Kangaude wamkuluyu amabadwira mosangalala padziko lonse lapansi. Goliath tarantula (kukula kwa kanjedza kwamwamuna) ndi wokongola, wofewa, wodzichepetsa komanso wokhoza kuswana mu ukapolo.
Kufotokozera kwa goliath tarantula
Kangaude wamkulu wa migalomorphic, Theraphosa blondi, ndi banja lalikulu Theraphosidae (lochokera ku Orthognatha suborder) la mitundu pafupifupi 800. Mawu akuti "akangaude akalulu" adapangidwa ndi Maria Sibylla Merian, wojambula nyama waku Germany yemwe adawonetsa mndandanda wazosindikiza zake kangaude wamkulu wa hummingbird.
Ntchito yake "Metamorphosis insectorum Surinamensium" yokhala ndi zojambula za kanyama ngati kangaude idaperekedwa kwa anthu mu 1705, koma patadutsa zaka zana limodzi (mu 1804) Theraphosa blondi adalandira kufotokozera kwasayansi kuchokera kwa katswiri wazamankhwala waku France a Pierre André Latreil.
Maonekedwe
Monga akangaude ena, thupi la goliath tarantula limakhala ndi magawo awiri olumikizidwa ndi chubu chapadera - cephalothorax ndi mimba yofunikira. Pafupifupi 20-30% ya cephalothorax ili muubongo. Chikopa cham'mbali cha kangaude wa goliath ndichofanana m'lifupi ndi kutalika.
Cephalothorax imagawidwa ndi poyambira pamagawo awiri, mutu ndi thoracic, ndipo yoyamba imakhala ndi maanja awiri. Awa ndi ma chelicerae, omwe amakhala ndi gawo limodzi lokhathamira ndi chomenyera chosunthika (pansi pake pamakhala potsegulira poyizoni) ndi ma pedipalps, ogawidwa m'magulu asanu ndi limodzi.
Pakamwa, kusinthidwa kuti iziyamwa zofewa, zili pachimake pa chifuwa pakati pa chelicerae. Miyendo inayi ya miyendo, iliyonse yomwe ili ndi magawo 7, imamangiriridwa ku cephalothorax, kuseri kwa pedipalps. Goliath tarantula ndi yojambulidwa ndi zoletsa, mumitundu yosiyanasiyana ya bulauni kapena imvi, koma mikwingwirima yowonekera imawonekera pamapazi, kulekanitsa gawo limodzi ndi linzake.
Zosangalatsa. Theraphosa blondi waubweya - tsitsi lalitali limaphimba osati miyendo yokha, komanso mimba, tsitsi lobaya lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito poteteza. Kangaude amawagwirizanitsa ndi mwendo wake wakumbuyo kupita kwa adani.
Tsitsi limakhala ngati utsi wokhetsa misozi, umayambitsa kuyabwa, maso oluma, kutupa ndi kufooka kwakukulu. Zinyama zazing'ono (makoswe) nthawi zambiri zimamwalira, zazikulu zimabwerera m'mbuyo. Mwa anthu, tsitsi limatha kuyambitsa chifuwa, komanso kuwonongeka kwa masomphenya ngati atalowa m'maso.
Kuphatikiza apo, tsitsi lomwe limagwira kugwedezeka kocheperako kwa mpweya / nthaka limalowa m'malo mwa kangaude (wopanda makutu kuyambira kubadwa) pakumva, kukhudza ndi kulawa. Kangaude sakudziwa momwe angazindikirire kukoma ndi pakamwa - tsitsi lofewa pamapazi "lipoti" kwa iye za kumenyedwa kwa wozunzidwayo. Komanso, tsitsi limakhala chinthu chosasunthika mukameta ukonde muchisa.
