Tundra ndi nyengo yam'mlengalenga, mbali imodzi, yomangidwa ndi malo oundana osatha a Arctic, ndipo mbali inayo, ndi nkhalango za taiga. M'nyengo yozizira m'chigawochi kumatenga miyezi isanu ndi inayi ndipo ngakhale nthawi yotentha nthaka imasungunuka pamwamba pake. Koma kuuma kwa nyengo sikunasinthe tundra kukhala malo opanda moyo. Ndi kwawo kwa mitundu yambiri ya nyama. Kuti apulumuke mikhalidwe yakumpoto, nyama, mbalame ndi anthu ena okhala m'chigawochi amayenera kukhala olimba, olimba, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito njira zina zopulumukira.
Zinyama
Mitundu yambiri yazinyama imakhala m'malo amtundra. Izi ndizomwe zimadya nyama yakutchire, zomwe zimakonda kukhala zokhutira ndi masamba osowa pazaka mamiliyoni ambiri zomwe zidakhalapo. Koma palinso zolusa zomwe zimawasaka, komanso nyama zamatsenga.
Mphalapala
Artiodactyls iyi imadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zam'mapiri. Thupi ndi khosi lawo ndizitali, koma miyendo yawo imawoneka yayifupi komanso yosafanana. Chifukwa chofunafuna chakudya, gwape nthawi zonse amayenera kutsitsa mutu ndi khosi kutsika, zimatha kupereka chithunzi choti chimakhala ndi hump yaying'ono.
Ng'ombe zazing'ono sizidziwika ndi kukongola kwa mizere ndi mayendedwe osangalatsa, omwe amadziwika ndi mitundu yake yofananira yakumwera. Koma chomera choterechi chimakhala ndi kukongola kwapadera: mawonekedwe ake onse ndikuwonetsa mphamvu, chidaliro komanso kupirira.
Pamutu pa mphalapala pali nyanga zazikulu, zazing'ono, komanso, zimapezeka mwa amuna ndi akazi.
Chovala chake ndi chakuda, cholimba komanso chotanuka. M'nyengo yozizira, ubweyawo umakhala wautali kwambiri ndipo umapanga mane ang'onoang'ono ndi nthenga zapansi pake komanso mozungulira ziboda. Tsitsi limakhala ndi awn yolimba komanso yolimba, momwe mulinso mkanjo wothinana, koma wowonda kwambiri.
M'nyengo yotentha, mphalapala ndimtundu wa khofi kapena bulauni, pomwe m'nyengo yozizira mtundu wa ubweya umakhala wosiyanasiyana, wowala woyera, komanso madera amdima kwambiri amawonekera.
Chifukwa choti ali ndi tiziwalo tating'onoting'onoting'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono, nyama zamphongo zimakakamizika kutsegulira pakamwa nthawi yotentha, zikawatentha, kuti zizitha kutentha thupi.
Kapangidwe kabwino ka ziboda, momwe ziwalo zala zimatha kugwedezeka, titero, komanso "burashi" yopangidwa ndi ubweya, yomwe imalepheretsa kuvulala kwa miyendo ndipo, nthawi yomweyo, imakulitsa malo othandizira, imalola kuti nyamayo izisuntha mosavuta ngakhale chisanu chofewa kwambiri.
Chifukwa cha izi, mphalapala zimatha kusuntha tundra kukafunafuna chakudya nthawi iliyonse pachaka, kupatula, mwina, masiku omwe kuli mphepo zamkuntho zamphamvu.
Ndizosatheka kutcha moyo wawo kukhala wosavuta, popeza nyama izi zili ndi adani ambiri pamtambo. Makamaka, mphalapala zimasakidwa ndi zimbalangondo, mimbulu, nkhandwe zaku arctic ndi nkhandwe. Ngati agwape ali ndi mwayi, ndiye kuti mwachilengedwe amatha kukhala zaka 28.
Caribbean
Ngati mphalapala wamba imakhala m'chigawo cha Eurasia, ndiye kuti caribou amakhala m'chigawo cha North America. Zimasiyana pang'ono ndi msuwani wake waku Europe, kupatula kuti mphalapala zakutchire zimatanthauza caribou. M'mbuyomu, magulu osawerengeka a nyamazi ankayendayenda kumpoto kwa dziko la America. Koma mpaka pano, kuchuluka kwa caribou kwatsika kwambiri.
