Njati ndi nyama zomwe zimadya nyama kumadera akumwera ndipo zimangofanana ndi ng'ombe wamba. Amasiyanitsidwa ndi omaliza ndi thupi lamphamvu kwambiri ndi nyanga, zomwe zimakhala zosiyana kwambiri. Nthawi yomweyo, munthu safunika kuganiza konse kuti njati ndi zazikulu: pakati pawo palinso mitundu yomwe oimira sangadzitamande pakukula kwakukulu.
Kufotokozera kwa njati
Njati ndi zida zowala za m'gulu la ziweto, zomwe ndi za bovids. Pakadali pano pali mitundu iwiri ya njati: African ndi Asia.
Maonekedwe, kukula kwake
Njati za ku Asiya, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti njati yamadzi yaku India, ndi imodzi mwazinyama zazikulu kwambiri zazing'onozing'ono. Kutalika kwake kwa thupi kumafika mamita atatu, ndipo kutalika kwake kukufota kumatha kufikira 2 mita. Kulemera kwa amuna akulu ndi 1000-1200 kg. Nyanga za nyama izi ndizodabwitsa kwambiri. Mu mawonekedwe a kachigawo mwezi, kulunjika ku mbali ndi kumbuyo, iwo angafikire mamita awiri m'litali. Mosadabwitsa, nyanga za njati zaku Asia zimawerengedwa kuti ndizitali kwambiri padziko lapansi.
Mtundu wa nyama izi ndi wotuwa, wamitundu yosiyanasiyana kuyambira phulusa lakuda mpaka lakuda. Chovala chawo sichikhala chokwera, chotalikirapo komanso chosakhwima, chomwe khungu la imvi limawala. Pamphumi, tsitsi lolumikizidwa pang'ono limapanga mtundu wa tuft, ndipo mbali yamkati yamakutu ndiyotalikirapo kuposa thupi lonse, zomwe zimapereka chithunzi kuti zimadulidwa ndi mphonje za tsitsi.
Thupi la njati yamadzi yaku India ndiyolimba komanso yamphamvu, miyendo ndiyolimba komanso yolimba, ziboda ndizazikulu komanso zopota, ngati ma artiodactyl ena onse.
Mutuwo umafanana ndi ng'ombe yamphongo, koma ndi chigaza chokulirapo komanso chotsitsa chachitali, ndikupatsa nyamayo mawonekedwe. Maso ndi makutu ndi ochepa, osiyanitsa kwambiri kukula kwake ndi nyanga zazikulu zopumulira, zokulirapo m'munsi, koma zolowera kumapeto kwenikweni.
Mchira wa njati yaku Asia ndi wofanana ndi wa ng'ombe: wowonda, wamtali, wokhala ndi tsinde lalitali pamunsi, lofanana ndi burashi.
Njati zaku Africa ndiyonso nyama yayikulu kwambiri, ngakhale ndi yocheperako poyerekeza ndi achibale ake aku Asia. Kutalika kwa kufota kumatha kufikira mita 1.8, koma nthawi zambiri, sikulumpha mita 1.6. Kutalika kwa thupi kumakhala 3-3.4 mita, ndipo kulemera kwake kumakhala 700-1000 kg.
Ubweya wa njati yaku Africa ndi wakuda kapena wakuda mdima, wolimba komanso wowerengeka. Khungu lomwe limapezeka pamutu pamutu limakhala ndi mdima wakuda, womwe nthawi zambiri umakhala wotuwa.
Tsitsi la omwe akuyimira mtundu uwu limayamba kuchepa ndi ukalamba, ndichifukwa chake nthawi zina mumatha kuwona "magalasi" owala mozungulira maso a njati zakale zaku Africa.
Malamulo a njati ku Africa ndi amphamvu kwambiri. Mutu uli pansi pamzere wakumbuyo, khosi ndilolimba komanso lamphamvu kwambiri, chifuwa ndichakuya komanso champhamvu mokwanira. Miyendo siyitali kwambiri koma ndi yayikulu.
Zosangalatsa! Ziboda zakutsogolo za njati zaku Africa ndizokulirapo kuposa mapazi akumbuyo. Izi ndichifukwa choti mbali yakutsogolo ya thupi la nyama izi imalemera kuposa gawo lakumbuyo ndipo kuti igwire, ziboda zazikulu komanso zamphamvu zimafunikira.
