Nkhandwe ya Maykong, kapena savanna (nkhanu), ndi nyama yodya nyama ya banja la Canidae. Masiku ano, nkhanu nkhanu ndiye mitundu yokhayo yamtundu wamtundu wa Cerdocyon. Kuchokera pachilankhulo chachi Greek, dzina loti Cerdocyon limamasuliridwa kuti "galu wochenjera", ndipo ma epithet thous amatanthauza "nkhandwe", zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chofanana ndi nyama yomwe ili ndi mimbulu.
Kufotokozera kwa Maikong
Lero, ma subspecies asanu a nkhanu (savanna) nkhandwe amadziwika bwino, komanso amaphunzira mokwanira. Malinga ndi akatswiri akunyumba ndi akunja, kukhalapo kwa nkhandwe zandalama padziko lathu lapansi kwazaka pafupifupi 3.1 miliyoni. Mamembala onse am'banja lino ndi okhawo amtundu wa Cerdocyon, ndipo abale ena apamtima kwambiri a Maikong pano akuwoneka kuti atayika.
Asayansi amaganiza kuti Cerdocyon avius ndiye kholo lokhalo la nkhandwe. Wodya nyamayu amakhala padziko lapansi zaka pafupifupi 4.8-4.9 miliyoni zapitazo, adakumana koyamba ku North America, koma mwachangu anasamukira kumwera, komwe adasankha malo okhala ku South America kontena kuti akhalemo.
Mitundu yayikulu yomwe ilipo masiku ano ndi Cerdocyon thous aquilus, Cerdocyon thous entrerianus, Cerdocyon thousand azarae, ndi Cerdocyon thous germanus.
Maonekedwe, kukula kwake
Nkhandwe yapakatikati imakhala ndi ubweya wotuwa wotumbululuka wokhala ndi zolemba pamiyendo, makutu ndi mphuno. Mzere wakuda umayenda m'mbali mwa nyama, yomwe nthawi zina imatha kuphimba msana wonse. Mitundu yodziwika bwino ya mmero ndi m'mimba imakhala yoyera mpaka yachikaso mpaka imvi kapena yoyera. Nsonga ya mchira komanso nsonga zamakutu ndizakutira. Miyendo nthawi zambiri imakhala yakuda.
Kutalika kwa thupi la munthu wamkulu wa Maikong ndi masentimita 60-71, ndikukula kwake kwa mchira kuyambira masentimita 28 mpaka 30. Kutalika kwakukulu kwa nyama ikamafota sikupitilira masentimita 50, ndikulemera kwa 5-8 kg. Chiwerengero cha mano ndi zidutswa 42. Kutalika kwa chigaza cha nyamayo kumasiyana pakati pa masentimita 12.0-13.5. Pokhala nyama yothandiza kwambiri komanso yopanda ulemu, nyama za Maikong (savannah, kapena nkhandwe) zimasungidwa ndi Amwenye a Guarani (Paraguay), komanso Quechua ku Bolivia.
Moyo, machitidwe
Maikongs amakhala makamaka m'chigwa cha udzu ndi mitengo, ndipo nthawi yamvula, zinyama zotere zimapezekanso m'mapiri. Nyama zotere zimakonda kusaka usiku, zokha, koma nthawi zina pamakhalanso magulu awiri a nkhandwe omwe akufunafuna chakudya choyenera limodzi.
Kuphatikiza apo, nyama zotere zimakhala pafupifupi zamtundu uliwonse. Mwazina, Maikongs si nyama zowononga nyama, chifukwa chake, nkhandwe zingapo za ku Savannah nthawi zambiri zimasonkhana m'malo okhala chakudya chochuluka. Nyama zamtchire zotere sizimakumba zokhazokha zokhazokha komanso zogona pokha, posankha kukhala m'misasa ya anthu ena yomwe ndi yayikulu kukula komanso malo.
