Mwa mitundu ikuluikulu ya zokwawa zomwe zimakhala Padziko Lapansi, pali zolengedwa zambiri zomwe ndizomveka kuti zitha kutenga nawo mbali ngati nkhandwe zokhetsa magazi. Ndi kwa zokwawa ngati ng'ona ophatikizana ndi ake, omwe amadziwika kuti ndi amodzi mwa oimira akulu komanso owopsa m'banja lawo. Nyama izi, zomwe zimapezeka ku South Asia, Oceania ndi Australia, ndizomwe zimakhala zolusa kwambiri m'mphepete mwa nyanja kapena m'mphepete mwa nyanja - pambuyo pake, kukula kwake kumafikira mita zingapo ndipo kumatha kulemera mpaka tani.
Kufotokozera kwa ng'ona yosakaniza
Ng'ona yosakanizidwa, yotchedwanso ng'ona yamadzi amchere, ng'ona yodya anthu kapena ng'ona ya Indo-Pacific, ndi ya banja la ng'ona zowona. Makolo a zokwawa zazikuluzi, atawonekera kumtunda kwa Gondwana, adapulumuka ku kutha kwa Cretaceous-Paleogene, komwe kudawononga ma dinosaurs ndipo, atasinthika, kunadzetsa mtundu wa ng'ona zamakono.
Maonekedwe
Ng'ona yayikulu yamchere imakhala ndi thupi lokulirapo komanso lonyansa, lomwe limasandulika mchira wautali kwambiri, womwe umakhala pafupifupi 55% ya kutalika kwa thupi lonse la reptile. Chifukwa cha thupi lalikululi, lochirikiza miyendo yayifupi, yamphamvu komanso yamphamvu, ng'ona yokhotakhota kwa nthawi yayitali imadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwa mitundu ya alligator, koma pambuyo pake, atafufuza kangapo, asayansi amati mtundu uwu ndiwomwe umachokera kubanja komanso mtundu wa ng'ona zenizeni.
Zokwawa izi zili ndi mutu wokulirapo komanso wamphamvu komanso nsagwada zazikulu, pomwe mwa amuna akulu amtunduwu, nsagwada ndizokulirapo kuposa zazimuna. Chiwerengero cha mano chinyama ichi chitha kufikira zidutswa 64-68.
Ng'ona iyi idatchedwa zisa ziwiri zomwe zimapezeka pakamwa pa nyama zazikulu. Cholinga chenicheni cha "zokongoletsa" izi sichikudziwika, koma pali malingaliro kuti zisa zimafunika kuteteza maso a zokwawa kuti zisawonongeke posambira. Kuti ng'ona izitha kuwona pansi pamadzi, m'maso mwake muli zotupa zapadera zophethira.
Masikelo ali ndi mawonekedwe owulungika, si akulu, ndipo, chifukwa cha ichi, ng'ona yosekedwa imatha kuyenda momasuka komanso mwachangu. Ng'onayo ikamakula, mphuno yake imakutidwa ndi maukonde akuthwa komanso ziphuphu.
Mtundu wa anthu amtunduwu umadalira msinkhu wawo komanso malo okhala. Ng'onoting'ono zazing'ono zimakhala ndi utoto wachikasu wonyezimira wokhala ndi mikwingwirima yakuda kapena mawanga. Pakatha zaka zingapo, mtundu uwu umayamba kuchepa, ndipo mikwingwirima imawoneka yofalikira pang'ono, koma osasokonekera kapena kutheratu. Zokwawa zazikulu zimakhala ndi bulauni wonyezimira kapena wotuwa, ndipo mimba yawo ndi yopepuka: yoyera kapena yachikasu. Mbali yakumunsi ya mchira nthawi zambiri imakhala imvi ndi mikwingwirima yakuda. Komanso, pakati pa oimira mitundu iyi ya zokwawa, nthawi zina pali anthu omwe ali ndi mtundu wofooka kapena, mdima wakuda.
Kukula kwa ng'ona yosakanikirana
Kutalika kwa thupi kumatha kufikira 6-7 mita, ngakhale, nthawi zambiri, nyama zazing'ono zimapezeka, zomwe kutalika kwake ndi 2.5-3 mita m'litali. Kulemera kwake kumakhala pakati pa 300 mpaka 700 kg. Pali makamaka ng'ona crested, amene kulemera ukufika 1 tani.
