Shrews (Soricidae) ndi oimira Zinyama Zam'kalasi, dongosolo la Insectivorous komanso banja Shrews. Nyama yotere imabweretsa phindu lalikulu kwa anthu, kufafaniza tizilombo tambiri tanthaka, komanso gawo lawo la mphutsi. Tizilombo ta nkhalango ndi zaulimi zimawonongedwa ndi zitsamba zam'madzi chaka chonse, ngakhale m'malo omwe mbalame ndi nyama zina zovulaza sizitha kufikako.
Kufotokozera kwa zoweta
Zinyama zazing'ono zowoneka ndizofanana kwambiri ndi mbewa wamba, koma zimakhala ndi mphuno, yolumikizidwa ngati mtundu wa proboscis... Ma Shrews amaphatikizaponso oimira ocheperako a mammalian class, omwe amaimiridwa ndi pygmy shrew (Suncus etruscus) ndi kachingwe kakang'ono (Sorex minutissimus), komwe kutalika kwake sikupitilira 30-50 mm, ndikutalika thupi kwa 3.0-3.3 gr.
Maonekedwe
Mutu wa chofululiracho chimakhala chokulirapo, ndikupezeka kwa nkhope yayitali ndi mphuno yolumikizidwa mu proboscis yoyenda komanso yowoneka bwino. Maso a nyama ndi ochepa mokwanira. Miyendo ya nyama yoyamwa tcheru ndi yaifupi, yazala zisanu. Ubweyawo ndi wandiweyani komanso wamfupi, wowoneka bwino kwambiri. Mchira ukhoza kukhala waufupi kwambiri kapena wautali kwambiri, wopitirira kutalika kwa thupi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Zoyala zazimayi zimakhala ndi nsonga 6-10, ndipo ma testes aimuna amakhala mkati mwa thupi, pomwe chiwalo chophatikizira cha nyama yayikulu ndichachikulu kwambiri, mpaka 70% ya kutalika kwa thupi.
Chigaza ndi chopapatiza komanso chachitali, choloza m'mphuno. Dera laubongo lakulitsidwa, lomwe ndi gawo lapadera pakati pazinyama. Vuto laubongo ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi a kulemera kwa thupi, lomwe limakhala lokwera kwambiri kuposa zomwe zimafotokozedwa kwa anthu ndi ma dolphin. Zipilala za zikuluzikulu zamatumba sizipezeka, ndipo mano onse ndi zidutswa 26-32.
Zowonekera mkati, makamaka zapansi, zimakulitsidwa kwambiri. Kusintha kwa mano amkaka ndi mano osatha kumachitika pakukula kwa mazira, chifukwa chake, ma shrews amabadwa ali ndi mano athunthu. Kutseguka kumatako ndi kumaliseche kwazunguliridwa ndi khola la khungu. M'mbali mwa thupi ndi pamizu ya mchira, pali tiziwalo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timapanga chinsinsi chomwe chimakhala ndi fungo losasangalatsa.
Mtima wa wochenjera umagunda mpumulo pa liwiro la 680-700 kumenyedwa, ndipo akawopsedwa, kugunda kwa mtima kumawonjezeka mpaka kumenyedwa kwa 1100-1200. Oimira m'kalasi la Mammals, dongosolo la Insectivorous ndi banja Shrews ali amanjenje kwambiri. Mantha aliwonse okwanira mokwanira, kuphatikiza phokoso la bingu kapena mabingu, amatha kupha tizilombo.
Moyo, machitidwe
Mitundu yambiri imakonda malo onyowa, ndipo ena m'banjali amakonda kukhala moyo wamadzi ochepa. Akaluluwo amakhala m'modzi m'modzi, amatha kukumba maenje paokha kapena kukhala m'nyumba za nyama zina zobowola, kuphatikizapo timadontho-timadontho ndi makoswe onga mbewa. Nthawi zina nsupa zimatha kukhazikika mkati mwa ziphuphu kapena mitengo yomwe yagwa, pansi pa nkhuni zakufa, ngakhale m'nyumba za anthu. Chisa chimakhala ndi masamba owuma ndi udzu. Nyama iliyonse ili ndi malo ake osakira, omwe kukula kwake nthawi zambiri kumafika mamitala khumi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Zoyala zopanda chakudya zimafa mwachangu kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, zamoyo zazing'ono zimatha kufa patangotsala maola 7-9, pomwe kabowo kakang'ono kamatha kufa pafupifupi maola asanu.
