Kalulu woyera kapena kalulu woyera ndi nyama yoyamwitsa yayikulu kwambiri kuyambira mtundu wa hares ndi dongosolo la Lagomorphs. Kalulu woyera ndi nyama yodziwika kumpoto kwa Eurasia, koma ndi mitundu yosasinthika yakukhala ku Antarctica ndi Australia.
Kufotokozera kwa kalulu woyera
Kalulu woyera ndi wamkulu kukula. Kutalika kwa thupi la nyama yayikulu kumasiyanasiyana pakati pa 44-65 cm, koma anthu ena okhwima amakwaniritsa masentimita 73-74 masentimita olemera 1.6-5.5 kg. Nthawi yomweyo, hares zoyera zomwe zimakhala kumwera chakum'mawa kwa malowa ndizochepa poyerekeza ndi nyama zakumpoto chakumadzulo.
Maonekedwe, kukula kwake
Mitundu yayikulu yoyera (mpaka 5.4-5.5 kg) ndiomwe amakhala m'chigawo cha Western Siberia, ndipo oyimira ang'onoang'ono amtunduwu (mpaka 2.8-3.0 kg) amakhala ku Yakutia ndi dera la Far East. Makutu a kalulu amakhala ataliatali (7.5-10.0 cm), koma amafupikitsa kwambiri kuposa akalulu. Mchira wa kalulu woyera, monga lamulo, ndi woyera kwathunthu, wamfupi komanso wozungulira, ndi kutalika kuyambira 5.0-10.8 cm.
Nyamayi imakhala ndi mapazi otakata, ndipo tsitsi lakuthwa lakuda limaphimba mapazi ndi zikhomo zakumapazi. Katundu wokwera pa sentimita imodzi iliyonse ya mphako wa kalulu ndi magalamu 8.5-12.0 okha, chifukwa chomwe nyama yakuthengo imatha kuyenda mosavuta komanso mwachangu ngakhale pachikuto chofewa. Mutu wa kalulu woyera nthawi zambiri umakhala wakuda pang'ono kuposa kumbuyo, ndipo mbali zake zimakhala zopepuka kwambiri. Mimbayo ndi yoyera. M'madera omwe mulibe chipale chofewa pomwe mphezi zoyera sizisanduka zoyera nthawi yozizira.
Hare amatulutsa kangapo pachaka: mchaka ndi nthawi yophukira. Njira yosungunuka imakhudzana kwambiri ndi zinthu zakunja, ndipo kuyambika kwake kumayambitsidwa ndi kusintha kwa nthawi yayitali masana. Kutentha kwamlengalenga kumatsimikizira kuchuluka kwa kusungunuka kwa mult. Nyumbayi imayamba mu February-Marichi ndipo imatha masiku 75-80. Kumpoto kwa gululi, ku Far East ndi Siberia, molt imayamba mu Epulo kapena Meyi, mpaka Disembala.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti nthawi yophukira yoyera mu hares yoyera imapitilira mbali ina, motero ubweya umasintha kuchokera kumbuyo kwa thupi kupita kumutu.
Moyo, machitidwe
Ma hares oyera amakhala amtundu wokha komanso amakhala okha, amakonda kwambiri ziwembu zosiyanasiyana kuyambira ma 3 mpaka 30 mahekitala. Pamalo akulu osiyanasiyana, kalulu woyera ndi nyama yokhazikika, ndipo mayendedwe ake amatha kuchepa chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo kwa malo odyetserako ziweto. M'dzinja ndi nthawi yozizira, kusamukira kwakanthawi kumadera amnkhalango kulinso komweko. M'chaka, nyama yotere imakonda malo otseguka kwambiri pomwe masamba oyamba azitsamba amawonekera.
Mvula imakhalanso chifukwa cha kusamuka; chifukwa chake, m'zaka zamvula, zipewa zoyera zimayesa kusiya madambo, ndikupita kumapiri. M'madera amapiri, kusintha kwa nyengo kwa nyengo yowongoka kumachitika. M'chilimwe, kumpoto chakumpoto, maresitala amathawa kuchokera pakati posamukira kumitsinje yamadzi kapena malo otseguka. Pofika nyengo yozizira, azungu amatha kuyendayenda m'malo omwe sadziwika kwambiri ndi chipale chofewa. Kusunthika konsekonse kwa zimbalangondo zoyera kumawoneka mu tundra, zomwe zimawonedwa makamaka kuchuluka kwa anthu kukwera.
Hare nthawi zambiri amakhala nyama zokoka nyama usiku, zomwe zimagwira ntchito m'mawa kwambiri kapena madzulo. Kudyetsa kapena kunenepa kumayamba kokha dzuwa litalowa, koma masiku a chilimwe, hares amadyetsanso m'mawa. Komanso, mafuta onunkhira masana amawoneka mu zoyera zoyera panthawi yolimbitsa thupi. Masana, kalulu amayenda osapitilira ma kilomita awiri, koma m'malo ena, kusamukira tsiku lililonse kumadera odyetsa kumatha kufika makilomita khumi. Pakati pa chipale chofewa, kugwa kwa chipale chofewa, komanso nyengo yamvula, nyengo yoyera nthawi zambiri imabwezeretsa mphamvu kudzera mu coprophagia (kudya ndowe).