Mutu wake ndi wofanana ndi wa ng'ombe, koma wokulirapo. Maso ndi ochepa, okhazikika mokwanira. Makutu ndi otakata ndi akulu, ngati odulidwa ndi mphonje wa ubweya wautali.
Nyanga zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe achilendo kwambiri: kuchokera pamwamba pamutu, zimakula mpaka mbali, pambuyo pake zimawerama, kenako ndikukwera mkati, ndikupanga kufanana kwa zingwe ziwiri, zoyikika pafupi moyandikana. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, ndi msinkhu, nyanga zimangokhala ngati zimakula limodzi, zimapanga mtundu wachishango pamphumi pa Njati.
Kuphatikiza pa njati za ku Asia ndi ku Africa, banja ili lilinso tamarau ochokera ku Philippines ndi mitundu iwiri alirezaakukhala ku Sulawesi. Mosiyana ndi achibale awo akuluakulu, njati zazing'onozi sizisiyanitsidwa ndi kukula kwake kwakukulu: zazikuluzikuluzikulu sizipitilira masentimita 105. Ndipo nyanga zake sizimawoneka zokongola monga mitundu ikuluikulu. Mwachitsanzo, kuphiri anoa, sizipitilira masentimita 15 m'litali.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Mitundu yambiri ya njati, kupatula zazing'ono zomwe zimakhala kutali ndi chitukuko, zimadziwika ndiukali. Njati zam'madzi zaku India nthawi zambiri sizimawopa anthu kapena nyama zina, ndipo njati zam'madzi zaku Africa, pokhala osamala kwambiri komanso omvera, zimayang'ana mwamphamvu kuwonekera kwa alendo omwe ali pafupi ndipo amatha kuwukira pakukayikira pang'ono.
Njati zazikulu zonse ndi nyama zochezeka, pomwe zaku Africa zimapanga gulu lalikulu, momwe nthawi zina pamakhala anthu mazana angapo, aku Asia amapanga zinthu ngati mabanja ang'onoang'ono. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mwana wamphongo wachikulire komanso wodziwa zambiri, amuna awiri kapena atatu ang'onoang'ono ndi akazi angapo okhala ndi ana. Palinso amuna achikulire osakwatiwa omwe akhala akukangana kwambiri kuti akhalebe pagulu. Monga lamulo, ali ndiukali komanso amasiyana, kuwonjezera pa malingaliro awo oyipa, komanso ndi nyanga zazikulu, zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito mosazengereza.
Mitundu ya njati za ku Asia zimakonda kuchita manyazi ndi anthu ndipo zimakonda kukhala moyo wawokha.
Njati za mu Afirika zimayenda usiku. Kuyambira madzulo mpaka kutuluka kwa dzuwa, zimadya msipu, ndipo dzuwa likatentha zimabisala kaya mumthunzi wamitengo, kapena m'nkhalango zamabango, kapena kumizidwa m'matope am'madzi, omwe, pouma pakhungu lawo, amapanga "chipolopolo" choteteza chomwe chimateteza ku majeremusi akunja. Njati zimasambira mokwanira, zomwe zimalola nyamazi kuwoloka mitsinje ikuluikulu pakusamuka. Amakhala ndi kamvekedwe komanso kamvekedwe kabwino, koma samawona mitundu yonse ya njati bwino.
Zosangalatsa! Polimbana ndi nkhupakupa ndi majeremusi ena oyamwa magazi, njati zaku Africa zapeza mtundu wa ogwirizana - kukoka mbalame za m'banja lodzala ndi nyenyezi. Mbalame zazing'onozi zimakhala kumbuyo kwa njati ndikuseka tiziromboti. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, zimbalangondo 10-12 zimatha kukwera nyama imodzi nthawi imodzi.
Njati zaku Asia, zomwe zimavutikanso kwambiri ndi tiziromboti takunja, zimatenganso malo osambira matope kwa nthawi yayitali ndipo zilinso ndi ogwirizana nawo pakulimbana ndi nkhupakupa ndi tizirombo tina - zitsamba ndi akamba amadzi, ndikuchotsa tiziromboti tosautsa.
Kodi njati imakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji
Njati za ku Africa zimakhala zaka 16-20 kuthengo, ndipo njati za ku Asia zimakhala zaka 25. M'malo osungira nyama, nthawi yawo yokhala ndi moyo imakula kwambiri ndipo amatha zaka pafupifupi 30.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Zazikazi za njati zaku Asia ndizochepa pang'ono kukula kwamthupi komanso zomanga bwino. Nyanga zawo ndizocheperanso kutalika osati mulifupi.