Mitundu iliyonse ya zikopa sizimangobisala, koma pakakhala kusowa kwa chakudya, komwe kumatchedwa kuti dzanzi kwakanthawi kochepa kumatha kuchitika, limodzi ndi kuchepa kwa kutentha kwa thupi. Zoyala zazifupi zomwe zimakhala ku Canada ndi USA komanso nkhwangwa wamba, zomwe zimakhala m'mphepete mwa malo osungira zachilengedwe ku Russia, zikuyimira nyama zochepa zapoizoni. Poizoniyo amakhudza ngakhale anthu, chifukwa chake malo olumidwa amatupa kwambiri.
Ndi ma shrew angati omwe amakhala
Moyo wa ma shrew ndi wamfupi kwambiri... Kutalika kwakukulu kwa moyo wa oimira oterewa ndi banja la Shrew ndi chaka chimodzi ndi theka chokha. Akazi amakhala mwezi utali kuposa wamwamuna.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Pakadali pano, ma shrews sanaphunzire kwenikweni, makamaka chifukwa chokhala usiku komanso kupezeka kwawo pansi. Komabe, zidapezeka kuti palibe zizindikiritso za mawonekedwe azakugonana omwe akuwoneka ngati oimira dongosolo la Insectivorous ndi banja Shrews.
Mitundu yocheperako
Masiku ano, pali mitundu pafupifupi mazana atatu ya zikopa zomwe zimadziwika, koma zotsekemera ndi zina zake, zoweta ndi mitundu, komanso njovu ndi madzi zimapezeka. Kakhungu kakang'ono kwambiri ndi nthumwi yaying'ono kwambiri yazinyama, ndipo kutalika kwake kwa thupi sikupitilira 30-50 mm. Chinyamacho chimatchedwa ndi enamel ya bulauni, yomwe ili kumapeto kwa mano ndikuwateteza kuti asapere msanga. Chovala cha shrew chimakhalanso ndi bulauni.
Chowotchera kapena chopukutira choyera choyera ndi choimira choyimira cha tizilombo ndipo chimadziwika ndi mtundu woyera wa enamel wa dzino. Makulidwe amthupi samapitilira 70 mm. Nyama yotereyi ndiyosowa kwambiri ndipo imadziwika ndi malaya amvi. Choyimira chachikulu kwambiri cha zikuluzikulu ndi chimphona chachikulu, chofika kukula kwa thupi masentimita 15 ndi mchira kutalika kwa masentimita 10. Mtundu wa malaya a chopikacho umasiyanasiyana kuyambira imvi mpaka pafupifupi wakuda.
Zoyeserera zam'madzi kapena zotsekera wamba ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakonda kukhala m'mbali mwa matupi amadzi achilengedwe. Mbali yapadera ya kapangidwe ka nyama zam'madzi izi zimayimilidwa ndi kupezeka kwa tsitsi lolimba pamapazi awo, chifukwa choyenda bwino m'madzi. Kuphatikizanso apo, nyamayo imakhala ndi malaya odula madzi. Mwakuwoneka, nyama imafanana ndi mbewa yamadzi imvi yokhala ndi mthunzi wopepuka pamimba.
Zoyeserera mbewa zimagwira ntchito masana komanso nthawi yamadzulo.... Ubweya wa zikopa zoterezi ndiwotchinga komanso wofewa kwambiri, ndipo utoto wake umasiyana kuyambira pachikaso cha bulauni komanso imvi mpaka yakuda. Kutalika kwa thupi kumakhala pafupifupi 60-110 mm, wolemera mpaka 21-23 g.Zotupa zazifupi zaku America zili mgulu la zikuluzikulu zazikulu komanso zoyipa zomwe zili ndi mchira wawufupi, miyendo yakuda ndi utoto wakuda.
Zoyeserera nkhalango ndizochepa kukula, ndipo kutalika kwa thupi lawo, mwalamulo, ndi 45-100 mm, ndikulemera kwake pakati pa 3-12 g. Kutalika konse kwa mchira kumasiyana kwambiri. Nyamayo imakhala ndi ubweya waimvi wautali komanso wopyapyala kumtunda komanso mbali yotsika pang'ono.