Masamba aliwonse, monga lamulo, amasiyanasiyana mkati mwa 0.6-0.9 km2, komanso m'malo otseguka ku Brazil, makolo ndi ana achikulire nthawi zambiri amakhala m'malo a 5-10 km2.
Kodi Maikong amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji
Pafupipafupi kutsimikiziridwa kokhala ndi moyo kwa nyama yodya nyama mwachilengedwe sikadutsa zaka zisanu mpaka zisanu ndi ziwiri, zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha zovuta zambiri zakunja, kuwononga nyama komanso kupezeka kwa adani achilengedwe ambiri.
Gawo lalikulu lanyama limakhala kuthengo kwazaka zopitilira zitatu, koma kuweta nyama zodya nyama zimatha kukhala ndi moyo nthawi yayitali. Masiku ano, tikasungidwa m'ndende, kutalika kwa moyo wa Maikong kumadziwikanso, komwe kunali zaka 11 ndi miyezi 6.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Malinga ndi umboni wa sayansi, palibe kusiyana pakati pa akazi a Maikong ndi amuna. Nthawi yomweyo, malinga ndi malipoti ena, mayendedwe achikazi ndi akuthwa komanso ocheperako, ndipo mayendedwe amphongo ndi oyera komanso ozungulira.
Ma subspecies a Maikong
Ma subspecies Cerdocyon thous aquilus amadziwika ndi ubweya waufupi, wandiweyani, wachikaso-bulauni wokhala ndi chowala pansi pomwe makamaka imvi, bulauni ndi mithunzi yakuda. Pali mzere wakuda wakutali kumtunda kwa mchira. Chigaza ndi chokulirapo, chokhala ndi chipumi chovundikira. Nyamayo imakhala yolimba poyerekeza ndi nkhandwe za ku Central Europe.
Mtundu waubweya wafupikitsa wa subspecies Cerdocyon thous entrerianus umakhala wosiyana kwambiri ndi anthu payekha, koma, monga lamulo, umadziwika ndi imvi yotumbululuka kapena utoto wowoneka wonyezimira, womwe nthawi zambiri umakhala ndi malankhulidwe achikasu. The subspecies Cerdocyon thous azarae ndi Cerdocyon thous germanus alibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakunja.
Ma data amawu a nkhandwe ya Maikong, kapena savanna (nkhanu), alibe zofunikira, ndipo mamvekedwe opangidwa ndi nyama yowonongekayi amayimiriridwa ndikung'ung'uza ndi kubangula komwe nkhandwe zimachita.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
South American Maikong ndimomwe amakhala pafupifupi dera lonse lakumadzulo kwa South America, kuyambira kumpoto kwa Colombia mpaka ku Chile. Malinga ndi zomwe zapezedwa posachedwa, nyamayi, nyama yolusa, makamaka nthawi zambiri imakhala m'misasa ya Venezuela ndi Colombia.
Nyamayi siyodziwika kwenikweni ku Guyana, komanso kumwera ndi kum'mawa kwa Brazil, kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Bolivia, ku Paraguay ndi Uruguay, komanso kumpoto kwa Argentina. Maikong amakhazikika makamaka m'makola a anthu ena ndipo amachita modzipereka pakukonzanso nyumba pokha pokha.
Ankhandwe, kapena nkhanu (nkhanu) nkhandwe zimakonda malo okhala ndi mitengo komanso otseguka bwino kapena madera audzu (savanna), amakhala kumapiri ndipo amakhala omasuka m'malo athyathyathya. Nthawi zambiri, nyama zolusa zoterezi zimagwiritsa ntchito malo okwera kwambiri m'nyengo yamvula, ndipo nyama zimasunthira kumadera otsika ndi athyathyathya poyambira nyengo yadzuwa.
Nyama zakutchire Maikong ndizosavuta kuizolowera, chifukwa chake, pakadali pano, nyama zolusa zapakatikati zimapezeka m'midzi yaku India.