Ku North America, ma subspecies otsatirawa a caribou amakhala mumtunda:
- Greenland caribou
- Caribou Granta
- Caribou Piri
Zosangalatsa! Anthu a ku Caribbean anakhalabe olusa chifukwa nzika za kumpoto kwa America sizinkaweta, monga momwe mafuko omwe amakhala kumpoto kwa Eurasia adachitirako kale, zomwe zimasaka mphalapala.
Nkhosa zazikulu
Nyama yamalamulo olimba komanso kukula kwapakatikati, yomwe imayimira mtundu wa nkhosa zamphongo kuchokera ku artiodactyl order. Mutu ndi wawung'ono, makutu nawonso ndi ochepa, khosi ndi lamphamvu, lamphamvu komanso lalifupi. Nyanga ndizopindika mwamphamvu, zowoneka bwino komanso zotchuka. Amakhala ngati mphete yosakwanira. Malo awo ndi olimba kwambiri komanso okulirapo, ndipo kumapeto kwake nyanga zimachepetsa kwambiri ndikuyamba kupindika pang'ono mbali.
Nkhosa zazikulu zimakhala m'mapiri, komanso, nyama iyi sichikhazikika m'malo omwe chipale chofewa chimaposa masentimita 40, ndipo kutumphuka kwambiri sikuwayeneranso. Dera lomwe amagawira limakhudza Kum'mawa kwa Siberia, koma kumakhala zigawo zingapo zosiyana, komwe kumakhala nyama iyi.
Zosangalatsa! Amakhulupirira kuti nkhosa zazikulu zimapezeka ku Siberia pafupifupi zaka 600,000 zapitazo, panthawi yomwe Eurasia ndi America adalumikizidwa ndi Bering Bridge yomwe idasowa.
Kudzera m'mbali mwa dera lino momwe makolo akale a nkhosa zazikulu kwambiri adasamukira ku Alaska kupita kudera la Eastern Siberia, komwe, pambuyo pake, adapanga mtundu wina.
Achibale awo apamtima ndi nkhosa zamphongo zaku America ndi zamphongo za Dall. Kuphatikiza apo, omalizawa amakhalanso okhala m'chigumacho, komabe, ku North America: magulu awo amayambira kumwera kwa Alaska kupita ku British Columbia.
Ng'ombe ya musk
Makolo akale a nyamayi nthawi ina ankakhala kumapiri a Central Asia. Koma pafupifupi zaka 3.5 miliyoni zapitazo, pamene kunayamba kuzizira, adakhazikika ku Siberia ndi kumpoto kwa Eurasia. Komanso, kudzera mu Bering Isthmus, adafika ku Alaska, ndipo kuchokera kumeneko adafika ku Greenland.
Ng'ombe za Musk zimawoneka zosangalatsa kwambiri: ali ndi thupi lolimba komanso lolimba, mitu yayikulu ndi makosi ofupika. Thupi la zitsamba izi limakutidwa ndi ubweya wautali komanso wonenepa kwambiri wosanjikiza anayi, wopanga mtundu wa chovala, kuphatikiza apo, malaya ake amkati ndi wandiweyani, ofewa, ndipo mukutentha amakhala opitilira kasanu ndi ubweya wa nkhosa. Nyanga za ng'ombe zamtundu wa musk zimakhala zazikulu pafupi ndi tsinde, zokhala ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira komanso zopindika kumapeto kwake.
Ng'ombe zambiri zamtundu wa musk ndi nyama zocheza, zimakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi akazi okhala ndi ana ndi ana achimuna. Amuna achikulire amatha kukhala padera, pomwe nthawi yamvula amayesetsa kulanda gulu la akazi mwachangu kwa omwe akupikisana nawo, omwe nawonso amawateteza mwakhama.
Lemming
Kamphindi kakang'ono ngati mbewa kamene kali m'banja la hamster. Ndi mandimu omwe amapanga maziko a chakudya cha nyama zambiri zomwe zimakhala mdothi.
Ichi ndi cholengedwa chamkati, kukula kwake, pamodzi ndi mchira wake, sichipitilira masentimita 17, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi magalamu 70, makamaka kumabweretsa moyo wokha. Nthawi yokhala ndi zipatso ndizochepa, chifukwa chake, nyamazi ndizoyenera kuswana ali ndi zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi. Amayi amabala zinyalala zoyamba ali ndi zaka za miyezi 2-3, ndipo mchaka chimodzi chokha amatha kukhala ndi ana mpaka asanu ndi mmodzi, iliyonse imakhala ndi ana a 5-6.