Mosiyana ndi abale awo ambiri am'nkhalango, ma tundra hares onse oyera samasiya manda awo pakagwa ngozi, koma amakonda kubisala mkati mpaka nthawi yomwe chiwopsezo cha moyo chitha.
Kodi kalulu woyera amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji
Moyo wonse wa kalulu umadalira zinthu zambiri zakunja. Chifukwa chachikulu chakuchepa kwakukulu kwa kuchuluka kwa mapuloteni hares ndikubuka kwakukulu kwa matenda - epizootic. Pafupifupi, azungu amakhala zaka zosapitirira 5-8, koma ziwindi zazitali zimadziwikanso pazinyama zotere, zomwe zakhala zaka pafupifupi khumi. Amuna, monga lamulo, amakhala ocheperako kuposa akazi.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Mtundu wa ubweya wa kalulu woyera, kupezeka kwa nyengo yodziwika bwino ya nyengo, motero, m'nyengo yachisanu nyamayi imakhala ndi ubweya woyera woyera, kupatula nsonga zamakutu akuda. Mtundu wa ubweya wachilimwe m'malo osiyanasiyana amatha kusiyanasiyana kuyambira utoto wofiirira mpaka imvi yofiirira. Kugonana kwamtundu waubweya wa kalulu woyera kulibe, ndipo kusiyana kwakukulu kumayimiriridwa ndi kukula kwa nyama. Zovala zoyera zazimayi zimakhala zazikulu kuposa amuna.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Azungu amagawidwa mofanana mosiyanasiyana, koma amalowera kumadera omwe angapereke chakudya chokwanira komanso chitetezo chodalirika. Kukhazikika kwambiri kumachitika nthawi yachilimwe, pomwe chakudya chimakhala chambiri, kupatula apo, palibe chipale chofewa chomwe chimapangitsa kuti kusamuke kusamuke. Pazaka zokhala ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu, malo okhala akalulu oyera amakhala osiyanasiyana. Zowoneka zokongola kwambiri kwa hares ndi madera a nkhalango zochepetsedwa ndi madambo, kuyeretsa ndi zigwa za mitsinje.
White hares ndiomwe amakhala m'chigawo cha tundra, komanso m'nkhalango komanso gawo lina la nkhalango kumpoto kwa Europe, kuphatikiza Scandinavia, kumpoto kwa Poland, Ireland, Scotland ndi Wales. Nyamayi imapezeka ku Russia, Kazakhstan, madera akumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Mongolia, kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China ndi Japan, komanso amadziwika ku South America, kuphatikiza Chile ndi Argentina. Komanso, zoyera zoyera pakali pano zimakhala pazilumba zingapo za Arctic.
Kudera la Russia, hares zoyera ndizofala kudera lina lalikulu (kumpoto mpaka kudera lamapiri). Malire akum'mwera kwa kalulu amaimiridwa ndi nkhalango. M'mafupa ambiri zakale, nyamayi imadziwika bwino ndikuphunzira chifukwa chakumtunda kwa Upper Pleistocene kumtunda kwa Don, komanso zigawo zapakati pa Urals ndi gawo lakumadzulo kwa Transbaikalia, kuphatikiza madera akumapiri a Tologoi.
Pokhala malo a kalulu, malinga ndi nyengo ndi malo odyetserako ziweto, zigawo zapakati pa Russia ndizabwino, momwe nkhalango zazikulu kwambiri zimakhala moyandikana ndi madera ovuta komanso malo olimapo.
Zakudya zoyera za kalulu
Ziwombankhanga zoyera ndi nyama zodyera zomwe zimakhala ndi nyengo yosiyana mu zakudya zawo. M'nthawi yamasika ndi chilimwe, hares amadyera m'malo obiriwira azomera, kuphatikiza clover, dandelion, nandolo ya mbewa, yarrow ndi goldenrod, bedstraw, sedge, ndi maudzu. Nyamayo imadyanso oats m'munda, zipatso ndi mphukira ya mabulosi abulu, mahatchi ndi mitundu ina ya bowa.
Pofika nyengo yophukira, pomwe udzu umawuma, hares amasintha kuti azidyera timitengo tating'ono. M'nyengo yozizira, maluwa oyera amadya mphukira zazing'ono komanso khungwa la mitengo ndi zitsamba zosiyanasiyana. Pafupifupi kulikonse, chakudyacho chimaphatikizapo msondodzi ndi aspen, thundu ndi mapulo, hazel. M'malo ena, chakudya chimaphatikizidwa ndi phulusa lamapiri, zipatso zamatcheri, alder, junipers ndi chiuno chonyamuka. M'madera amapiri ku Far East, hares amakumba ma phaini ochokera pansi pa chipale chofewa.
