Anyani ochepera kwambiri, omwe ali ogwirizana kwambiri ndi mandimu. Tarsiers ndi anyani okhawo odyetsa padziko lapansi.
Kufotokozera kwa Tarsier
Osati kale kwambiri, mtundu wa Tarsius (tarsiers) anali monolithic, woyimira banja la dzina lomweli Tarsiidae (tarsiers), koma mu 2010 adagawika m'magulu atatu odziyimira pawokha. Ma tarsiers, omwe amafotokozedwa mu 1769, nthawi ina anali am'munsi mwa anyani, omwe tsopano atha ntchito, ndipo tsopano amatchedwa anyani okhala ndi mphuno zowuma (Haplorhini).
Maonekedwe, kukula kwake
Chinthu choyamba chomwe mungazindikire mukakumana ndi tarsier ndi maso ake akulu (pafupifupi theka la chopanikizana) okhala ndi mainchesi a 1.6 masentimita ndikukula kwa nyama kuchokera 9 mpaka 16 cm ndi kulemera kwa 80-160 g. Zowona, posaka dzina latsopanoli, akatswiri azowona chifukwa chake adanyalanyaza maso achilendo, koma adalabadira mapazi a akumbuyo ndi chidendene chawo chachitali (Tarso). Umu ndi momwe dzina la Tarsius linabadwa - tarsiers.
Kapangidwe ka thupi ndi utoto
Mwa njira, miyendo yakumbuyo imadziwikanso ndi kukula kwake: ndi yayitali kwambiri kuposa yakutsogolo, komanso mutu ndi thupi. Manja / mapazi a tarsiers agwira ndikumaliza ndi zala zazing'ono zopyapyala zomwe zimathandiza kukwera mitengo. Zikhadabo zimagwiranso ntchito yomweyo, komabe, zikhadabo zala zachiwiri ndi zachitatu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zaukhondo - ma tarsiers, monga anyani onse, amapesa ubweya wawo nawo.
Zosangalatsa. Mutu wokulirapo, wokutidwa amakhala wolunjika kwambiri kuposa anyani ena onse, komanso amatha kuzungulira pafupifupi 360 °.
Makutu amtundu wa radar, amatha kuyenda mosadutsana, amatembenukira kosiyanasiyana. Tarsier ali ndi mphuno yoseketsa yokhala ndi mphuno zozungulira zomwe zimafikira pamlomo wapamwamba wosunthika. Mofanana ndi anyani onse, Tarsiers ali ndi minofu ya nkhope yochititsa chidwi, yomwe imalola kuti nyamazo zizimwetulira kwambiri.
Mtundu wonsewo umadziwika ndi mtundu wa imvi-bulauni, wosintha mawonekedwe ndikuwonetsetsa kutengera mitundu / subspecies. Thupi limakutidwa ndi ubweya wochuluka kwambiri, kulibe m'makutu ndi mchira wautali (13-28 cm) wokhala ndi ngayaye. Imagwira ngati chopingasa, chiwongolero ngakhalenso ndodo pamene tarsier imayima ndikupuma kumchira wake.
Maso
Pazifukwa zambiri, ziwalo za tarsier zamasomphenya zimayenera kutchulidwa kwina. Sangoyang'ana kutsogolo kuposa anyani ena, komanso ndi akulu kwambiri kotero kuti sangathe (!) Kusinthasintha m'matumba awo amaso. Atatsegulidwa, ngati kuti ali ndi mantha, maso achikaso a tarsier amawala mumdima, ndipo ophunzira awo amatha kulowa nawo mzati yopingasa yopingasa.
Zosangalatsa. Ngati munthu anali ndi maso ngati tarsier, anali kukula ngati apulo. Diso lirilonse la nyama ndilokulirapo kuposa m'mimba kapena ubongo wake, momwe, mwa njira, palibe zovuta zomwe zimawonedwa konse.
Nyama zambiri zomwe zimayenda usiku, diso lake limakutidwa ndi mawonekedwe owonekera, ndichifukwa chake kuwala kumadutsa mu diso kawiri, koma mfundo ina imagwira ntchito mu tarsier - makamaka, ndiyabwino. Ndicho chifukwa chake diso lake liri lokutidwa kwathunthu ndi maselo am'miyendo, momwe amawonera bwino madzulo ndi usiku, koma samasiyanitsa mitundu bwino.
Moyo, machitidwe
Pali mitundu iwiri yamagulu amtundu wa tarsiers. Mmodzi ndi m'modzi, nyamazo zimakonda kudzipatula ndipo zimakhala kutali wina ndi mnzake pamtunda wa makilomita angapo. Otsatira omwe akutsutsana nawo amaumirira kuti ma tarsiers apange awiriawiri (osasiyana kwa miyezi yopitilira 15) kapena magulu ophatikizika a anthu 4-6.
