhula naye, koma ndi mawu odekha komanso achidaliro: kukuwa, kusandulika kukhala nkhumba, kumalimbikitsa chidwi cha nyalugwe mwa inu.
Kuchokera pakati pa zaka zapitazi mpaka pano, palibe milandu yoposa 10 yakuzunzidwa kwa akambuku a Amur yomwe idalembedwa m'malire a Madera a Primorsky ndi Khabarovsk. Ngakhale mdera lake, Ussuri taiga, nyalugwe samakonda kuzunza osaka omwe akuyilondola.
Kodi kambuku wa Amur amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji?
Nthawi yamoyo wa babr m'chilengedwe ndi 10, osapitilira zaka 15. M'madera abwino a malo osungira nyama, akambuku a Amur nthawi zambiri amakondwerera zaka 20.
Zoona. Imodzi mwa akambuku akale kwambiri a Amur amadziwika kuti Lyuty, yemwe wakhala zaka 21 ku Khabarovsk Utyos Wildlife Rehabilitation Center.
Olimba mtima adagwidwa m'nkhalangoyi, mosazindikira anavulaza nsagwada zonse ziwiri, pambuyo pake nyalugwe adadwala osteomyelitis, yomwe idamuyimitsa opaleshoni mu 1999. madokotala.
Nsagwada yomwe idasokonekera sinalole kuti Lyuty abwerere ku taiga, ndipo adangokhala osati nyama yokhayo yomwe idachezeredwa kwambiri, komanso ngwazi yamalipoti ambiri okangalika.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Kusiyanitsa pakati pa amuna ndi akazi kumawonetseredwa, choyamba, kulemera kwake: ngati akambuku achikazi a Amur amalemera 100-167 kg, ndiye kuti amuna amakhala pafupifupi kuwirikiza kawiri - kuyambira 180 mpaka 306 kg. Kafukufuku yemwe adachitika mu 2005 ndi akatswiri azanyama ochokera ku Russia, India ndi United States adawonetsa kuti pankhani ya misa, akambuku amakono aku Far East ndi otsika kuposa makolo awo.
Zoona. M'mbuyomu, nyalugwe wamphongo wamwamuna wamba amayeza pafupifupi 215.5 kg, ndipo wamkazi - pafupifupi 137.5 kg. Masiku ano azimayi ambiri amalemera makilogalamu 117.9, ndipo amuna ndi 176.4 kg.
Ma dimorphism ogonana amawonekeranso m'moyo wa nyalugwe wa Amur: akazi amakhala ocheperako kuposa amuna. Otsatirawa amachotsedwa pa kulera ndi kuphunzitsa ana, ndikupereka ntchito zonse zaubereki kwa mayi, zomwe zimawongolera moyo wake wapadziko lapansi.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Akambuku a Amur amapezeka mdera lochepa, ambiri mwa iwo ndi malo otetezedwa - iyi ndi China komanso kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Russia, omwe ndi magombe a Amur / Ussuri mdera la Primorsky ndi Khabarovsk.
Kuyambira mu 2003, nyama zowononga zambiri zidawonedwa m'mapiri a Sikhote-Alin (Lazovsky District of Primorsky Territory), komwe akambuku amtundu uliwonse achisanu ndi chimodzi amakhala. Mwambiri, posankha malo okhala, akambuku amayesa kukhala pafupi ndi chakudya chawo chachikulu (ungulates), komanso amapitilira kutalika kwa chivundikiro cha chipale chofewa komanso kupezeka kwa malo ogona, mwachitsanzo, ming'alu kapena tchire lalitali la tchire.
Nyalugwe wa Amur nthawi zambiri amakhala m'mabayotope monga:
- mapiri okhala ndi mitengo yodula;
- zigwa zamapiri;
- paddy wokhala ndi nkhalango zamtundu wa Manchu, zolamulidwa ndi thundu ndi mkungudza;
- nkhalango zoyera zamkungudza;
- nkhalango zachiwiri.
Akambuku a Amur adathamangitsidwa ndi anthu ochokera m'malo otsika oyenera ulimi. Pobwezera, makanda nthawi zambiri amayendera madera oyandikana nawo nthawi yachisanu, pomwe chakudya chawo chimasowa.