M'chaka, zoyera zoyera zimasonkhana m'magulu pa kapinga wotenthedwa ndi dzuwa ndi udzu wachinyamata. Nthawi yotere, nyama nthawi zina zimakonda kudya kotero kuti zimatha kutaya chidwi chawo chachilengedwe, zimakhala zosavuta kuzidya. Pamodzi ndi nyama zina zodyedwa, zoyera zoyera ndizosowa mchere, chifukwa chake zimadya nthaka nthawi zina ndipo nthawi zina zimameza timiyala tating'ono.
Mitundu yoyera imayendera mwakufuna kwawo miseche yamchere, ndikubwezeretsanso maofesi amchere amatha kukukuta mafupa a nyama zakufa ndi nyanga zomwe zinatayidwa ndi mphalapala.
Kubereka ndi ana
Azungu ndi zinyama zokhala ndi chonde kwambiri, koma ku Arctic, kumpoto kwa Yakutia ndi Chukotka, akazi amabala ana amodzi chaka chilichonse mchilimwe. M'madera okhala ndi nyengo yabwino, mahatchi amatha kuswana kawiri kapena katatu pachaka. Nthawi zambiri ndewu zimachitika pakati pa amuna akuluakulu munthawi yamvula.
Nthawi yobereka mu akazi imakhala masiku 47-55, ndipo akalulu amabadwa kuyambira pakati pa Epulo mpaka pakati pa Meyi. M'madera a m'nkhalango panthawiyi, pamakhalabe chipale chofewa pang'ono m'malo ena, motero ana a zinyalala zoyamba amatchedwa zisa. Pafupifupi atangobereka kumene, akalulu amakumananso, ndipo zinyalala zachiwiri zimabadwa kumapeto kwa Juni kapena Julayi. Osapitilira 40% azimayi okhwima omwe amatenga nawo gawo lachitatu, koma ana omwe amabedwa nthawi zambiri amamwalira.
Chiwerengero cha ana m'matumba chimadalira momwe malowo amakhalira, komanso momwe thupi limakhalira komanso zaka za akazi. Akalulu ochulukirapo nthawi zonse amabadwa m'nyengo yachiwiri yachilimwe. Mwanawankhosa nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'malo obisika, koma panthaka. M'madera akutali kwa North, ma hares amatha kukumba maenje osaya, ndipo ma hares amabadwa owoneka ndikuphimbidwa ndi ubweya wokulirapo.
Kale patsiku loyamba la moyo wawo, akalulu amatha kuyenda mosadalira. Mkaka wa kalulu ndi wopatsa thanzi komanso wamafuta ambiri (12% mapuloteni komanso pafupifupi 15% mafuta), chifukwa chake anawo amatha kuwadyetsa kamodzi patsiku. Pali zochitika zodziwika bwino kwambiri pomwe akalulu achikazi adadyetsa anthu anzawo mahatchi. Ana amakula mofulumira ndikuyamba kudyetsa udzu watsopano tsiku lachisanu ndi chitatu. Akalulu amakhala odziyimira pawokha kale ali ndi zaka ziwiri zakubadwa, koma amakula msinkhu pakatha miyezi khumi.
Adani achilengedwe
M'zaka zodziwika ndi kuchuluka kwa hares zoyera, kuchuluka kwa nyama zodya nyama kumawonjezeka kwambiri, kuphatikiza amphaka, mimbulu ndi nkhandwe, nkhandwe, ziwombankhanga zagolide, kadzidzi ndi kadzidzi. Komanso, agalu osochera komanso amphaka amphaka amakhala pachiwopsezo kwa hares, koma anthu ndiye mdani wamkulu wa hares.
Mtengo wamalonda
Kalulu woyera amayenera kukhala mgulu la nyama zosakira komanso nyama zamasewera, ndipo munthawi zina, nyama zosaka nyama zotere zimachitika pafupifupi konsekonse. Ma hares oyera ambiri amasakidwa nyama ndi zikopa zamtengo wapatali.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Mwambiri, kalulu woyera ndi mtundu wamba, wosinthasintha mosavuta kupezeka kwa anthu, koma chiwonkhetso cha nyama yoteroyo kulikonse imasintha chaka chilichonse. Chifukwa chachikulu cha kupsinjika kwa manambala chikuyimiridwa ndi epizootic, tularemia ndi pseudotuberculosis. Mwa zina, nyongolotsi za parasitic, kuphatikizapo cestode ndi nematode, zomwe zimakhala m'mapapu, zimathandizira kufa kwa hares. Nthawi yomweyo, palibe chowopseza kuti chiwonongeko chonse cha akalulu oyera.
