Yemwe akuyimira mbalameyi amatchedwa "nkhumba ya nkhumba" chifukwa cha mphuno ndi mphuno yosunthika, yomwe imagwedeza pansi, kufunafuna chakudya.
Nkhumba Badger Kufotokozera
Arctonyx collaris (nkhumba badger) yochokera kubanja la weasel nthawi zonse amatchedwa teledu, zomwe sizolondola komanso zimachitika chifukwa cholakwitsa kwa Academician Vladimir Sokolov pantchito "Systematics of mammals" (voliyumu III). M'malo mwake, dzina loti "teledu" ndi la Mydaus javanensis (Sunda smelly badger) wochokera ku mtundu wa Mydaus, womwe Sokolov adaphonya panthawi yopanga makina.
Maonekedwe
Mbira ya nkhumba imasiyana kwambiri ndi mbira zina, kupatula kuti ili ndi mphuno yolumikizana kwambiri yokhala ndi chidutswa chodetsedwa cha pinki, chodzaza ndi tsitsi laling'ono. Mbira yayikulu yachikulire imakula mpaka 0,55-0.7 m ndikulemera makilogalamu 7-14.Ndi mbalame yolimba, yayikulu-yayitali yokhala ndi thupi lolimba, lolimba pamiyendo yolimba.... Kutsogolo kumakhala ndi zikhadabo zamphamvu, zopindika kwambiri, zabwino kukumba.
Khosi silitchulidwe, ndichifukwa chake thupi limaphatikizana ndi mutu, womwe uli ndi mawonekedwe ofanana. Chophimbacho chimadutsika ndi mikwingwirima iwiri yakuda yomwe imayambira pakamwa kumtunda mpaka m'khosi (kudzera m'maso ndi makutu). Makutu a kanyama ka nkhumba ndi ang'ono, okutidwa kwathunthu ndi ubweya. Maso ndi ochepa komanso otalikirana. Mchira wa kutalika kwa sing'anga (12-17 cm) umafanana ndi ngayaye, ndipo tsitsi lonse la nyamayo limakhala lokulirapo komanso lochepa.
Kumbuyo kwake, malaya achikasu achikasu, otuwa kapena ofiira amdima amakula, ofanana ndi kamvekedwe kake ndi ubweya wophimba kutsogolo. Miyendo yakumbuyo yokhala ndi mbali nthawi zina imakhala yopepuka ndipo imakhala ndi utoto wachikaso. Mimba, mapazi ndi mapazi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zakuda, ndipo kuwala (koyera koyera), kupatula mphuno, kumawonekeranso kumapeto kwa makutu, mmero, lokwera (mzidutswa) ndi mchira. Mbira ya nkhumba, monga mitundu ina ya mbira, ili ndi ma gland oyenda bwino.
Moyo, machitidwe
Mbira ya nkhumba imamangiriridwa kubowola ndipo imakhala moyo wongokhala, osasuntha mtunda wopitilira 400-500 m kuchokera komwe imakhazikika. Chiwembu chake chimakulirakulira kokha pomwe kulibe chakudya chokwanira, ndichifukwa chake nyamayo imachoka patabowo ndi 2-3 km ... Ndi chakudya chochuluka, nyama zimakhala moyandikana, kuyika maenje paphompho limodzi. Maenje amakumbidwa pawokha kapena amagwiritsa ntchito malo achitetezo achilengedwe, mwachitsanzo, amalowera mumtsinje kapena amatuluka pansi pamiyala.
Ndizosangalatsa! Amakhala nthawi yayitali mdzenje: nthawi yozizira - ngakhale tsiku limodzi, koma masabata. M'miyezi yovuta kwambiri (Novembala mpaka February - Marichi), mbira za nkhumba zimalowa mu hibernation, zomwe sizikhala zazitali, monga mbira zambiri, koma zimatenga masiku angapo.
Amakhala mu dzenje lomwe adakumba kwazaka zambiri, kukulitsa, kukulitsa ndikuwonjezera zitunda, chifukwa chake zimakhala zovuta kwambiri komanso zovuta: zotuluka 2-5 zimasinthidwa ndi mayenje atsopano 40-50. Zoona, pali ma tunnel angapo omwe amagwiranso ntchito nthawi zonse, ena onse ali mgulu la osagwiritsidwa ntchito, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati pangozi kapena mbira zikukwawa kupita kumlengalenga.
Nkhumba za nkhumba zimakonda kukhala zokhazokha ndipo nthawi zambiri zimangoyang'ana chakudya chimodzi.... Kupatula kwake ndi akazi omwe ali ndi ana amphongo, omwe amadyera limodzi pafupi ndi phangalo.
Khola la baji ndi loyera modabwitsa - palibe zotsalira (monga nkhandwe) kapena ndowe. Kutsatira ukhondo wabwinobwino, nyama imakonzekeretsa zimbudzi tchire / udzu wamtali, monga lamulo, kutali ndi nyumba.