Makulidwe a kangaude wa goliath
Amakhulupirira kuti mwamuna wamkulu amakula mpaka masentimita 4-8.5 (kupatula miyendo), ndipo wamkazi - mpaka masentimita 7-10.4. Chelicerae amakula pafupifupi mpaka 1.5-2 masentimita. Masentimita 30, koma nthawi zambiri samapitilira masentimita 15-20. Zizindikiro za kukula kwake ndi za Theraphosa blondi akazi, omwe kulemera kwawo kumafika magalamu 150-170. Zinali zotengera zokhala ndi mphako wa masentimita 28, wogwidwa ku Venezuela (1965), zomwe zidalowa mu Guinness Book of Records.
Moyo, machitidwe
Aliyense goliath tarantula ali ndi chiwembu, chomwe dera lake limawerengeredwa mita zingapo kuchokera pogona. Akangaude samakonda kusiya nyumbayo kwakanthawi komanso kwanthawi yayitali, chifukwa chake amayesa kusaka pafupi kuti akokere nyama zawo mnyumba.
Maenje akuya a anthu ena nthawi zambiri amakhala ngati pothawirapo, eni ake (makoswe ang'onoang'ono) amafa pomenya nkhondo ndi akangaude a goliath, nthawi yomweyo kuwamasula malo okhala.
Kangaudeyu amalimbitsa khomo lobooka ndi ukonde, nthawi yomweyo ndikutira nawo khoma. Sakusowa kuyatsa, popeza samawona bwino. Zazikazi zimakhala mchipululu nthawi yayitali masana, kuzisiya nthawi yakusaka usiku kapena nthawi yoswana.
Polimbana ndi zolengedwa zamoyo, akangaude a tarantula amakhala ndi chelicerae (mwa njira, amatha kuboola dzanja la munthu). Chelicerae amagwiritsidwanso ntchito podziwitsa mdani za chiwembucho chomwe akonza: kangaude amawaphwanya wina ndi mnzake, ndikupanga phokoso losiyana.
Molting
Kusintha chivundikiro cha ginathi mu goliath tarantula ndizovuta kwambiri kotero kuti kangaude amawoneka kuti abadwanso. N'zosadabwitsa kuti msinkhu wa kangaude (ukasungidwa kunyumba) umayezedwa molts. Molt yotsatira iliyonse imayamba gawo latsopano m'moyo wa kangaude. Pokonzekera izo, akangaude amakana ngakhale chakudya: ana amayamba kufa ndi njala sabata limodzi, achikulire - miyezi 1-3 miyezi isanachitike.
Kusintha kwa exoskeleton yachikale (exuvium) kumatsagana ndi kuwonjezeka kwakukula kwakanthawi pafupifupi 1.5, makamaka chifukwa cha zolimba za thupi, makamaka miyendo. Ndiwo, kapena kani, kukula kwawo, omwe ali ndi udindo pakukula kwa munthu winawake. Mimba ya tarantula imakhala yaying'ono, ikulemera ndikudzaza pakati pa molts (munthawi yomweyo, tsitsi lobaya lomwe limakula pamimba limagwa).
Zoona. Mnyamata Theraphosa blondi amakhetsa pafupifupi mwezi uliwonse. Akamakula, nthawi pakati pa molts zimakhala zazitali komanso zazitali. Goliath wamkazi wokhwima pogonana amathira chivundikiro chake chakale kamodzi pachaka.
Asanasungunuke, kangaude amakhala wamdima nthawi zonse, amakhala ndi mimba yolimba kwambiri yokhala ndi malo opanda dazi, komwe tsitsi limadulidwa, komanso miyeso yaying'ono. Kutuluka molt, goliath sikuti imangokulirakulira, komanso imawala, pamimba pamatsika kwambiri, koma pamatuluka tsitsi latsopano.
Kutulutsidwa pachikuto cham'mbuyomu kumachitika kumbuyo, nthawi zambiri movutikira, kangaude sichitha kutambasula miyendo 1-2. Poterepa, tarantula amawataya: mu 3-4 molts wotsatira, ziwalo zimabwezeretsedwanso. Chidindo cha ziwalo zake zoberekera chimakhalabe pakhungu lotayidwa ndi mkazi, momwe limakhala losavuta kuzindikira mtundu wa tarantula, makamaka akadali achichepere.