Lemimoni amadyetsa zakudya zamasamba: mbewu, masamba ndi mizu ya mitengo yazipatso. Samabisala, koma nthawi yachilimwe amapanga zikopa momwe amabisalira zakudya, zomwe amadya panthawi yanjala. Kukachitika kuti chakudya m'dera linalake chitha, mwachitsanzo, chifukwa chakukolola kocheperako, mandimu amayenera kusamukira kumagawo atsopano komwe chakudya sichinathe.
Mitundu yotsatirayi ya mandimu imakhala mumtunda:
- Lemming yaku Norway
- Lemming waku Siberia
- Lemming ya ziboda
- Lemming Vinogradov
Zonsezi ndizopakidwa utoto wofiirira kwambiri, wophatikizidwa ndi zolemba zakuda, mwachitsanzo, mitundu yakuda kapena imvi.
Zosangalatsa! Lemamm ya ziboda zosiyana imasiyana ndi abale ake osati kokha chifukwa cha utoto wake wosalala, waimvi ndi phulusa lofiirira, komanso chifukwa chakuti zikhadabo ziwiri zapakati pazotsogolo zake zimakula, ndikupanga mtundu wa foloko yayitali.
Gopher waku America
Ngakhale ali ndi dzina, ma gopher aku America ndiomwe amakhala mumtsinje wa Eurasia, ndipo mwachitsanzo, ku Chukotka, mumatha kukumana nawo. Kumpoto kwa Russia, nyama zomwe zili m'banja la agologolo zimakhala ndi zawo ndipo nthawi yomweyo zimakhala zoseketsa: apa amatchedwa evrashki.
Agologolo agulu amakhala m'midzi, iliyonse yomwe imaphatikizapo anthu 5-50. Nyama izi ndizopatsa chidwi, koma zambiri zomwe zimadya zimakhala ndi zakudya zazomera: ma rhizomes kapena mababu azomera, zipatso, mphukira za shrub ndi bowa. Chifukwa choti ma gopher amafunikira mphamvu zambiri nyengo yozizira, amayeneranso kudya malasankhuli ndi tizilombo tambiri. Nthawi zovuta kwambiri, amatha kudya nyama yonyansa, kunyamula zinyalala za chakudya, kapena ngakhale kusaka abale awo, ngakhale, kawirikawiri, a Evrashki amakhala ochezeka wina ndi mnzake.
Agologolo agulu aku America amagwira ntchito chilimwe chokha, kwa miyezi 7-8 yonseyi ali mgona.
Kalulu wa Arctic
Imodzi mwa hares yayikulu kwambiri: kutalika kwake kwa thupi kumafikira 65 cm, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi 5.5 kg. Kutalika kwa makutu ake ndikofupikitsa kuposa, mwachitsanzo, kwa kalulu. Izi ndizofunikira kuti muchepetse kutentha kwakanthawi kovuta. Mapazi ndi otakata, ndipo ziyangoyango za zala zakumapazi ndi mapazi zimakutidwa ndi tsitsi lakuda, ndikupanga mtundu wa burashi. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe amiyendo, kalulu amatha kuyenda mosavuta pachipale chofewa.
Kalulu adadziwika ndi dzina lake chifukwa m'nyengo yozizira mtundu wake umayera bwino, kupatula nsonga zakuda za makutu. M'chilimwe, kalulu woyera amajambulidwa mumithunzi yakuda kapena imvi. Kusintha kwa nyengo kwamtunduwu kumathandiza kuti ipulumuke, kumadzibisa ngati mtundu wachilengedwe, kotero kuti nthawi yozizira kumakhala kovuta kuiwona mu chipale chofewa, ndipo nthawi yachilimwe ili pansi itakutidwa ndi udzu.
Nkhandwe yofiira
Pamtengo waukulu, nkhandwe zimadyetsa ndimu, koma nthawi zina sizimavutika kudya nyama zina. Zodya nyamazi sizimagwira mahatchi pafupipafupi, koma mazira a mbalame ndi anapiye nthawi zambiri amakhala akudya.
M'nyengo yobereka, nkhandwe zomwe zimakhala pafupi ndi mitsinje ikuluikulu zimadyetsa makamaka nsomba za salmon zomwe zafooka kapena kufa zitabereka. Mankhwalawa samanyoza abuluzi ndi tizilombo, ndipo panthawi ya njala amatha kudya zovunda. Komabe, nkhandwe zimafunikiranso chakudya chomera. Ichi ndichifukwa chake amadya zipatso kapena amabzala mphukira.
Ankhandwe omwe amakhala pafupi ndi malo okhala komanso malo ochezera alendo samangoyendera malo otayira zinyalala kuti apindule ndi zinyalala za chakudya, komanso amathanso kupempha chakudya kwa anthu.