Posachedwa, zidawululidwa kuti mbira ya nkhumba imadzuka osati usiku (monga momwe amaganizira kale), komanso masana. Kuphatikiza apo, chilombocho sichimawopa anthu ndipo, mosiyana ndi nyama zambiri zakutchire, sichimabisala poyenda m'nkhalango. Amapumula mokweza, akuponya pansi ndi mphuno, ndikupanga phokoso lambiri poyenda, komwe kumamveka makamaka pakati pa masamba owuma ndi udzu.
Zofunika! Maso ake ndi osaoneka bwino - amangowona zinthu zosuntha, ndipo makutu ake ndi ofanana ndi amunthu. Mphamvu yakumva kununkhiza, yomwe imapangidwa bwino kuposa mphamvu zina, imathandiza nyamayo kuyenda mumlengalenga.
Pokhala bata, nyamayo ikung'ung'udza, itakwiya, ikung'ung'udza mwadzidzidzi, ndikusintha mokuwa ikamenyana ndi abale kapena ikumana ndi adani. Mbira ya nkhumba imatha kusambira, koma imalowa m'madzi chifukwa chofunikira kwambiri.
Kodi mbira imakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji
Ali mu ukapolo, oimira mitunduyo amakhala ndi zaka mpaka 14-16, koma amakhala kuthengo pang'ono.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Monga ma weasel akulu (badger, harza, otter ndi ena), mbira ya nkhumba siyimatchulapo kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi.
Mitundu ya nkhumba
Pakadali pano, subspecies 6 za nkhumba za nkhumba zafotokozedwa, zomwe sizimasiyana kwenikweni kunja kwawo monga kwawo:
- Arctonyx collaris collaris - Assam, Bhutan, Sikkim ndi kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Himalaya;
- Arctonyx collaris albugularis - kumwera kwa China;
- Wolamulira mwankhanza wa Arctonyx - Vietnam, Thailand ndi kumpoto kwa Burma;
- Arctonyx collaris consul - Myanmar ndi Assam yakumwera;
- Arctonyx collaris leucolaemus - kumpoto kwa China;
- Arctonyx collaris hoevi - Sumatra.
Zofunika! Osati akatswiri onse azosiyanitsa mitundu ya subspecies 6 za Arctonyx collaris: omwe adalemba IUCN Red List ali otsimikiza kuti mbira ya nkhumba ili ndi ma subspecies atatu okha.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Nkhumba za nkhumba zimakhala ku Southeast Asia ndipo zimapezeka ku Bangladesh, Bhutan, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, India, Burma, Laos, Cambodia, Indonesia, ndi Sumatra.
Kufalikira kwa mitunduyi kumapezeka kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa India, komanso ku Bangladesh, komwe kumakhala nyama zambiri kumwera chakum'mawa kwa dzikolo.
Ku Bangladesh, mtundu wa nyama ya nkhumba umakwirira:
- Chunoti Wildlife Sanctuary;
- Kalasi ya Chittagong University;
- Fashahali Wildlife Sanctuary;
- kumpoto chakum'mawa (zigawo za Sylhet, Habigondj ndi Mulovibazar);
- Malo oteteza Lazachara.
Ku Laos, nyama zimakhala makamaka kumpoto, pakati ndi kumwera kwa dzikolo, ndipo ku Vietnam magulu a nyama ya nkhumba imagawika kwambiri. Mitunduyi imakhala m'nkhalango zowirira kwambiri (zobiriwira komanso zobiriwira nthawi zonse) ndi zigwa za madzi osefukira, malo olima ndi nkhalango. M'madera amapiri, mbira ya nkhumba imapezeka pamwamba pa 3.5 km pamwamba pa nyanja.
Zakudya zodyera nkhumba
Nyamayo imakhala yopatsa chidwi, ndipo imapeza zakudya zake zosiyanasiyana chifukwa cha mphuno yolimba komanso yolimba. Chakudya cha nkhumba ya nkhumba chimaphatikizapo zakudya zamasamba ndi nyama:
- mizu yowutsa mudyo ndi mizu;
- zipatso;
- zamoyo zopanda mafupa (mphutsi ndi minyozi);
- nyama zazing'ono zazing'ono.
Kuti tipeze chakudya, nyamayo imagwira ntchito mwamphamvu ndi zikhadabo zakutsogolo ndi zikhadabo zamphamvu, ikumwaza dziko lapansi ndi mphuno yake ndikugwiritsa ntchito ma molars / incisors a nsagwada zakumunsi. Anthu akumaloko nthawi zambiri amawona mbira ikugwira nkhanu mumitsinje yaying'ono yapafupi.
Kubereka ndi ana
Nthawi yokwanira nthawi zambiri imagwera pa Meyi, koma kubadwa kwa ana kumachedwa - ana amabadwa patatha miyezi 10, yomwe imafotokozedwa ndi gawo lotsatira, pomwe kukula kwa mluza kumachedwa.