Ng'ona zamchere zamchere ndi imodzi mwazinyama zazikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Amakhala otsika msinkhu okha ndi mitundu ina ya anangumi ndi shaki. Kulemera kwa mutu wokha wamwamuna wamkulu wamtunduwu kungakhale 200 kg.
Ng'ona yayikulu kwambiri yosekedwa yomwe idagwidwa amoyo ndikusungidwa mu ukapolo - chokwawa chotchedwa Lolong, chomwe chidagwidwa mu 2011 ku Philippines, chinali ndi thupi lokwanira mamita 6.17 ndikulemera 1075 kg. Pogwidwa, adang'amba zingwe zachitsulo zinai zopitilira matani 6-12, ndikuti amutulutse m'madzi, pafupifupi anthu zana adakhala usiku wonse.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Mosiyana ndi mitundu ina yambiri ya zokwawa, ng'ona yosenda ndi nyama yanzeru kwambiri, yochenjera komanso yowopsa. Nthawi zambiri amasankha nyama zikuluzikulu zazikulu monga ozunzidwa, ndipo nthawi zina anthu.
Chopikulacho ndi ng'ona zokhazo ku Eurasia zomwe zimatha kukhala m'madzi amchere komanso amchere.
Nyama iyi, yomwe imakonda kukhala yokhayokha kapena yopanda ziweto zazikulu kwambiri, ikamafunafuna nyama kapena kusamukira kumalo atsopano, imatha kuyenda mtunda wotalikirapo kuchokera pagombe. Ng'ona yosakanizika ndi yoopsa kwambiri moti ngakhale nsombazi, zomwe zimapikisana nawo chakudya cha zokwawa izi, zimamuopa.
Nthawi yayitali bwanji ng'ona yosenda munyanja itha kuweruzidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa zipolopolo ndi ndere zomwe zimakhala ndi nthawi yokula pakhungu lake. Pogwiritsa ntchito mafunde apanyanja posamuka, zokwawa izi zimatha kuyenda mtunda wautali. Chifukwa chake, anthu ena amtunduwu amasamukira kutali makilomita mazana, nthawi zambiri amasambira munyanja.
Zokwawa izi zimatha kusunthira kutali kwambiri m'mitsinje.
Chifukwa chakuti zokwawa izi sizimalekerera kutentha kwambiri, pakatentha, ng'ona zakuthambo zimakonda kubisala m'madzi kapena, ngati zikakhalabe pamtunda, zimapita kumalo otetemera kumene kuli kozizira. Kutentha kukayamba kukhala kovuta, anthu amtunduwu amakwera pamiyala yotenthedwa ndi dzuwa, motero, amadziwotha.
Zokwawa izi zimalankhulana wina ndi mzake pogwiritsa ntchito phokoso lakuwomba mosiyanasiyana. Pakukondana kwazimayi, zazimuna zimatulutsa phokoso lotsika pang'ono.
Zokwawa izi sizikhala monga mitundu ina ya ng'ona. Amakhala achiwawa kwambiri komanso amderali.
Anthu ambiri ali ndi gawo lawoyawo. Akazi amakhala m'malo osungira madzi oyera, pomwe iliyonse imakhala pafupifupi 1 km ndikuitchinjiriza kuti isawonongeke. Amuna, komano, ali ndi umwini wambiri: amaphatikiza magawo azimayi angapo komanso malo okhala ndi madzi abwino oyenera kuswana.
Amuna amateteza mwakhama katundu wawo kwa omwe akupikisana nawo, ndipo ngati awoloka malire a gawo lawo, nthawi zambiri amachita ndewu zowopsa, zomwe zimatha kumwalira kapena kuvulala koopsa kwa m'modzi wotsutsa. Ng'ona zazimuna ndizokhulupirika kwambiri kwa akazi: sizimangopita kukasemphana nawo, koma nthawi zina zimawagawiranso nyama.
Ng'ona zokhotakhota siziopa anthu, koma zimangowukira okhawo omwe anali osasamala ndipo amayandikira pafupi nawo kapena kuwakwiyitsa.
Kodi ng'ona zanyengo zimakhala motalika bwanji?
Nyama zamtunduwu zimakhala nthawi yayitali kwambiri: nthawi yawo yocheperako ndi zaka 65-70, koma asayansi samapatula mwayi woti zokwawa izi zitha kukhala zaka 100 kapena kupitilira apo. Ali mu ukapolo, anthu amtundu uwu amakhala zaka zopitilira 50.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Akazi a ng'ona yosekedwa ndi ocheperako kuposa amuna: amatha kutalika kwa theka, ndipo kulemera kwawo kumatha kukhala kopepuka kakhumi. Nsagwada zazimayi ndizocheperako komanso zochepa, ndipo matupi ake sali amphamvu ngati amphongo.