Zakudya za Maikong
Maikongs ndi omnivorous, ndipo chakudya chawo chimakhala ndi tizilombo, makoswe, zipatso, zokwawa (abuluzi ndi mazira akamba), mbalame, achule ndi nkhanu. Nthawi yomweyo, chakudya cha nyamayo chimasintha kutengera kupezeka kwa chakudya komanso nyengo yake. Nyengo yamvula kumadera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja imalola nkhandwe kudya saana nkhanu ndi zinyama zina. M'nyengo yadzuwa, chakudya chamagulu akuluakulu cha Maikong chimakhala ndi magawo osiyanasiyana azakudya.
Malinga ndi kafukufukuyu, chakudya cha nkhanu nkhandwe chimaphatikizapo pafupifupi 25% ya nyama zazing'ono, pafupifupi 24% ya zokwawa, 0,6% ya marsupials ndi nambala yomweyo ya akalulu, 35.1% ya amphibian ndi 10.3% ya mbalame, komanso 5.2% ya nsomba.
Kubereka ndi ana
Amuna amakula msinkhu ali ndi miyezi isanu ndi inayi, ndipo akazi a ku Maikong amakhala atakhwima pafupifupi chaka chimodzi. Kukweza mwendo pokodza ndi chizindikiro cha kutha msinkhu. Mimba ya nkhandwe ya Savannah imatenga pafupifupi masiku 52-59, koma pafupifupi anawo amabadwa m'masiku 56-57. Nthawi yoswana ya nyama zoyambitsazo ndi kuyambira Epulo mpaka Ogasiti.
Ana atatu kapena asanu ndi mmodzi amabadwa mu zinyalala, zolemera magalamu 120-160. Ana opanda mano obadwa ali ndi maso ndi makutu otseka. Maso a Maikong amatseguka ali ndi milungu iwiri yokha. Chovala cha ana agalu ndi chakuda, pafupifupi chakuda. M'mimba, malaya ndi otuwa, ndipo kumunsi kwake kuli chikoka chofiirira.
Pafupifupi masiku makumi awiri, tsitsi lopaka tsitsi, ndipo mwa ana agalu a masiku 35 a nkhandwe ya Savannah, chovalacho chimakhala ngati nyama yayikulu. Nthawi ya lactation (kudyetsa mkaka) imatha miyezi itatu, koma kuyambira atakwanitsa mwezi umodzi, ana agalu a Maikong, limodzi ndi mkaka, pang'onopang'ono amayamba kudya zakudya zolimba zosiyanasiyana.
Ankhandwe a nkhanu omwe amasungidwa kundende amakhala amodzi okhaokha ndipo nthawi zambiri amaberekana kawiri pachaka, pakadutsa miyezi isanu ndi iwiri kapena isanu ndi itatu.
Adani achilengedwe
Ubweya wa Maikong, kapena nkhanu ya savanna (nkhanu) ilibe phindu, koma chilala nyama zowononga ziwombankhanga zimawombedwa ngati onyamula matenda a chiwewe. Nyama zanzeru komanso zanzeru zimatha kuba nkhuku kuchokera kumudzi wamba, chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri zimawonongedwa mopanda chifundo ndi nzika zakomweko, alimi ndi oweta ziweto. Zina mwa nyamazo zimagwidwa ndi anthu kuti apitirize kuweta ziweto. Maikong achikulire satenga nyama zambiri zodya nyama nthawi zambiri.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Oimira banja la Canidae, mtundu wa Cerdocyon ndi mitundu ya Maikong afalikira kwambiri, ndipo m'malo angapo nyama zamtunduwu zimadziwika ndi anthu ambiri. Mwachitsanzo, ku Venezuela, kuchuluka kwa nkhandwe za savanna ndi pafupifupi munthu m'modzi pa mahekitala 25 aliwonse. Lero Maikong adatchulidwa pa CITES 2000 Appendix, koma bungwe loyang'anira nyama zakutchire ku Argentina lalengeza kuti nkhandwe ili pachiwopsezo.