Zakudya za kambuku wa Ussuri
Chizoloŵezi cha nyamakazi ya Amur tsiku lililonse ndi 9-10 kg ya nyama, kapena nswala 50-70 pachaka. Zimakhala zovuta kupeza anthu angapo osaganizira, poganizira kuti chimodzi mwa ziwopsezo za 6-7 chimathera mwamwayi. Ndicho chifukwa chake chilombocho chimasaka nyama zambiri, ndikudya chilichonse chomwe sichicheperako ndi kukula kwake: kuyambira kalulu wa Manchurian (mulingo wa magolovesi) mpaka chimbalangondo cha Himalaya, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimakhala chofanana ndi nyalugwe yemwe.
Zakudya za kambuku wa Amur zimaphatikizapo ungulates (makamaka) ndi nyama zina:
- nguluwe zakutchire ndi nswala zofiira;
- nswala zamphesa;
- nswala ndi mbawala zamphongo;
- chimbalangondo;
- nsomba ndi nkhanu;
- achule ndi makoswe;
- mbalame;
- zipatso za zomera.
Chofunika kwambiri pamndandanda wa babr ndi nkhumba zakutchire, zomwe kuchuluka kwake kumatsimikizika ndi zokolola za mtedza wa paini (sikuti mkungudzawo umatchedwa zipatso za mkate wa Ussuri taiga).
Nyama yakuthengo itatchula nyama, nthawi zambiri imakwawa, ndikupumitsa miyendo yake yakumbuyo pansi ndikupindika msana. Amaluma nyama zing'onozing'ono pakhosi, ndipo zazikulu, asanayambe kuluma mafupa a khomo lachiberekero, amadzaza koyamba.
Wogwirirayo atathawa, nyalugwe amasiya chidwi chake ndipo amachoka (kuukira mobwerezabwereza sikupezeka). Nyama nthawi zambiri imakokedwa kupita kumadzi, kuthamangitsa opikisana nawo panjira. Imadya nyama ikagona, ikugwira ndi mapazi ake ndikubisa zotsalira zake isanagone. Pakakhala nyama zochepa m'nkhalango, akambuku amapita kunja kwa midzi kuti akagwetse ziweto zazikulu ngakhale agalu.
Kubereka ndi ana
Tigress imabweretsa ana kamodzi pazaka ziwiri kapena ziwiri zilizonse, koma mnzake, yemwe samangidwa ndi zibwenzi zapabanja, amaphimba akazi nthawi zambiri, osayang'ana nthawi inayake pachaka. Kwa kambuku, kufunitsitsa kwa mkazi kuti akwere ndi kofunikira, komwe amakuwuzani ndi zokopa pamakungwa ndi zonunkhira.
Zosangalatsa. Mkazi mu gawo la estrus (patsiku la 3 mpaka 7 la estrus) akufuna mwanzeru wokwatirana naye woyendayenda m'malo ake osatha.
Kambuku amene amapeza wamkazi ali ndi zibwenzi naye kwa masiku 5-7, kenako namusiya, ndikupita kokasaka zochitika zatsopano zachikondi. Pambuyo masiku 95-112, amphaka amphaka awiri amabadwa, amayamba kuwona patatha masiku 9 ndikupeza mano amkaka akafika milungu iwiri. Choyamba, mayi amawadyetsa mkaka, ndipo pambuyo pake amalowetsa nyama mu zakudya, osasiya kuyamwa mkaka mpaka miyezi 5-6.
Pofika miyezi iwiri, anawo amatuluka m'phanga lawo koyamba, ndipo pakadutsa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi amapita ndi amayi awo kukasaka, kuwonera ndi kuphunzira. Kuphunzira luso losaka kumatenga miyezi ingapo, kutha ndikudziyimira panokha pasanathe chaka chimodzi. Pafupifupi zaka ziwiri zakubadwa, nyama zazing'ono zimakhala zikulimbana mwamphamvu masewera akuluakulu, koma nthawi zambiri amachita izi limodzi ndi mayi, yemwe amasamalira ana mpaka zaka zawo zoberekera. Kutha msinkhu mu akambuku a Amur kumachitika zaka 4-5.