Mimbulu ya Tundra ndi kumadzulo
Nkhandwe yamtunduwu imasiyanitsidwa ndi kukula kwake kwakukulu (kulemera kwake kumafika makilogalamu 50) ndipo imakhala yowala kwambiri, nthawi zina imakhala yoyera, yayitali, yofewa komanso yolimba. Mofanana ndi mimbulu yonse, oimira subspecies awa ndi olusa.
Amasaka makoswe, hares ndi ungulates. Gawo lofunikira pa zakudya zawo ndi nyama yamphongo yamphongo, chifukwa chake mimbulu yambiri imasamukira pambuyo pa ziweto zawo. Nyama imatha kudya makilogalamu 15 a nyama nthawi imodzi.
Mimbulu ya Tundra imasungidwa pagulu la anthu 5-10, imasaka nyama yayikulu limodzi, koma ngati siziwonetsedwa, amawona mbewa, kukumba maenje a mandimu.
M'madera aku Arctic tundra, amatha kuwukira ng'ombe zamisiki, koma nyama ya osululayi ndiyosankhika kuposa gawo wamba lazakudya zawo.
Zosangalatsa! Mu tundra, makamaka m'malo oyandikana ndi Arctic, palinso nkhandwe ya polar, yomwe ili yayikulu kwambiri.
Kutalika kwake ndi 80-93 cm ndikufota, ndipo kulemera kwake kumatha kufika 85 kg. Makhalidwe akunja odziwikawa ndi makutu ang'onoang'ono, ozunguliridwa kumapeto, malaya oyera oyera ndi mchira wautali, wolimba. Mimbulu ya ku Arctic imasaka makamaka ma lemmings ndi hares, koma amafunikanso nyama yayikulu, monga reindeer kapena musk ng'ombe, kuti ipulumuke. Zowonongekazi zimakhala m'magulu, kuyambira anthu 7 mpaka 25.
Nkhandwe ya ku Arctic
Kanyama kakang'ono ka canine kamene kamawoneka ngati nkhandwe. Pali mitundu iwiri yosankha nyama iyi: yachibadwa, yoyera komanso yotchedwa buluu. Mu nkhandwe yoyera, m'nyengo yozizira, kuyera kwa nkhandwe yoyera kumatha kufananizidwa ndi chisanu chatsopano chomwe chagwa, ndipo mu nkhandwe yabuluu, chovalacho ndichakuda - kuyambira khofi wamchenga mpaka mithunzi ya buluu-chitsulo kapena chofiirira. Ankhandwe abuluu ndi osowa m'chilengedwe, chifukwa chake ndiofunika kwambiri pakati pa alenje.
Ankhandwe akum'mwera kwa Arctic amakonda kukhala m'phiri lamapiri, komwe amakumba mabowo pamapiri amchenga am'mapiri, omwe ndi ovuta komanso nthawi zina ovuta kwambiri.
Amadyetsa ndimu ndi mbalame, ngakhale zili zowona. Nthawi zina ankhandwe ku Arctic amayesetsa kulimbana ndi ana a mphalapala omwe asochera. Nthawi zina, sadzaphonya mwayi wodya nsomba, zomwe amatha kungonyamula kumtunda komwe kwatsuka kale, kapena kudzigwira okha.
Ngakhale kuti nkhandwe ndi nyama yofunika kwambiri yobala ubweya, alenje sada chifukwa nyamayi imabera nyama yomwe yagwera mumisampha.
Sungani
Chilombo china chomwe chimakhala mumtunda. Ermine ndi nyama yapakatikati ya banja la weasel. Ali ndi thupi ndi khosi lolumikizidwa, miyendo yofupikitsidwa ndi mutu womwe umafanana ndi kansalu kapatatu. Makutu ndi ang'ono, ozunguliridwa, mchira wake ndi wautali ndi nsonga yakuda yofanana ndi burashi.
M'nyengo yozizira, ubweya wa ermine umakhala woyera ngati chipale kupatula nsonga yakuda ya mchira. M'chilimwe, nyama iyi imakhala ndi utoto wofiirira, ndipo mimba yake, chifuwa, khosi ndi chibwano ndi zonona zoyera.
Ermine amadyetsa makoswe ang'onoang'ono, mbalame, abuluzi, amphibiya, komanso nsomba. Ikhoza kuukira nyama zazikulu kuposa kukula kwake, mwachitsanzo, hares.
Ngakhale ndi ochepa, ma ermine amasiyanitsidwa ndi kulimba mtima komanso kulimba mtima komwe sikunachitikepo, ndipo ngati adzipeza alibe chiyembekezo, amathamangira ngakhale kwa anthu osazengereza.
