The icefish, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti nsomba yoyera ya pike komanso mbewa zoyera zamagazi (Champsocephalus gunnari), ndim'madzi okhala m'madzi otchedwa White-blooded fish. Dzinalo "ayezi" kapena "nsomba za ayezi" nthawi zina limagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati dzina la banja lonse, komanso omwe akuyimira aliyense, kuphatikiza nsomba za crocodile ndi whale.
Kufotokozera kwa nsomba za ayezi
Ngakhale olemba nsomba za ku Norway m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, nkhani zidafalikira kwambiri kuti ku Antarctic, pafupi ndi chilumba cha South Georgia, kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Atlantic Ocean, kuli nsomba zooneka zachilendo zokhala ndi magazi opanda mtundu. Ndi chifukwa cha izi kuti anthu wamba am'madzi amatchedwa "opanda magazi" komanso "ayezi".
Ndizosangalatsa! Lero, molingana ndi dongosolo lamakono lamakono, magazi oyera, kapena nsomba za ayezi, amapatsidwa dongosolo la Perchiformes, momwe anthu am'madzi oterewa amaimiridwa ndi genera khumi ndi limodzi, komanso mitundu khumi ndi isanu ndi umodzi.
Komabe, chinsinsi chachilengedwe chotere sichinadzutse chidwi cha asayansi ambiri okayikira, chifukwa chake, zinali zotheka kuyambitsa kafukufuku wasayansi wokhudza nsomba pakati pa zaka zapitazo. Gulu la sayansi (taxonomy) lidachitika ndi katswiri wazanyama waku Sweden a Einar Lenberg.
Maonekedwe, kukula kwake
Ice ndi nsomba yayikulu... Mwa anthu ochokera ku South Georgia, achikulire amtunduwu nthawi zambiri amakhala kutalika kwa 65-66 cm, ndikulemera kwapakati pa 1.0-1.2 kg. Kukula kwakukulu kwa nsomba zolembedwa pafupi ndi gawo la South Georgia kunali 69.5 masentimita, ndikulemera konse kwa 3.2 kg. Dera lomwe lili pafupi ndi chilumba cha Kerguelen limadziwika ndi malo okhala nsomba zokhala ndi thupi lathunthu losapitilira masentimita 45.
Womaliza wam'mbuyo wam'mbuyo amakhala ndi kuwala kwa 7-10 kosalala, ndipo kumapeto kwachiwiri kumakhala ndi kuwala kwa 35-41. Kumapeto kwa nsomba kuli ndi kuwala kwa 35-40. Chodziwika bwino cha gawo loyamba m'munsi mwa chipilala cha branchial ndi kupezeka kwa ma brandial stamens 11-20, pomwe ma vertebrae onse ndi zidutswa 58-64.
Nsombazi zimakhala ndi thupi lalifupi komanso lowonda. Msana wam'mbali pafupi ndi phompho kulibe. Mbali yakumtunda ya nsagwada ndi chimodzimodzi ndi mzere pamwamba pa nsagwada. Kutalika kwa mutu wokulirapo ndikokulirapo pang'ono kuposa kutalika kwa mphuno. Pakamwa pa nsombayo ndi chachikulu, kumapeto kwake kwa nsagwada kumtunda kukafika gawo lachitatu lakumapeto kwa gawo lozungulira. Maso a nsombazo ndi zazikulu, ndipo malo ophatikizana amakhala otakata pang'ono.
Mphepete zakunja za mafupa pamphumi pamwamba pamaso ndizabwino ngakhale, popanda kukhalapo, osakwezedwa konse. Zipsepse ziwiri zakumbuyo ndizotsika pang'ono, zimakhudza mabesi kapena kupatula pang'ono ndi malo ochepera kwambiri. Pa thupi la wokhala m'madzi pali mizere yotsatira (yamankhwala ndi yam'mbali), popanda kupezeka kwa zigawo zamathambo. Zipsepse pamimba ndizocheperako, ndipo kunyezimira kwakukulu kwapakati sikufika kumapeto kwa kumatako. Mapeto a caudal sanatchulidwe.
Ndizosangalatsa! Zipsepse za caudal, anal, and dorsal za achikulire mwa mitunduyo ndi zamdima kapena zakuda, ndipo achichepere amadziwika ndi zipsepse zopepuka.
Mtundu wonse wa nsomba za m'madzi umaimiridwa ndi utoto wonyezimira. M'dera la m'mimba mwa thupi lam'madzi, pali mitundu yoyera. Mbali yakumbuyo ndi mutu wa nsomba zosamva kuzizira ndimtundu wakuda. Mikwingwirima yakuda yopindika mozungulira imapezeka pambali za thupi, pomwe imizere inayi yakuda kwambiri imawonekera.