Kodi goliath amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji
Tarantulas, ndi akangaude a goliath nawonso, amakhala kuposa ma arthropod ena apadziko lapansi, komabe, moyo wawo umadalira amuna ndi akazi omwe amakhala mdzikoli nthawi yayitali. Kuphatikiza apo, pansi pazinthu zopangira, kutalika kwa moyo wa Theraphosa blondi kumatsimikiziridwa ndi zinthu zowongoleredwa monga kutentha / chinyezi mu terrarium ndi kupezeka kwa chakudya.
Zofunika. Osauka zakudya ndi kuzizira (pang'ono!) Mlengalenga, pang'onopang'ono tarantula imakula ndikukula. Njira zake zamagetsi zimaletsedwa ndipo, chifukwa chake, kukalamba kwa thupi.
Arachnologists mpaka pano sanavomereze za kutalika kwa moyo wa Theraphosa blondi, kuyimilira pazaka za 3-10, ngakhale pali zambiri za azaka 20 mpaka 30 za mtundu uwu.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Kusiyanitsa pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, monga momwe tidadziwira, kumawonekera pakukhalitsa kwa ma goliath: amuna (atapeza chonde) nthawi zambiri samakhetsa ndikufa patangotha miyezi ingapo atakwatirana. Akazi nthawi zambiri amaposa amuna malinga ndi kutalika kwa kukhalapo kwawo padziko lapansi, komanso amawoneka okongola komanso olemera.
Kugonana kwamtundu wa kangaude wa goliath sikudziwika kokha kukula, komanso mikhalidwe yachiwerewere yodziwika bwino ya amuna okhwima ogonana okha:
- "Mababu" pamalangizo a palps, ofunikira kutengera umuna kwa mkazi;
- "Spur" kapena minyewa yaying'ono pagawo lachitatu la paw (tibial) lachitatu.
Chizindikiro chabwino kwambiri cha kukhwima kwa mkazi chimaganiziridwa ngati chikhalidwe chake poyika munthu wina yemwe si mnyamata kapena mtsikana.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Kangaude wa goliath wakhazikika m'nkhalango zamvula ku Venezuela, Suriname, Guyana ndi kumpoto kwa Brazil, posankha malo onyowa okhala ndi maenje ambiri omwe asiyidwa. Apa akangaude amabisala padzuwa lotentha. Pamodzi ndi kuwunikira kochepa, amafunikira chinyezi komanso kutentha kwambiri (80-95%) (pafupifupi 25-30 ° С). Pofuna kuteteza zisa zawo kuti zisakokoloke ndi mvula yamkuntho, ma goliath amawakonzekeretsa pamapiri.
Zakudya za Goliath tarantula
Akangaude amtunduwu amatha kufa ndi njala kwa miyezi ingapo popanda zovuta zina, koma, mbali inayo, ali ndi chilakolako chabwino, makamaka chowonekera mu ukapolo.
Zoona. Theraphosa blondi amadziwika kuti ndi wolanda nyama, koma monga mitundu ina yofananira, sizimalungamitsa dzina la banjali (tarantulas), chifukwa silimalimbikitsa kudya nyama ya nkhuku.
Zakudya za Goliath tarantula, kuphatikiza pa mbalame, zimaphatikizapo:
- arachnids ang'ono;
- mphemvu ndi ntchentche;
- mphutsi zamagazi;
- makoswe ang'onoang'ono;
- abuluzi ndi njoka;
- achule ndi achule;
- nsomba ndi zina zambiri.
Theraphosa blondi amamuyang'anitsitsa yemwe wabisalira (osagwiritsa ntchito intaneti): pakadali pano samatha kuyenda ndipo amakhala wodekha kwa maola ambiri. Zochita za kangaude ndizofanana ndi kukhutira kwake - wamkazi wodyedwa samachoka m'phanga kwa miyezi.