Chimbalangondo chakumtunda
Chinyama chachikulu kwambiri, mwinanso, champhamvu kwambiri komanso chowopsa chamtsinje. Amakhala makamaka mdera la polar tundra. Amasiyanitsidwa ndi mitundu ina yamtundu wa chimbalangondo ndi khosi lalitali komanso mutu wopyapyala wokhala ndi thunzi tating'onoting'ono. Mtundu wa ubweya wandiweyani komanso wofunda wa nyama iyi ndi wachikasu kapena pafupifupi woyera, nthawi zina ubweya umakhala wonyezimira wobiriwira chifukwa choti ndere zazing'ono zakhazikika m'ming'alu ya tsitsi.
Monga mwalamulo, zimbalangondo zakumtunda zimasaka zisindikizo, ma walrus ndi nyama zina zam'madzi, koma zimatha kudya nsomba zakufa, anapiye, mazira, udzu ndi ndere, ndipo pafupi ndi mizinda amafufuza m'malo otayira zinyalala posaka zinyalala za chakudya.
M'madera otentha kwambiri, zimbalangondo zakumtunda zimakhala makamaka m'nyengo yozizira, ndipo nthawi yotentha zimasamukira kumadera ozizira kwambiri a Arctic.
Mbalame za Tundra
M'mphepete mwa nyanjayi mumakhala mbalame zambiri, nthawi zambiri zimafika m'malo ozizira awa nthawi yachisanu. Komabe, pakati pawo pali ena omwe amakhala mumtunda wokhazikika. Aphunzira kuzolowera nyengo yovuta chifukwa chakulimba mtima kwawo komanso kuthekera kopulumuka m'malo ovuta kwambiri.
Chomera cha Lapland
Munthuyu wakumpoto kwa tundra amapezeka ku Siberia, komanso kumpoto kwa Europe, ku Norway ndi Sweden, ma subspecies angapo amapezeka ku Canada. Amakonda kukhazikika m'mapiri okhala ndi zomera.
Mbalameyi siimasiyana kukula kwake, ndipo nthenga zake m'nyengo yozizira zimakhala zosawoneka bwino: zofiirira zofiirira ndi zipsera zazing'ono zakuda ndi mikwingwirima pamutu ndi mapiko. Koma pofika nyengo yoswana, chomera cha Lapland chimasinthidwa: chimapeza mikwingwirima yakuda ndi yoyera pamutu, ndipo kumbuyo kwake kumakhala kofiirira.
Zomera za Lapland zimamanga chisa nthawi yomweyo chipale chofewa chikasungunuka, chimachimanga pa udzu, mizu ndi moss, ndipo mkati mwake mumakhala ndi ubweya wa nyama ndi udzu.
Chomera cha Lapland chimapha udzudzu wambiri wokhala m'chigwacho, chifukwa ndiwo gawo lalikulu la chakudya chake.
M'nyengo yozizira, pomwe kulibe tizilombo toyamwa magazi, chomera chimadyetsa mbewu.
Mpweya wofiira wamphongo wofiira
Mbalame yaying'ono yosiyanasiyanayi ya banja la wagtail imakhala mumtunda wa ku Eurasia komanso kugombe lakumadzulo kwa Alaska. Amakonda kukhazikika m'malo achithaphwi, komanso, amamanga chisa pansi pomwe.
Skate iyi idatchulidwapo chifukwa chakuti pakhosi pake, mbali yake, pachifuwa ndi mbali, amapentedwa ndi mithunzi yofiirira. Mimba, asakatuli, ndi mphete ya diso ndi yoyera, ndipo kumtunda ndi kumbuyo kuli bulauni ndi mikwingwirima yakuda.
Pipiti wofiira wam'mbali amayimba, nthawi zambiri akamauluka, nthawi zambiri samakhala pansi kapena panthambi. Kuimba kwa mbalameyi kumafanana ndi ma trilosi, koma nthawi zambiri kumatha ndikulira.
Wokonda
Masipopu apakatikati kapena ang'onoang'ono, omwe amadziwika kuti ndi olimba kwambiri, bilu yayifupi yolunjika, mapiko otambalala ndi mchira. Miyendo yamakolo ndiyofupikitsa, zala zakumbuyo sizipezeka. Mitundu yakumbuyo ndi kumutu imakhala yofiirira kwambiri, mimba ndi kumunsi kwa mchira ndizoyera. Pakhoza kukhala pamizere yakuda ndi yoyera pamutu kapena m'khosi.