Mtundu wa nthumwi za mtunduwu umadalira kwambiri osati zogonana koma zaka ndi momwe madzi amapangidwira m'madamu omwe amakhala.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Chifukwa chakutha kwa ng'ona yosenda kuyenda mtunda wautali panyanja, chokwawa ichi chili ndi malo okhala kwambiri a ng'ona zonse. Mitunduyi imagawidwa kudera lalikulu, kuyambira zigawo zikuluzikulu za Vietnam, gombe la Southeast Asia, kum'mawa kwa India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, kumpoto kwa Australia ndi New Guinea. Amapezekanso kuzilumba za Malay Archipelago, kufupi ndi chilumba cha Borneo, ku Caroline, Solomon Islands komanso pachilumba cha Vanuatu. M'mbuyomu, amakhala ku Seychelles, koma tsopano awonongedweratu. M'mbuyomu amapezeka pagombe lakum'mawa kwa Africa ndi kumwera kwa Japan, koma pakadali pano anthu amtunduwu sakhala kumeneko.
Komabe, malo omwe amakonda kwambiri nkhanzazi ndi madambo a mangrove, deltas ndi malo otsika a mitsinje, komanso madambo.
Zakudya za ng'ona yosakanizidwa
Chokwawa ichi ndi nyama yayikulu kwambiri yomwe imakhala pamalo apamwamba pamndandanda wazakudya m'madera omwe imakhalamo. Zimachitika kuti ziwononge zilombo zina zazikuluzikulu: nsombazi ndi amphaka akuluakulu monga akambuku. Zakudya za anawo zimakhala ndi tizilombo, amphibiya apakatikati, nyama zakutchire, zokwawa zazing'ono ndi nsomba. Akuluakulu samayenda kwenikweni komanso samathamanga kwambiri kuti athe kusaka nyama zing'onozing'ono, chifukwa chake, nyama zazikulu komanso zosafulumira zimazunzidwa.
Kutengera kuti ndi ng'ona yomwe imakhalamo, imatha kusaka nswala, nguluwe zakutchire, tapir, kangaroo, antelope aku Asia, njati, gauras, bantengs ndi zina zikuluzikulu zomwe zimadya nyama zina. Nyama monga akambuku, zimbalangondo, ma dingo, kuyang'anira abuluzi, mimbulu, ndipo nthawi zina nsombazi nazonso zimazunzidwa. Amathanso kudyedwa ndi anyani - mwachitsanzo, anyani kapena mitundu ina ya anyani, ndipo nthawi zina anthu. Samanyoza kudya ng'ona zina, kapena nyama zazing'ono zamtundu wawo.
Anthu omwe akukhala munyanja kapena m'malo osungira mitsinje amasaka nsomba zazikulu, njoka zam'nyanja, akamba am'madzi, ma dugong, ma dolphin ndi cheza, komanso mbalame zam'nyanja, ngati zingagwidwe.
Ng'ona zamchere sizidya nyama yowonongeka, koma sizinyansitsa zovunda: zimatha kuwonedwa zikudya pafupi ndi mitembo ya anamgumi akufa.
Zakudya zazimayi ndizosiyana kwambiri: kuwonjezera pa nyama zazikulu kwambiri, zimaphatikizaponso nyama zazing'ono monga ma crustaceans ndi nyama zazing'ono zazing'ono.
Kubereka ndi ana
Nthawi yoswana ya nyamazi imayamba nthawi yamvula, ikakhala kuti sikutentha kwambiri komanso nthaka imakhala yodzaza ndi chinyezi. Ng'ona yosekedwa ndimphalapala ya mitala: pakhoza kukhala akazi opitilira 10 azimayi amuna.
Amayi amakula msinkhu wazaka 10-12, mwa amuna zimachitika pambuyo pake - ali ndi zaka 16. Nthawi yomweyo, azimayi okha omwe afika pakukula kwamamita 2.2 ndi amuna omwe kutalika kwa thupi lawo silochepera 3.2 mita ndiwoyenera kubereka.