Moyo, machitidwe
Icefish imapezeka m'malo osungira mwakuya kwa 650-800 m. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe owonekera amwazi wamagazi, okhala ndi maselo ofiira ofiira ndi hemoglobin m'magazi, oimira mitundu iyi amakhala omasuka pamadzi otentha a 0оС komanso otsika pang'ono. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti chifukwa cha moyo ndi kapangidwe kake, nsomba zam'madzi oundana sizikhala ndi fungo losasangalatsa, ndipo nyama ya nsomba zotere ndiyotsekemera pang'ono, yofewa komanso yokoma kwambiri pakulawa kwake.
Udindo waukulu pakapuma kumaseweredwa osati ndimitsempha, koma ndi khungu la zipsepse ndi thupi lonse... Kuphatikiza apo, kuchuluka kwathunthu kwa nsomba zamtunduwu ndikokulirapo katatu kuposa kupuma kwa gill. Mwachitsanzo, maukonde olimba kwambiri a capillary amadziwika ndi mbalame yoyera ya Kerguelen, mpaka kutalika kwa 45 mm pa millimeter imodzi ya khungu.
Kodi nsomba yayitali imakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji
Nsomba zam'madzi oundana zimasinthidwa kukhala malo osavomerezeka, koma mtima wam'madzi wam'madzi umagunda pafupipafupi kuposa nsomba zina zambiri, chifukwa zaka zomwe amakhala nazo sizidutsa zaka makumi awiri.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Gawo logawa mitundu ya mitunduyo ndi lomwe lili mgululi lazungulirazungulira-Antarctic. Masamba ndi malo okhala amakhala makamaka kuzilumba, zomwe zili m'malire a kumpoto kwa Antarctic Convergence. Ku West Antarctica, nsomba za m'madzi zimapezeka pafupi ndi Shag Rocks, South Georgia Island, South Sandwich ndi Orkney Islands, ndi Shetland South Islands.
Ndizosangalatsa! M'madzi ozizira ozizira, nsomba za m'madzi zachulukitsa magazi, zomwe zimatsimikizika ndi kukula kwakukulu kwa mtima komanso ntchito yayikulu kwambiri ya chiwalo chamkati.
Kuchuluka kwa nsomba za m'madzi oundana pafupi ndi chilumba cha Bouvet komanso kufupi ndi malire akumpoto kwa Antarctic Peninsula. Kwa East Antarctica, mitunduyi imangokhala m'mabanki ndi zilumba za Kerguelen m'madzi, kuphatikizapo zilumba za Khones za Kerguelen, Shchuchya, Yuzhnaya ndi Skif, komanso madera a McDonald's ndi Heard Islands.
Zakudya za Icefish
Icefish ndi nyama yodziwika bwino. Anthu okhala m'madzi ozizira otere amakonda kudya nyama zam'madzi zapansi. Nthawi zambiri, squid, krill ndi nsomba zazing'ono zimakhala nyama ya nthumwi za Ray-finned nsomba, dongosolo la Perch-like ndi banja loyera mwazi Woyera.
Makamaka chifukwa chakuti chakudya chachikulu cha nsomba za ayisi ndi krill, nyama yokoma pang'ono komanso yofewa ya wokhala m'madzi imakumbutsa anyani am'madzi mwa kukoma kwake.
Kubereka ndi ana
Nsomba ndi nyama zosakanikirana. Akazi amapanga mazira - mazira omwe amatuluka mkati mwa thumba losunga mazira. Amakhala ndi nembanemba yopyapyala komanso yopyapyala, yomwe imathandizira kuti umuna ukhale wosavuta komanso wosavuta. Mazirawa akuyenda mozungulira oviduct, amatuluka kudzera potsegula kunja komwe kuli pafupi ndi anus.
Amuna amapanga umuna. Amapezeka m'mayeso ophatikizika otchedwa mkaka ndipo amaimira mtundu wa mawonekedwe amtundu wa ma tubules omwe amalowera mumtsinje wosakira. Mkati mwa vas deferens muli gawo lokulitsidwa kwambiri, loyimiriridwa ndi seminal vesicle. Kutulutsa kwa madzimadzi amuna, komanso kupatsa akazi, kumachitika pafupifupi nthawi imodzi.