Amakonda kudya nyama zopanda mafupa, ndipo mosiyana ndi mbalame zina zam'madzi, zimawadyera, akuthamanga pansi posaka nyama.
Amphakawa amakhala nthawi yayitali chilimwe, pomwe amaswana, ndipo nthawi yozizira amapita kumpoto kwa Africa ndi ku Arabia.
Punochka
Mbalameyi, yomwe imatchedwanso chipale chofewa chisa, zisa zawo m'malo okwera a Eurasia ndi America.
Nthawi yoswana, amuna amakhala akuda ndi oyera, ndipo akazi amakhala ofiira akuda, omwe amawunikira pamimba ndi pachifuwa pafupifupi mpaka kuyera. Nthawi yomweyo, nthenga zonse zamdima zimakhala ndi zopindika pang'ono. M'nyengo yozizira, utoto umasintha kuti ugwirizane ndi utoto, womwe umadzaza ndi udzu wofiirira komanso wosakutidwa ndi chipale chofewa, chifukwa ndipamene pamakhala matalala a chipale chofewa nthawi ino ya chaka.
M'chilimwe, mbalamezi zimadya tizilombo, m'nyengo yozizira zimasamukira ku zakudya, gawo lalikulu lomwe ndi mbewu ndi mbewu.
Punochka ndi mbiri yotchuka pakati pa anthu okhala kumadera akumpoto.
Partridge yoyera
M'nyengo yozizira, nthenga zake zimakhala zoyera, pomwe nthawi yotentha ptarmigan imakhala yamawangamawanga, yofiirira, yolowererana ndi zolemba zoyera ndi zakuda ngati mapiko. Sakonda kuwuluka, chifukwa chake amadzuka pamapiko ngati njira yomaliza, mwachitsanzo, ngati akuchita mantha. Nthawi yotsala amakonda kubisala kapena kuthamanga pansi.
Mbalame zimakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, 5-15 payekha. Maanja amapangidwa kamodzi kokha.
Kwenikweni, ptarmigan amadyetsa zakudya zamasamba, nthawi zina amatha kugwira ndikudya nyama zopanda mafupa. Kupatula ndi anapiye m'masiku oyamba amoyo wawo, omwe makolo awo amapatsidwa tizilombo.
M'nyengo yozizira, ptarmigan amabisala m'chipale chofewa, pomwe amabisalira nyama zolusa, ndipo, nthawi yomweyo, amafunafuna chakudya posowa chakudya.
Tundra swan
Mumakhala tundra yamadera aku Europe ndi Asia aku Russia, ndipo amapezeka pano ndi apo pazilumbazi. Amakhala m'malo amadzi otseguka. Amadyetsa makamaka masamba am'madzi, udzu, zipatso. Ma swundra swans omwe amakhala kum'mawa kwa malo awo amadyetsanso nyama zam'madzi zopanda nsomba komanso nsomba zazing'ono.
Kunja, ndi ofanana ndi ma swans ena oyera, mwachitsanzo, mahule, koma ochepa kukula kwake. Tundra swans ndi amodzi, mbalamezi zimakhalira moyo wonse. Chisa chimamangidwa pamwamba, komanso mkati mwake chimakhala ndi pansi. M'dzinja, amasiya malo awo okhala ndi kupita kukazizira m'maiko a Western Europe.
Kadzidzi Woyera
Kadzidzi wamkulu yemwe amapezeka mumtunda wa kumpoto kwa America, Eurasia, Greenland komanso zilumba zilizonse m'nyanja ya Arctic. Imasiyana ndi nthenga zoyera, zamawangamawanga ndi timadontho takuda ndi mizere. Anapiye a kadzidzi wachipale ndi abulauni. Mbalame zazikulu zimakhala ndi nthenga m'miyendo yawo, mofanana ndi nthenga.
Mitundu yotereyi imalola chilombochi kuti chizidzibisa kumbuyo kwa nthaka yachisanu. Gawo lalikulu lazakudya zake limapangidwa ndi makoswe, arctic hares ndi mbalame. Kuphatikiza apo, kadzidzi woyera amatha kudyetsa nsomba, ndipo ngati kulibe, ndiye kuti adzaluma nyama yowola.
Mbalameyi siimasiyana phokoso, koma nthawi yoswana imatha kulira mokweza, modzidzimutsa, mofanana ndi kulira.
Monga mwalamulo, kadzidzi wachipale chofewa amasaka pansi, akuthamangira nyama zomwe zingawatengere, koma pakadutsa amatha mbalame zazing'ono pomwe zikuuluka.