Ndizosangalatsa! Maonekedwe a zida zankhondo zaku Uganda amalola kuti nyama yotereyi izitha kupirira mosavuta katundu wambiri mthupi, kupitirira kulemera kwake kangapo konse.
Chombo chotengera zida zankhondo ku Uganda chimasiyana ndi zinyama zina zomwe zimakhala ndi mafupa osiyanasiyana. Mtunduwu udawonedwa ngati wosakondera kwa nthawi yayitali, koma mu 2013 Shre wanzeru, yemwe ali ndi mawonekedwe omwewo, adafotokozedwa. Kutalika kwa thupi la munthu wamkulu ndi masentimita 12-15, ndi mchira wa 7-10 masentimita ndi kulemera kwa thupi mkati mwa 110 g. Ubweya wonenepa ndi wandiweyani uli ndi mawonekedwe ofiira.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Ma Shrews amapezeka pafupifupi kulikonse, kupatula zigawo za polar, Australia, New Guinea, New Zealand ndi South America kumwera kwa Ecuador, Venezuela ndi Colombia. Nyama yovutitsayi imakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza mapiri, mapiri amvula komanso madera amchipululu. M'mapiri, nyama zimatha kukwera mpaka mamita 3500-4000 pamwamba pa nyanja.
A piebald shrew amakhala m'chigawo cha Caspian mdziko lathu, ku Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan ndi Turkmenistan. Mitundu ya zida zankhondo yaku Congo imachokera ku Central African Republic ndi Cameroon mpaka kum'mawa kwa Uganda ndi Democratic Republic of the Congo. Malo awo okhala ndi nkhalango zotentha zokhala pamtunda wa 200-2350 m pamwamba pa nyanja. Nsomba zankhondo zaku Uganda zitha kupezeka m'nkhalango zowirira zakumpoto kwa Congo, ku Rwanda ndi Uganda.
Dera logawira nkhalango zamtchire limachokera ku Nigeria kupita ku Tanzania ndi Uganda. Malo okhala zinyama zoterezi amayimiriridwa makamaka ndi nkhalango. Oimira ambiri amakhala makamaka pamutu wa mitengo, koma ena amatha kukhala pansi. Mitundu yambiri yama murine ndi nkhalango zamtchire komanso zachinyontho, ndipo zotsekemera zimapezeka mdera lam'madera otentha, ku taiga yaku Europe, North America ndi Asia. Kutupa, kapena matupi amadzi ochokera kumtundu wa nyama zam'madzi zam'madzi, amakhala m'mphepete mwa madzi osakhala oyera kwambiri.
Kudera la tsamba limodzi, lokhala ndi maekala angapo, sipangakhalepo anthu ochepa chabe mwa nyama zoterezi. Omwe sakonda kusuntha mwaufulu wawo, chifukwa chake, m'moyo wawo wonse, nyama zotere zimayesetsa kutsatira gawo limodzi. Kupatula kuchotsedwa kwanyama mokakamizidwa ndi anthu. Pambuyo poti gawoli lafufuzidwa bwino mpamene anthuwo amapita kumalo ena oyandikana nawo, komwe amayembekezera kuti tizirombo tatsopano tiziwonekera pa malo akalewo.
Zakudya zonenepa
Mbalame zamphongo ndi nyama zamphongo zomwe zimatha kudya makamaka tizilombo, kukula kwake kwa mphutsi, ndi nyongolotsi. Nyama yoyamwitsa nthawi zambiri imalimbana ndi zinyama zazing'ono, zoyimiriridwa ndi achule, abuluzi, ana amphongo ang'onoang'ono. Zakudyazo zimaphatikizaponso mitundu yaying'ono ya nsomba, amphibiya ndi tizilombo.
Chakudya chimafunidwa ndikumva kwamphamvu komanso kukhudza. Malinga ndi asayansi, mitundu ina ya zikuluzikulu zimatulutsidwa. Mwa oimira awa a Insectivores ndi banja Shrews, kagayidwe kamene kamadziwika kwambiri kwambiri. Chakudya chomwe amakonda kwambiri chimaperekedwa:
- zimbalangondo;
- kafadala;
- Mulole kafadala;
- ziphuphu;
- nsabwe zamatabwa;
- mbozi;
- akangaude;
- ziphuphu;
- mphutsi za tizilombo toononga.