Mulimonsemo, anyaniwa amateteza madera awo mwadongosolo, ndikulemba malire awo ndi zipsera, zomwe amasiya kununkhira kwa mkodzo wawo pamtengo ndi nthambi. Ma Tarsiers amasaka usiku, kugona mu korona wandiweyani kapena m'maenje (kangapo) masana. Zimapuma, komanso kugona, zikumafinya motsutsana ndi nthambi / mitengo ikuluikulu, zikumamatira kwa iwo ndi miyendo inayi, ndikubisa mitu yawo m'maondo awo ndikutsamira kumchira wawo.
Anyani amangokhalira kukwera mitengo mwaluso, kumamatira zikhadabo ndi ziyangoyango zokoka, komanso amalumpha ngati chule, akutaya miyendo yawo yakumbuyo. Kulumpha kwa tarsiers kumadziwika ndi ziwerengero zotsatirazi: mpaka 6 mita - yopingasa mpaka 1.6 mita - molunjika.
Akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo ku California ku Yunivesite ya Humboldt omwe adaphunzira za tarsiers adadabwitsidwa ndikumva kulira kwa pakamwa pawo (ngati kukuwa). Ndipo zidangokhala chifukwa cha chowunikira cha ultrasound kuti zidatheka kudziwa kuti anyani oyesera 35 samangoyasamula kapena kutsegula pakamwa, koma amakalipira, koma izi sizinazindikiridwe ndi khutu la munthu.
Zoona. Tarsier imatha kusiyanitsa mawu ndi pafupipafupi mpaka 91 kilohertz, omwe sangathe kufikira anthu omwe makutu awo salemba zikwangwani zoposa 20 kHz.
Kwenikweni, anyani ena nthawi ndi nthawi amasinthana ndi mafunde akupanga amadziwika kale, koma aku America adatsimikiza kugwiritsa ntchito "pure" ultrasound ndi tarsiers. Chifukwa chake, tarsier waku Philippines amalumikizana pafupipafupi 70 kHz, imodzi mwazinyama zazikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Asayansi ali otsimikiza kuti mileme, dolphin, anamgumi, makoswe okhaokha ndi amphaka am'nyumba ndizomwe zimapikisana ndi ma tarsiers pachizindikiro ichi.
Ndi ma tarsiers angati omwe amakhala
Malinga ndi malipoti osatsimikizika, membala wakale kwambiri wamtunduwu Tarsius amakhala mu ukapolo ndipo adamwalira ali ndi zaka 13. Izi ndizokayikitsa chifukwa ma tarsiers samayesezedwa ndipo amafa msanga kunja kwa komwe amachokera. Nyama sizingazolowere kutsekeka ndipo nthawi zambiri zimavulaza mitu yawo poyesera kutuluka m khola lawo.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Amuna nthawi zambiri amakhala akulu kuposa akazi. Otsatirawa, nawonso, amasiyana ndi amuna awiriawiri ya nsonga zamabele (awiriawiri m'mimba ndi axillary fossa). Chodabwitsa, koma chachikazi, chomwe chili ndi ma peyala atatu amabele, chimayamwitsa mkaka wokha poyamwitsa ana.
Mitundu ya Tarsier
Makolo a anyaniwa akuphatikizapo banja la Omomyidae lomwe limakhala ku North America ndi ku Eurasia nthawi ya Eocene - Oligocene. Mu mtundu wa Tarsius, mitundu yambiri imasiyanitsidwa, kuchuluka kwake kumasiyanasiyana kutengera mtundu wamagulu.
Masiku ano mtundu wa mitundu ndi:
- Tarsius dentatus (tarsier diana);
- Tarsius lariang;
- Tarsius fusko;
- Tarsius pumilus (pygmy tarsier);
- Tarsius pelengensis;
- Tarsius sangirensis;
- Tarsius wallacei;
- Tarsius tarsier (kum'mawa tarsier);
- Tarsius tumpara;
- Tarsius supriatnai;
- Masewera a Tarsius.
Komanso, subspecies 5 zimasiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu wa tarsiers.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Tarsiers amapezeka ku Southeast Asia kokha, kumene mtundu uliwonse umakhala pachilumba chimodzi kapena zingapo. Mitundu yambiri yamtunduwu imadziwika kuti ndi yokhazikika. Izi zikuphatikiza, mwachitsanzo, osaphunzira kwambiri a tarsiers, Tarsius pumilus, wokhala ku Central ndi South Sulawesi (Indonesia).
Zoona. Mpaka posachedwa, mitundu itatu yokha ya ma tarsier amphongo omwe adapezeka mzaka zosiyanasiyana adadziwika ndi sayansi.