Zokwawa ndi amphibiya
Mtundawu si malo oyenera kwambiri pazinthu zokonda kutentha ngati izi. N'zosadabwitsa kuti kulibe pafupifupi zokwawa kumeneko. Kupatula mitundu itatu ya zokwawa zomwe zatha kutengera nyengo yozizira. Pali mitundu iwiri yokha ya amphibiya kumtunda: salamander ya Siberia ndi mphamba wamba.
Chingwe chopepuka
Zimatanthauza kuchuluka kwa abuluzi amiyendo yabodza. Kutalika kwake kumafika masentimita 50. Mtunduwo ndi wofiirira, wotuwa kapena wamkuwa, amunawo amakhala ndi mikwingwirima yopepuka ndi yakuda yopingasa pambali, akaziwo amakhala amitundu yofananira. Masika, buluziyu amakhala akugwira masana, ndipo nthawi yotentha amakhala usiku. Kubisala m'mabowo, ziphuphu zovunda, milu ya nthambi. Chopotacho chilibe miyendo, chifukwa chake anthu mosadziwa nthawi zambiri amasokoneza ndi njoka.
Viviparous buluzi
Zokwawa izi sizingatengeke kwenikweni kuzizira kuposa mitundu ina ya abuluzi, chifukwa chake, kutalika kwawo kumafikira kumpoto mpaka kumtunda kwambiri. Amapezekanso mumtambo. Abuluzi a Viviparous ndi achikuda bulauni, okhala ndi mikwingwirima yakuda m'mbali. Mimba yamphongo ndi yofiira-lalanje, ndi ya akazi - yokhala ndi ubweya wobiriwira kapena wachikaso.
Zokwawa izi zimadya nyama zopanda mafupa, makamaka tizilombo. Nthawi yomweyo, sadziwa kutafuna nyama yawo, chifukwa chake, nyama zochepa zopanda nyama zimapanga nyama zawo.
Chimodzi mwa abuluzi awa ndi kubadwa kwa ana amoyo, zomwe sizikhalidwe kwa zokwawa zambiri zomwe zimayikira mazira.
Njoka wamba
Njoka yaululu iyi, yomwe imakonda nyengo yozizira, imachita bwino nthawi zambiri. Zowona, amayenera kukhala chaka chonse ali mtulo, akubisala penapake mu dzenje kapena ngalande. M'chilimwe amakonda kukwawa kuti akawombedwe ndi dzuwa. Amadyetsa makoswe, amphibiya ndi abuluzi; nthawi zina, amatha kuwononga zisa za mbalame zomangidwa pansi.
Amasiyana ndi mtundu wakuda, wabulauni kapena wofiyira. Kumbuyo kwake kwa mphiriyo kuli mawonekedwe owoneka bwino a zigzag mdima.
Njoka iyi siimenya munthu ndipo ikapanda kumugwira, imangoyenda mwakachetechete pantchito yake.
Zokonda ku Siberia
Newt iyi ndiye nyama yamphibiya yokhayo yomwe yakwanitsa kusintha kuzolowera madzi oundana. Komabe, mu tundra, samawoneka kawirikawiri, chifukwa njira yake yamoyo imagwirizanitsidwa ndi nkhalango za taiga. Amadyetsa makamaka tizilombo ndi nyama zina zopanda mafupa.
Glycerin, yotulutsidwa ndi chiwindi chawo isanafike nthawi yozizira, imathandiza atsopanowa kupulumuka kuzizira.
Zonsezi, kuchuluka kwa glycerin pokhudzana ndi kulemera kwa thupi mu salamanders panthawiyi ya chaka kumafikira pafupifupi 40%.
Chule wamba
Chomera chachikulu chotchedwa amphibian, chokutidwa ndi khungu lolimba la bulauni, azitona, terracotta kapena mithunzi yamchenga. Mu taiga imadyetsa makamaka tizilombo. Imabisala m'mabowo okumbidwa ndi mbewa zazing'onozing'ono, kangapo pamwala. Ikamenyedwa ndi nyama zolusa, imayamba kuimirira ndiyeno imawopseza.
Nsomba
Mitsinje yomwe ikuyenda kudutsa mumtunda amakhala ndi nsomba zamitundumitundu za mtundu wa whitefish. Amachita mbali yayikulu m'chilengedwe, popeza ndi gawo la zakudya zamitundu yambiri.
Nsomba zoyera
Mitundu yoposa 65 ndiyamtunduwu, koma kuchuluka kwake sikunadziwikebe. Whitefish yonse ndi nsomba zamtengo wapatali zamalonda, chifukwa chake kuchuluka kwawo m'mitsinje kukucheperachepera. Whitefish imadyetsa nsomba zapakatikati, plankton ndi zing'onoting'ono zazing'ono.