Mu njati zaku Africa, nyanga zazimayi sizinanso zazikulu ngati zazimuna: kutalika kwake, pafupifupi, kumakhala kotsika 10-20%, komanso, iwo, monga lamulo, samakula pamodzi pamutu pawo, ndichifukwa chake "chishango "Sanapangidwe.
Mitundu ya njati
Njati ndizigawo ziwiri: Asia ndi Africa.
Komanso, mtundu wa njati zaku Asia umakhala ndi mitundu ingapo:
- Njati zaku Asia.
- Tamarau.
- Anoa.
- Phiri anoa.
Njati zaku Africa zimayimilidwa ndi mtundu umodzi wokha, momwe mumakhala mitundu ingapo, kuphatikiza njati yaying'ono yamtchire, yomwe imasiyana pang'ono pang'ono - osapitilira 120 masentimita ikafota, ndi mtundu wofiira ofiira, wokhala ndi zipsera zakuda pamutu, khosi, mapewa ndi miyendo yakutsogolo ya nyamayo.
Ngakhale kuti ofufuza ena amaganiza kuti njati zazing'ono zamtchire ndizosiyana, nthawi zambiri zimabala ana osakanizidwa kuchokera ku njati wamba ku Africa.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Kumtchire, njati za ku Asia zimapezeka ku Nepal, India, Thailand, Bhutan, Laos, ndi Cambodia. Amapezekanso pachilumba cha Ceylon. Kubwerera pakati pa zaka za zana la 20, amakhala ku Malaysia, koma pofika pano, mwina, salinso kuthengo.
Tamarau amapezeka ku Chisumbu cha Mindoro kuzilumba za Philippines. Anoa amakhalaponso, koma ali kale pachilumba cha Sulawesi ku Indonesia. Mitundu yofananira - phiri anoa, kuphatikiza pa Sulawesi, imapezekanso pachilumba chaching'ono cha Buton, chomwe chili pafupi ndi malo ake okhala.
Njati za mu Africa zafala kwambiri mu Africa, kumene zimakhala m'dera lalikulu kwambiri kum'mwera kwa Sahara.
Njati zamtundu uliwonse zimakonda kukhala m'malo okhala msipu wambiri.
Njati za ku Asia nthawi zina zimakwera mapiri, kumene zimapezeka pamtunda wa makilomita 1.85 pamwamba pa nyanja. Izi ndizofala makamaka kwa tamarau ndi phiri anoa, omwe amakonda kukhala m'mapiri.
Njati zaku Africa zikhozanso kukhazikika m'mapiri komanso m'nkhalango zam'malo otentha, koma nthumwi zambiri zamtunduwu, zimakonda kukhala m'masamba, momwe muli udzu wambiri, madzi ndi zitsamba.
Zosangalatsa! Moyo wa njati zonse umayenderana kwambiri ndi madzi, chifukwa chake, nyamazi nthawi zonse zimakhala pafupi ndi matupi amadzi.
Zakudya za njati
Monga zitsamba zonse, nyama izi zimadya zakudya zamasamba, ndipo zomwe amadya zimadalira mitundu ndi malo okhala. Mwachitsanzo, njati za ku Asia zimadya makamaka zomera zam'madzi, zomwe gawo lake limakhala pafupifupi 70%. Iye samakana tirigu ndi zitsamba.
Njati za ku Africa zimadya zomera zomwe zimakhala ndi michere yambiri, komanso, zimapatsa mwayi mitundu yochepa chabe, kusinthana ndi chakudya china chomera pokhapokha pakufunika kutero. Koma amathanso kudya masamba ochokera ku zitsamba, zomwe gawo lawo pazakudya zawo ndi pafupifupi 5% yazakudya zina zonse.
Mitundu yaing'ono imadya zomera zouma, mphukira zazing'ono, zipatso, masamba ndi zomera zam'madzi.
Kubereka ndi ana
Kwa njati zaku Africa, nyengo yoswana imakhala mchaka. Inali nthawi imeneyi yomwe inali yowoneka bwino, koma ndewu pafupifupi zopanda magazi zitha kuwonedwa pakati pa amuna amtunduwu, omwe cholinga chake sichokufa kwa mdani kapena kumuvulaza kwambiri, koma kuwonetsa mphamvu. Komabe, panthawi yamtunduwu, amuna amakhala ankhanza komanso owopsa, makamaka ngati ndi njati zakuda zomwe zimakhala kumwera kwa Africa. Chifukwa chake, sikuli bwino kuwafikira pakadali pano.