T. pumilus woyamba adapezeka mu 1916 m'mapiri pakati pa Palu ndi Poso, wachiwiri mu 1930 pa Phiri la Rantemario ku South Sulawesi, ndipo wachitatu kale ku 2000 kutsetsereka kwa Phiri la Rorecatimbu. Tarsius tarsier (kum'mawa kwa tarsier) amakhala m'zilumba za Sulawesi, Peleng ndi Big Sangikhe.
Tarsiers amakonda kukhazikika m'tchire, nsungwi, udzu wamtali, nkhalango zamphepete mwa nyanja / zamapiri kapena nkhalango, komanso minda yazaulimi ndi minda yapafupi ndi komwe anthu amakhala.
Zakudya za Tarsier
Tarsiers, monga anyani odyera mwamtheradi, amaphatikiza tizilombo pazosankha zawo, nthawi zina amawasinthanitsa ndi zazing'ono zazing'ono ndi zopanda mafupa. Zakudya za tarsier zimaphatikizapo:
- kafadala ndi mphemvu;
- kupemphera mantise ndi ziwala;
- agulugufe ndi njenjete;
- nyerere ndi cicadas;
- zinkhanira ndi abuluzi;
- Njoka zapoizoni;
- mileme ndi mbalame.
Zofunafuna makutu, maso okonzedwa mochenjera komanso luso lodumpha modabwitsa zimathandiza ma tarsier kupeza nyama mumdima. Pogwira tizilombo, nyaniyo amamudya, ndikumugwira mwamphamvu ndi mawoko ake akutsogolo. Masana, tarsier imatenga voliyumu yofanana ndi 1/10 ya kulemera kwake.
Kubereka ndi ana
Tarsiers amakwatirana chaka chonse, koma nsonga yayikulu imagwera pa Novembala - February, pomwe anzawo amagwirizana awiriawiri, koma samanga zisa. Mimba (malinga ndi malipoti ena) imatenga miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, kutha ndikubadwa kwa mwana mmodzi, wowoneka komanso wokutidwa ndi ubweya. Mwana wakhanda amalemera 25-27 g ndi kutalika pafupifupi 7 cm ndi mchira wofanana ndi 11.5 cm.
Mwana nthawi yomweyo amamatira pamimba pa amayi ake kuti akwere kuchokera ku nthambi kupita kunthambi motere. Komanso, mayiwo amakoka mwana wakeyo mwachimuna (kugwira kufota ndi mano ake).
Patatha masiku angapo, safunikiranso chisamaliro cha amayi, koma monyinyirika amasiyana ndi mkaziyo, nakhala naye milungu ina itatu. Pakatha masiku 26, mwana wamphongoyo amayesetsa kugwira tizilombo tokha. Ntchito zobereka mu nyama zazing'ono sizidziwika kale kuposa chaka chimodzi. Pakadali pano, akazi okhwima amasiya banja: amuna achichepere amasiya amayi awo ali achinyamata.
Adani achilengedwe
Pali anthu ambiri m'nkhalango omwe akufuna kudya ma tarsiers, omwe amathawa nyama zogwiritsira ntchito ultrasound, zomwe sizingasiyanitsidwe ndi thandizo lakumva kwa omalizawa. Adani achilengedwe a tarsiers ndi awa:
- mbalame (makamaka akadzidzi);
- njoka;
- abuluzi;
- agalu / amphaka
Ma Tarsiers nawonso amagwidwa ndi anthu am'deralo omwe amadya nyama zawo. Anyani okhala ndi mantha, akuyembekeza kuti awopseze alenje, akuthamangira ndikutsika mitengo, kukamwa kutseguka komanso mano atuluka.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Pafupifupi mitundu yonse yamtundu wa Tarsius imaphatikizidwa (ngakhale m'malo osiyanasiyana) pa IUCN Red List. Tarsiers amatetezedwa mdziko lonse komanso padziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikiza CITES Zakumapeto II. Zinthu zazikulu zomwe zimawopseza anthu padziko lonse lapansi Tarsius amadziwika:
- kuchepa kwa malo okhala chifukwa cha ulimi;
- kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'minda yaulimi;
- kudula mitengo mosaloledwa;
- migodi ya miyala ya miyala yopangira simenti;
- Kugonjetsedwa kwa agalu ndi amphaka.
Zoona. Mitundu ina ya ma tarsiers (mwachitsanzo, ochokera ku North Sulawesi) ali pachiwopsezo china chifukwa chogwidwa ndikugulitsa ngati ziweto.
Mabungwe osamalira zachilengedwe amakumbutsa kuti anyani ndi othandiza kwambiri kwa alimi mwa kudya tizirombo ta mbewu zaulimi, kuphatikizapo mapemphero opempherera ndi ziwala zazikulu. Ichi ndichifukwa chake njira yothandiza kwambiri yosungira ma tarsiers (makamaka m'boma) ndikuyenera kuwononga malingaliro abodza onena za iwo ngati tizirombo taulimi.