Akawona chinthu choyenera, goliath amachikokolola ndikuluma, kubaya jakisoni wopundula. Wopwetekedwayo sangathe kusuntha, ndipo kangaude amamudzaza ndi madzi am'mimba omwe amamwitsa matumbo. Popeza yasintha kuti ikhale yoyenera, kangaudeyu amayamwa madziwo, koma osakhudza khungu, chivundikiro ndi mafupa.
Ali mu ukapolo, ma tarantula achikulire amadyetsedwa chakudya chamoyo ndi mbewa / achule ophedwa, komanso magawo a nyama. Ndikofunikira kwa achinyamata (mpaka 4-5 molts) kuti asankhe tizilombo toyambitsa matenda oyenera: sayenera kupitirira theka la mimba ya kangaude. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono titha kuwopseza goliath, kupsinjika ndi kukana kudya.
Chisamaliro. Poizoni wa goliath tarantula siowopsa kwa munthu wathanzi ndipo amafanana ndi njuchi: malo olumako ndi owawa pang'ono komanso otupa. Kutentha thupi, kupweteka kwambiri, kupweteka, ndi kusokonezeka sikungokhala kofala.
Ziweto, monga makoswe ndi amphaka, zimafa ndi kuluma kwa Theraphosa blondi, koma palibe imfa zomwe zalembedwa pokhudzana ndi anthu. Komabe, akangaudewa sayenera kusungidwa m'mabanja omwe ali ndi ana ang'onoang'ono kapena anthu omwe amadwala matendawa.
Kubereka ndi ana
Akangaude a Goliath amaswana chaka chonse. Champhongo, chomwe chimakopa chidwi chachikazi, chimenya ng'oma pafupi ndi khola lake: ngati mnzake ali wokonzeka, amalola kukwatira. Wamphongo amamugwira chelicera ndi zingwe za tibial, ndikusamutsira nyembazo pamiyendo yamkati mwa mkazi.
Atamaliza kugonana, mnzake amathawa, chifukwa nthawi zambiri wamkazi amayesetsa kuti amudye. Patapita miyezi ingapo, amaluka chikuku chokhala ndi mazira 50 mpaka 2,000. Mayi mwamantha amateteza chikoko kwa milungu 6-7, ndikusamutsa ndikutembenuza mpaka nthenda (akangaude obadwa kumene) ziwaswa. Pambuyo pa ma 2 molts, nymph imakhala mphutsi - kangaude wachinyamata wathunthu. Amuna amapeza kubereka ndi zaka 1.5, akazi osapitilira zaka 2-2.5.
Adani achilengedwe
Theraphosa blondi, ngakhale ali ndi poizoni wobadwa nawo, si ochepa aiwo. Zowopsa zazikulu sizimakonda Goliath, koma iye ndi ana ake nthawi zambiri amakhala chandamale cha osaka awa:
- scolopendra, monga Scolopendra gigantea (kutalika kwa 40 cm);
- zinkhanira kuchokera ku mtundu wa Liocheles, Hemilychas, Isometrus, Lychas, Urodacus (pang'ono) ndi Isometroides;
- akangaude akulu a mtundu wa Lycosidae;
- nyerere;
- toad-aha, kapena Bufo marinus.
Omalizawa, mwa njira, adazolowera kukwera m'mabowo pomwe akazi ndi ana amapezeka kuti athye ana obadwa kumene.
Komanso, goliath tarantulas amawonongeka pansi pa ziboda za ophika olemera a kolala.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Theraphosa blondi sanatchulidwe mu IUCN Red List, yomwe ikuwonetsa kuti palibe chodetsa nkhawa za mtundu uwu wa tarantula. Kuphatikiza apo, amatha kubala mu ukapolo, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti sawopsezedwa kuti adzatayika kapena kuchepa kwa anthu.