Adani achilengedwe
Chifukwa cha kulimba mtima kwake komanso kukula kwake modabwitsa, nyalugwe wa Amur alibe adani achilengedwe, ngati simukumbukira opha nyama mosaka omwe amasaka zokongola zamizeremizere pakhungu lawo lokongola, ziwalo zamkati ndi mafupa. Giblets ndi mafupa (monga ufa ndi tinctures) amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mankhwala aku Tibetan ngati njira yothetsera matenda ambiri, kuyambira rheumatism mpaka kusowa mphamvu.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Nyalugwe wa Amur akuphatikizidwa mu Red Book of the Russian Federation, komanso mu Red Book la International Union for Conservation of Nature. Chiwerengero cha anthu chimachepa mwachangu mpaka 1940, pomwe padalibe akambuku osachepera 30-40 a Ussuri padziko lapansi. Yerekezerani: ngati kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 19, mpaka zana obelera anali migodi chaka, ndiye mu 1912 - 60 okha.
Kutsika kwakukulu kwa kuchuluka ndi kuchuluka kwa 1940 kudafotokozedwa chifukwa cha zinthu zambiri, kuphatikiza:
- poaching akambuku akuluakulu;
- kuchepa kwa artiodactyls zakutchire, kuphatikizapo chifukwa cha kusaka kwakukulu;
- kulanda kwambiri ana;
- kuwononga nkhalango pafupi ndi mitsinje;
- M'nyengo yachisanu.
Kuwonjezeka pang'onopang'ono kwa anthu kudayamba nkhondo itatha. Mu 1958-1959, akambuku pafupifupi 100 adawerengedwa ku Primorsky ndi Khabarovsk Territories, mu 1964 - 120, mu 1968 - 140, mu 1970 - 150, ndipo mu 1978 - pafupifupi 200. Kumapeto kwa zaka zapitazi mdziko lathu panali akambuku kuyambira 415 mpaka 476.
Zoona. Mu 2005, ziweto ziwerengedwanso ndipo zidapeza kuti anthu akumwera kwa Far East ali ndi anthu 423-502 (ana 97-112 ndi akulu 334-417).
Njira ya 2010 Yosungira Amur Tiger ku Russia idathandizira kukulitsa malo okhala a subspecies omwe ali pangozi. Chifukwa cha chikalatachi, malo osungira nyama "Bikin" ndi "Land of Leopard" adapezeka ku Primorsky Territory, komanso malo osungira a Sredne-Ussuriysky.
Kwa zaka 5, malo onse otetezedwa adakwanira kotala la kambuku ka Amur, atakula (monga 2016) ndi mahekitala opitilira 1.5 miliyoni. Kuwerengera kwa 2015 kudawonetsa kuti kuyambira 523 mpaka 540 akambuku a Ussuri amakhala ku Far East yathu. Makumi atatu, kapena 10% yaanthu padziko lonse lapansi omwe akukhala ku Manchuria (China).
Zikhala zosangalatsa: Akambuku
Pakadali pano, zomwe zikuluzikulu zomwe zimachepetsa malo ogawa komanso kuchuluka kwa akambuku ndi:
- kutsika kwa anthu;
- madera akulu am'mabanja komanso ziwembu zaumwini;
- mitundu yocheperako yazakudya zovuta kupeza;
- kulephera kuzolowera malo olimidwa;
- mtengo wapamwamba wa babr kuchokera pakuwona kwa asing'anga achi China;
- kuwononga nyama;
- mwayi wosakwanira wobereka.
Tsopano akambuku a Amur amakhala m'malo amenewo a Ussuri taiga omwe sanadulidwebe. Okonda maloto obwezera nyalugwe kumadera omwe anali m'mbiri yakale: kumalo omwe amakhala kale, koma adawonongedwa. M'tsogolomu, kukhazikika kwa akambuku a ku Siberia mkati mwa Pleistocene Park, yomwe ili ku Yakutia. Akatswiri ofufuza zinyama akukonzekera kuchulukitsa nyama zodya anzawo kufika pa anthu 750, koma kulumpha kotere sikungatheke popanda kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa ziwombankhanga zakutchire.