Mu February - Marichi chaka chamawa, mbira yachikazi ya nkhumba imabweretsa kuchokera 2 mpaka 6, koma nthawi zambiri ana agalu atatu osathandiza komanso akhungu, olemera 70-80 g.
Ndizosangalatsa! Amabereka amakula pang'onopang'ono, kupeza ma auricles pakatha masabata atatu, kutsegula maso awo masiku 35-42 ndikupeza mano mwezi umodzi.
Pakapangidwe ka mano, zomwe zimatchedwa kuchepa zimadziwika, pakaphulika mano a mkaka, koma atakwanitsa miyezi 2.5 kukula kwa mano okhazikika kumayambira. Akatswiri a zooologist amagwirizanitsa chodabwitsachi ndi kudyetsa mkaka motalika komanso mochedwa, koma kusinthana msanga msipu.
Mkaka wa m'mawere wamkazi umatha pafupifupi miyezi 4... Tinyama tating'onoting'ono timakonda kusewera ndi kusewera ndi abale / alongo, koma akamakula, amataya luso logwirizana komanso kufunitsitsa kulumikizana. Nkhumba zimakhala ndi ziwalo zoberekera miyezi 7-8.
Adani achilengedwe
Mbira ya nkhumba imakhala ndimasinthidwe angapo omwe amateteza ku adani achilengedwe, kuphatikiza akalulu akulu (kambuku, kambuku, nyalugwe) ndi anthu.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mano amphamvu ndi zikhadabo zamphamvu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mbali ziwiri nthawi imodzi: mbira imathyola pansi nawo mwachangu kuti ibisalire akambuku / akambuku, kapena imamenyana ngati kuthawa sikukuyenda bwino.
Monga wothamangitsa zowoneka, pali mitundu yochititsa chidwi yamizeremizere, yomwe, mwanjira, siyosangalatsa nyama zonse. Chotchinga chotsatira ndi khungu lakuda, lopangidwa kuti liziteteze ku mabala akuya, komanso chinsinsi chachinsinsi chomwe chimabisidwa ndi ma gland.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Mchitidwe wapano wa kuchuluka kwa ma Arctonyx monga 2018 umadziwika kuti ukucheperachepera. Mbira ya nkhumba idatchulidwa kuti ndi mitundu yovutikira mu IUCN Red List chifukwa chakuchepa kwanthawi zonse. Kusaka kumawerengedwa kuti ndiwopseza kwambiri, makamaka ku Vietnam ndi India, komwe nyama yankhumba imasakidwa chifukwa cha khungu lake lamafuta. Mtengo wakuchepa ukuyembekezeka kuwonjezeka, makamaka ku Myanmar ndi Cambodia. Zomwe zikuchitika ku Cambodia zikuchulukirachulukira chifukwa chofuna nkhumba za nkhumba kuchipatala, zomwe zimapezeka kwambiri kumidzi.
Chiwerengero cha mbira chikucheperachepera chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa malo awo okhala mokakamizidwa ndi gawo lazogulitsa zamakampani. Kutsika pang'ono kwa anthu kunanenedweratu pafupifupi. Sumatra ndi ambiri aku China. Ku Lao People's Democratic Republic ndi Vietnam, mbira za nkhumba nthawi zambiri zimakodwa mumisampha yachitsulo yomwe imapangidwa kuti igwire anthu ambiri. Geography yogwiritsa ntchito misampha yotere yakula pazaka 20 zapitazi, ndipo izi zikupitilizabe.
Zofunika! Kuphatikiza apo, mitunduyi ili pachiwopsezo chachikulu chifukwa chakusintha kwake pang'ono komanso kusowa chinsinsi kwachibadwa. Nkhumba za nkhumba zimaopa pang'ono anthu omwe nthawi zambiri amabwera kunkhalango ndi agalu ndi zida.
Kusaka ndi chiwopsezo chachikulu kumadera akum'mawa kwamtunduwu, osachita nawo gawo lakumadzulo. Nkhumba zambiri za nkhumba zimamwalira nthawi yamadzi osefukira ku Kaziranga National Park (India). Zomwe akuti nkhumba za nkhumba zaanthu zimakhala ndi mfundo zingapo: choyamba, nyama, kuswa nthaka, kuwononga mbewu, ndipo, chachiwiri, ndizotheka, ndi omwe amanyamula matenda a chiwewe.
Arctonyx collaris ndiyotetezedwa ndi malamulo ku Thailand, mdziko lonse ku India, komanso pansi pa Wildlife Act (2012) ku Bangladesh. Mbira ya nkhumba siyotetezedwa mwalamulo ku Vietnam / Cambodia, ndipo ndi nyama yayikulu kwambiri yopanda chitetezo, kupatula Sus scrofa (nguluwe), ku Myanmar. Makola okhaokha a Arctonyx collaris omwe akuphatikizidwa mu China Red List of Vulnerable Species.