Asanaikire mazira 30 mpaka 90, mkaziyo amamanga chisa, chomwe ndi chimulu chochita kupanga cha matope ndi masamba, chomwe chili pafupifupi mita imodzi kutalika mpaka 7 mita m'mimba mwake. Pofuna kuteteza chisa kuti chisakokoloke ndi mitsinje yamadzi amvula, ng'ona yaikazi imaimika paphiri. Chifukwa cha kuvunda kwa masamba, kutentha kosalekeza kumasungidwa mchisa cha ng'ona, chofanana pafupifupi madigiri 32.
Kugonana kwa ana amtsogolo kumadalira kutentha kwachisa: ngati ndi pafupifupi madigiri 31.6, makamaka amuna amaswa. Nthawi zomwe pamakhala kutentha pang'ono, azimayi ambiri amaswedwa m'mazira.
Nthawi yokwanira imakhala pafupifupi miyezi itatu, koma nthawi yake, kutengera kutentha, imatha kusiyanasiyana. Nthawi yonseyi mkazi amakhala pafupi ndi chisa ndipo amateteza zowalamulira kuzinthu zowononga.
Ana oswedwa, omwe kulemera kwake ndi pafupifupi magalamu 70, ndipo kutalika kwake ndi 25-30 cm, kuyimbira amayi awo ndikumva kukuwa, komwe kumawathandiza kutuluka mchisa, kenako ndikuwapatsira madzi mkamwa mwawo. Kenako mkazi amasamalira ana ake kwa miyezi 5-7 ndipo, ngati kuli kotheka, amamuteteza.
Koma ngakhale amayi ali ndi nkhawa, osapitilira 1% a ana ang'onoang'ono amakhala ndi moyo ndipo amakula msinkhu.
Kukula, koma pano palibe ng'ona zachikulire nthawi zambiri zimamenya nkhondo ndi achikulire komanso akuluakulu, ndipo ena a iwo amadyerera achibale awo.
Adani achilengedwe
Ng'ona zazing'onoting'ono zazikuluzikulu zilibe adani achilengedwe. Ena mwa iwo amatha kuzunzidwa ndi nsombazi, motero, kupatula anthu, alibe adani.
Achinyamata ndipo makamaka mazira amakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Zisa za ng'ona zitha kuwonongedwa ndi kuwunika abuluzi ndi nkhumba, ndipo ana ang'onoang'ono amasakidwa ndi akamba amadzi amadzi, kuwunika abuluzi, zitsamba zam'madzi, akhwangwala, ma dingo, akalulu, oimira banja la mphalapala, nsomba zazikulu. Izi zimachitika kuti nyama zazing'ono zimaphedwa ndi ng'ona zina zakale. M'nyanja, nsombazi ndizoopsa kwambiri kwa ana ang'onoting'ono.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Ng'ona zamchere zamchere ndi zina mwazinthu zomwe sizikudetsa nkhawa. Chiwerengero chawo chidachepa m'zaka za zana la 20: zokwawa izi zidaphedwa ku Thailand, ndipo pafupifupi 100 okha ndi omwe adapulumuka kumwera kwa Vietnam. Koma anthu aku Australia ndi akulu kwambiri ndipo ali ndi ng'ona 100,000-200,000. Zimathandizira kuchuluka kwa zokwawa izi komanso kuti ng'ona zosekedwa tsopano zimafusidwa m'mafamu.
Pakali pano akuletsa kugulitsa ng'ona zamoyo zokhazokha kapena zakufa, komanso ziwalo zina za matupi awo, ngati zokwawa zimachokera kwa anthu amtchire kupatula aku Indonesia aku Australia ndi omwe ali ku Papua New Guinea. Koma nyama zomwe zimasungidwa ukapolo pazogulitsa, izi sizikugwira ntchito, koma pakadali pano, ndikofunikira kupeza chilolezo chotumiza kunja.
Ng'ona zamchere zamchere zimawerengedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwazilombo zazikulu kwambiri komanso zoopsa padziko lapansi. Zokwawa zazikuluzikuluzi, mpaka kutalika kwa mita 7, zimakhala ku South Asia, Oceania ndi Australia. Sangatchulidwe kuti okongola, komabe, chakuti zokwawa izi zapulumuka mwamphamvu zowonongedwa zingapo ndipo zapulumuka mpaka lero pafupifupi momwe zidapangidwira, komanso mawonekedwe amachitidwe awo, kusamalira ana ndi luntha, zachilendo kwa zokwawa zambiri, zimawapanga nyama zawo zosangalatsa komanso zowoneka bwino.