Oimira odziwika kwambiri amtunduwu ndi nsomba zoyera, nsomba zoyera, muksun, vendace, omul.
Akangaude Tundra
Pamtundawu pamakhala akangaude ambiri. Zina mwa izo ndi mitundu monga akangaude a nkhandwe, akangaude a udzu, akangaude owomba.
Akangaude a Wolf
Amakhala kulikonse, kupatula ku Antarctica. Akangaude a Wolf amakhala okha. Amasaka mwina pozungulira katundu wawo kufunafuna nyama, kapena kukhala m'malo abowo. Mwachilengedwe, samachitira anthu nkhanza, koma ngati wina awasautsa, amatha kuluma. Chifuwa cha akangaude a nkhandwe omwe amakhala mumtundamu sichowopsa kwa anthu, koma chimayambitsa zomverera zosasangalatsa monga kufiira, kuyabwa komanso kupweteka kwakanthawi.
Kangaude wamtunduwu, atabereka ana, amaika akangaude pamimba pake ndikumawanyamula mpaka atayamba kudzisaka okha.
Akangaude
Akangaude amasiyanitsidwa ndi thupi lokulirapo komanso lopepuka komanso owonda kwambiri, miyendo yayitali, ndichifukwa chake amatchedwanso akangaude amiyendo yayitali. Nthawi zambiri amakhala m'malo okhala anthu, pomwe amasankha malo otentha kwambiri ngati malo okhala.
Chikhalidwe cha akalulu awa ndi maukonde awo otchera msoko: sizokakamira konse, koma zimawoneka ngati ulusi wosakanikirana, momwe wovutitsidwayo, poyesera kuthawa mumsampha, amakodwa pamenepo.
Oluka akangaude
Akangaude amenewa amapezeka kulikonse. Monga lamulo, amaluka maukonde ang'onoang'ono amitundu itatu momwe amagwirira nyama yawo. Amasaka makamaka ma dipterans ang'onoang'ono.
Mbali yakunja ya akangaudewa ndi cephalothorax woboola pakati wokulirapo, kukula kwake kofanana ndi pamimba kolozera kumapeto.
Tizilombo
Palibe mitundu yambiri ya tizilombo tundra. Kwenikweni, awa ndi nthumwi za mtundu wa Diptera, monga udzudzu, komanso, ambiri a iwo amadya magazi a nyama ndi anthu.
Gnus
Kutolere kwa tizilombo toyamwa magazi tomwe timakhala mumtundawu amatchedwa udzudzu. Izi zikuphatikizapo udzudzu, midge, midge yoluma, ntchentche. Pali mitundu khumi ndi iwiri ya udzudzu mu taiga.
Gnus imagwira ntchito makamaka mchilimwe, pomwe gawo lam'madzi lam'madzi lam'madzi limasungunuka. M'milungu ingapo, tizilombo toyamwa magazi timaswana kwambiri.
Kwenikweni, udzudzu umadyetsa magazi a nyama ndi anthu ofunda, koma milomo yoluma imatha kuluma ngakhale zokwawa, ngati kulibe nyama ina yoyenera.
Kuphatikiza pa kupweteka kwa kulumidwa komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha malovu a tizilombo omwe atsekedwa m'mabala, ntchentche imakhalanso ndi matenda ambiri. Ndiye chifukwa chake malo omwe kuli zochuluka amawerengedwa kuti ndi ovuta kudutsa ndipo anthu amayesetsa kuti asayandikire pafupi nawo momwe angathere.
Mu tundra, pomwe tsiku lililonse limasandulika kukhala kulimbana ndi moyo, nyama zimayenera kusinthasintha nyengo. Amphamvu kwambiri apulumuka pano, kapena amene amatha kuzolowera zikhalidwe zakomweko. Nyama zambiri ndi mbalame zakumpoto zimasiyanitsidwa ndi ubweya wakuda kapena nthenga, ndipo mtundu wawo umabisala. Kwa ena, utoto uwu umathandiza kubisala nyama zolusa, pomwe ena, m'malo mwake, amakola wovulalayo pomubisalira kapena kuzembera mosazindikira. Omwe sanathe kuzolowera mikhalidwe imeneyi kuti azingokhala m'chigwacho nthawi zonse, ndikumayambika kwa nthawi yophukira, amayenera kusamukira kumadera otentha kapena kupita ku tulo tofa nato kuti athe kupulumuka miyezi yozizira kwambiri mchaka mu makanema ojambula.