Mimba imatenga miyezi 10 mpaka 11. Kubereka nthawi zambiri kumachitika kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yamvula, ndipo, monga lamulo, mkazi amabala mwana mmodzi wolemera pafupifupi 40 kg. Ku Cape subspecies, ana amphongo amakhala okulirapo, kulemera kwawo nthawi zambiri kumafikira 60 kg pakubadwa.
Pambuyo pa kotala la ola limodzi, kamwana kake kamadzuka ndi kutsata mayi ake. Ngakhale kuti mwana wang'ombe amayesa kaye kuthyola udzu asanakwanitse mwezi umodzi, njati imamudyetsa mkaka kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Komabe pafupifupi 2-3, ndipo malinga ndi kafukufuku wina, ngakhale zaka 4, ng'ombe yamphongo imakhalabe ndi mayi, pambuyo pake imachoka m'gululi.
Zosangalatsa! Mkazi akukula, monga lamulo, samasiya ziweto zake kulikonse. Amafika pokhwima atakwanitsa zaka zitatu, koma nthawi yoyamba amabala ana, nthawi zambiri azaka zisanu.
Mu njati za ku Asiatic, nthawi yoswana nthawi zambiri siimakhudzana ndi nyengo inayake pachaka. Mimba yawo imatenga miyezi 10-11 ndipo imatha ndikubadwa kamodzi, kamodzi - ana awiri, omwe amadyetsa mkaka, pafupifupi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi.
Adani achilengedwe
Mdani wamkulu wa njati ku Africa ndi mkango, womwe umakonda kuwukira gulu lanyama nthawi yonseyi, komanso, akazi ndi ana amphongo nthawi zambiri amakhala ozunzidwa. Komabe, mikango imayesetsa kuti isasake amuna akulu akulu ngati pali wina amene angawatenge.
Nyama zofooka ndi nyama zazing'ono zimakhudzidwanso ndi ziweto zina, monga akambuku kapena afisi, ndipo ng'ona zimawononga njati padziwe.
Njati za ku Asia zimasakidwa ndi akambuku, komanso madambo ndi ziphuphu. Akazi ndi ana a ng'ombe amathanso kumenyedwa ndi mimbulu yofiira ndi akambuku. Ndipo kwa anthu aku Indonesia, kuwonjezera apo, Komodo yowunikira abuluzi ndiowopsa.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitundu
Ngati mitundu ya njati ku Africa imadziwika kuti ndi yotetezeka komanso mitundu yambiri, ndiye kuti ndi mitundu yaku Asia, zinthu sizili bwino kwenikweni. Ngakhale njati zamadzi zodziwika bwino ku India tsopano ndi nyama yomwe ili pangozi. Komanso, zifukwa zikuluzikulu za izi ndikudula mitengo ndikulima m'malo am'mbuyomu omwe simunkakhala anthu pomwe njati zamtchire zinkakhala.
Vuto lachiwiri lalikulu la njati zaku Asia ndikutaya magazi mwazi chifukwa chakuti nyamazi nthawi zambiri zimaswana ndi ng'ombe zapakhomo.
Chiwerengero cha tamarau cha mitundu yomwe yatsala pang'ono kutha mu 2012 chidangopitilira 320 anthu. Anoa ndi phiri anoa, zomwe ndi nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha, ndizochulukirapo: kuchuluka kwa achikulire amtundu wachiwiri kuposa nyama 2500.
Njati ndi gawo lofunikira lachilengedwe m'malo awo. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwawo, kuchuluka kwa nyama za ku Africa ndizomwe zimapezako chakudya kwa nyama zazikulu monga mikango kapena akambuku. Ndipo njati za ku Asiya, kuwonjezera apo, ndizofunikira kuti zisamangidwe bwino pazomera zam'madzi momwe zimapumira. Njati zakutchire zaku Asia, zowetedwa kale, ndi imodzi mwazinyama zazikulu, komanso ku Asia kokha, komanso ku Europe, komwe kuli ambiri ku Italy. Njati zapakhomo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gulu logwirira ntchito yolima minda, komanso kupeza mkaka, womwe umakhala wochuluka kwambiri kuposa ng'ombe wamba.