Ma Extremophiles, omwe amaphatikizira oimira gulu la nsomba zopangidwa ndi Ray, gulu la nsomba za Percoid komanso banja la nsomba zoyera, ali okonzeka kuberekanso pambuyo pazaka ziwiri. Nthawi yophukira, zazikazi zimaswa kuchokera kumodzi ndi theka mpaka mazira zikwi makumi atatu. Mwachangu akhanda amangodya zamtchire zokha, koma amakula ndikukula pang'onopang'ono.
Adani achilengedwe
Pansi pa sikelo ya nsomba yoopsa kwambiri ku Antarctic, pamakhala chinthu china chomwe chimalepheretsa thupi kuzizira m'madzi ozizira ozizira.... Pozama kwambiri, oimira Mitundu ya Icefish alibe adani ochulukirapo, ndipo yogwira ntchito kwambiri, pafupifupi chaka chonse asodzi ochulukirapo pazamalonda atha kukhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu kwa anthu onse.
Mtengo wamalonda
Ice ndi nsomba yamtengo wapatali yamalonda. Kulemera kwakukulu kwa nsomba pamsika wotere kumatha kusiyanasiyana pakati pa 100-1000 magalamu, ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 25-35.Nyama ya m'madzi oundana imakhala ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri, kuphatikizapo potaziyamu, phosphorous, fluorine ndi ma microelements ena othandiza thupi.
M'dera la Russia, chifukwa cha kukoma kwake, komanso chifukwa chakutali kwambiri komanso zovuta zina zakapangidwe kazambiri, nsomba za m'madzi masiku ano zili mgulu lamtengo wapatali. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti pansi pa zikhalidwe za nsomba za nthawi ya Soviet, nsomba zoterezi zinali zogwirizana ndi pollock ndi blue whiting, pokhapokha ku gulu la mtengo wotsika kwambiri.
Nsomba za madzi oundana osazizira zimakhala ndi mafuta owopsa, ofewa kwambiri, mafuta ochepa (2-8 g wamafuta pa 100 g ya kulemera) ndi mafuta ochepa (80-140 kcal pa 100 g) nyama. Mapuloteni ambiri amakhala pafupifupi 16-17%. Nyama ilibe bonasi. Nsombazi zilibe mafupa a nthiti kapena mafupa ochepa kwambiri, zimangokhala ndi kakhosi kofewa komanso kodyedwa.
Ndizosangalatsa! Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, ziphuphu zoyera zimangokhala m'malo oyera kwambiri padziko lapansi, chifukwa chake nyama yawo yamtengo wapatali imadziwika ndi kusowa kwa zinthu zoyipa zilizonse.
Mukaphika, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti musankhe mitundu yophika kwambiri, kuphatikiza kuphika kapena kuphika nthunzi. Ophatikiza nyama yotere nthawi zambiri amakonza aspic wokoma komanso wathanzi kuchokera ku nsomba za ayezi, ndipo ku Japan, mbale zopangidwa kuchokera ku nyama ya wokhala m'madzi momwemo zosaphika ndizodziwika kwambiri.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Pakadali pano, nthumwi za kalasi za Ray-finned, dongosolo la Perchiformes ndi nsomba za magazi zoyera zimagwidwa ndi ma trawl amakono apakatikati pafupi ndi zilumba za South Orkney ndi Shetland, South Georgia ndi Kerguelen. Kuchuluka kwa nsomba zam'madzi zakuya zosagwira ozizira zomwe zimagwidwa pachaka m'malo amenewa zimasiyanasiyana mkati mwa matani 1.0-4.5 zikwi. M'mayiko olankhula Chingerezi nsomba amatchedwa icefish, ndipo m'maiko olankhula Spain amatchedwa pez hielo.
Zidzakhalanso zosangalatsa:
- Nsomba za Coho
- Nsomba zamatchire
- Nsomba za Halibut
- Nsomba nsomba
Kudera la France, oimira mitundu yamtengo wapataliyi apatsidwa dzina lachikondi kwambiri la poisson des glaces antarctique, lomwe limamasuliridwa mu Chirasha ngati "nsomba za ayezi wa Antarctic". Asodzi aku Russia masiku ano samagwira "ayezi", ndipo nsomba zomwe zimangotumizidwa kunja, zomwe zimagwidwa ndi zombo zakumayiko ena, zimathera pamakontena amisika yakunyumba. Malinga ndi zomwe asayansi ambiri akuti, pakadali pano, mitundu yamalonda yamtengo wapatali yomwe ikukhala kudera la Antarctic sichiwopsezedwa kuti idzatheratu.