Masana, chinyama chaching'ono chimadya chakudya chambiri chomwe chimaposa kulemera kwake kamodzi ndi theka kapena kawiri.
Zofunika! Kumbukirani kuti pakufunafuna chakudya chokwanira, nkhungu imatha kuwononga mizu ya zokolola ndi maluwa, ndikuwapangitsa kufa.
Ndi chifukwa chake ma shrew amatha kudyetsa pafupifupi mosalekeza, kupuma pang'ono pokhapokha kugona. M'nthawi yanjala, imfa imachitika mwachangu kwambiri, chifukwa chake, ma shrew ochepa okha ndi omwe amapulumuka mpaka nthawi yamasika.
Kubereka ndi ana
Mbalamezi zimaswana kamodzi kapena kawiri, osachepera katatu pachaka. Nthawi ya bere imatha pafupifupi milungu iwiri kapena itatu. Mu zinyalala zilizonse zotere, pali ana anayi mpaka khumi ndi anayi, omwe amabadwa akhungu ndi amaliseche. Kwa ana obadwa kumene obiriwira, kupezeka kwa proboscis yopanda chitukuko ndichikhalidwe, chomwe chimapangitsa mawonekedwe kukhala mphuno yapadera. M'nthawi yotentha, pansi pazabwino, mkazi m'modzi nthawi zambiri amabereka ana pafupifupi khumi ndi anayi. Kuphatikiza apo, ena a iwo ali kale ndi nthawi yodzipatsa ana awo chilimwe chino chisanathe.
Ndizosangalatsa! Makolowo onse amatenga nawo gawo pokonzekera chisa cha ana amtsogolo, koma pakadali pano palibe chidziwitso chokhudza omwe amapalasa amakhala nyama zamitala kapena za amuna okhaokha.
Mkati mwa chisa mumadzaza mosamala ndi udzu kapena masamba. M'chisa choterocho, anawo amakula msanga, chifukwa chake, ali ndi zaka zinayi, amakhala odziyimira pawokha. Pazipilala zoyera, wamkazi ndi ana ake amasuntha ngati tcheni kapena yotchedwa "karavani", momwe anthu onse amagwirana mchira wina ndi mano.
Oyimira achichepere m'kalasi Zinyama, dongosolo la Insectivorous ndi banja Shrews amadziwika ndi luso lodabwitsa kwambiri, lotchedwa "chodabwitsa cha Denele". Pofika nyengo yophukira, nyama zovutitsa izi zimawonetsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa kukula kwa thupi, limodzi ndi kupindika kwa crane. Pakati pa Epulo mpaka Juni, pali kuchuluka kwakanthawi kwa crani, komanso mu kuchuluka ndi kuchuluka kwa ubongo.
Adani achilengedwe
Adani a zikopa m'chilengedwe amakhala odyera usiku komanso masana, komanso ma corvids, nyama zina zodya nyama. Komabe, nyama zimadya oimira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi banja Shrews monyinyirika kwambiri, zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha fungo lakuthwa komanso losasangalatsa la musky lomwe limatulutsidwa ndi khungu la nyama.
Zidzakhalanso zosangalatsa:
- Armadillos (lat. Cingulata)
- Bandicoots (Chilatini Bandicota)
- Beavers (lat. Castor)
- Zilonda (lat. Talpidae)
Nthawi zambiri, zikopa zimawonongedwa ndi anthu komanso ziweto zoyimiridwa ndi amphaka ndi agalu. Munthu amachita nkhondo ndi nyama yotereyi mothandizidwa ndi misampha ndi ziphe zamankhwala, zomwe zimafotokozedwa ndi chikhumbo choteteza mizu ya zipatso ndi mabulosi obzala ndi mbewu zam'munda.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chifukwa cha kuzulidwa kwa nkhalango, mitundu ingapo ya mtundu wa Forest shrews amaonedwa kuti lero ali pachiwopsezo chotheratu. Chifukwa cha kuwonongedwa kwa malo amoyo, chopangira mbewa cha Eisentraut ndi Rampian murine shrew, omwe pakadali pano akuwopsezedwa kuti atha, akuphatikizidwa mu IUCN Red List.
