Ng'ombe yayikulu kwambiri ku South America, yolembedwa ndi Amwenye a Quechua zaka zoposa 6,000 zapitazo. Anapatsanso mitunduyo dzina lawo lamakono "guanaco" (kuchokera ku wanaku).
Kufotokozera kwa guanaco
Lama guanicoe ndi artiodactyl yochokera ku mtundu wa llamas wabanja la camelid, pomwe alpaca, vicuña ndi llama amapezeka pamodzi ndi guanacos, ngakhale alibe ma humps. Mitundu yonse ya 4 ndiyofanana kwambiri munzake mu anatomy, physiology ndi moyo, ndipo llama nthawi zina amatchedwa mbadwa zoweta za guanaco.
Maonekedwe
Guanaco amadziwika kuti ndi a camelids chifukwa cha miyendo yake iwiri yopindika, kutha ndi zikhadabo zopindika, ndi ma callus paphazi lonse (ndichifukwa chake amaphatikizidwa ndi dongosolo la ma callus). Mukamayenda, guanaco imapuma pa phalanges, osati pamapazi a zala zake.... Amayanjananso ndi ngamila ndi mawu odzitukumula a mkamwa, wodziwika ndi a D. Darrell, amenenso adazindikira thupi lowonda, lopindika (ngati kavalo wampikisano) ndi khosi lalitali lokongola, lofanana pang'ono ndi la chimbalangondo.
Mwa njira, khosi limathandizira kukhalabe olimba poyenda komanso kuthamanga. Guanaco ndi nyama yayikulu (yofanana mofanana ndi antelope kapena nswala), yomwe imakula mpaka 1,3 m pomwe imafota komanso 1.75 m kutalika ndikulemera mpaka makilogalamu 140. Mutu wawung'ono umakhala ndi makutu owongoka. Maso akulu akuda okhala ndi nsidze zokutira zoteteza ku mphepo, fumbi ndi dzuwa zimawoneka pamphuno yayitali.
Zofunika! Guanacos ili ndi zipinda zitatu (osati zipinda zinayi, monga momwe zimakhalira zambiri) m'mimba ndi oval (osati mawonekedwe ofanana ndi ma erythrocyte), omwe amathandizira kuti mpweya wabwino uzilowa m'matope okwera kwambiri.
Chovalacho ndi cholimba komanso chofewa (phulusa-imvi pamutu, chofiirira pamwamba ndi choyera pamimba / mkatikati mwa malekezero), chomwe chimateteza pakusintha kwadzidzidzi kutentha. Guanacos, yomwe idakumana ndiulendo wa D. Darrell, idakutidwa ndi ubweya wandiweyani wofiirira wofiirira, ndipo pafupi ndi khosi ndi miyendo pokha pali mthunzi wowala, ngati mchenga padzuwa. Mchira wa guanaco ndi wamfupi, pafupifupi 15-25 cm, ndipo umawoneka ngati burashi lofewa.
Moyo, machitidwe
Collectivism ndi mitala yamphongo - malingaliro awa amatanthauzira kukhalapo kwa guanacos, omwe amakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono (azimayi pafupifupi 20 omwe ali ndi ana okulirapo), motsogozedwa ndi alpha wamwamuna. Gawo lomwe gulu la ziweto limatetezedwa kutetezedwa ndi oyandikana nawo, ndipo kukula kwake kumadalira dera lokhalamo... Mtsogoleri amapanga gulu la ziweto, kuthamangitsa anyamata achichepere opitilira miyezi 6-12 ndipo, nthawi zambiri, akazi omwe samamukomera. Mabanja ngati ma Hrems samapanga zoposa 18% zamwamuna wamkulu msinkhu: ena onse amakhala m'magulu amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (mpaka anthu 50) kapena amakhala okha. Nyemba zambiri zimakhala zazimuna zakale zomwe amuna awo amazisiya.
Ndizosangalatsa! Guanacos, monga ma vicuñas, amatsanulidwa pamalo omwewo, nthawi zambiri pamapiri kapena munjira zodziwika bwino. Ndipamene anthu amderali amapeza manyowa, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ngati mafuta.
Nthawi yakusowa chakudya, ma guanacos amaphatikizana m'magulu osakanikirana mpaka theka la chikwi ndikuyenda pofunafuna zomera zoyenera. Nyama zimasankha malo owonera, zomwe sizingawalepheretse kudumphira m'mapiri kapena kukwera pamtunda. Guanacos samangoyima / kugona m'mitsinje yamapiri, komanso osambira abwino.
Guanacos amakhala ogalamuka masana, amapita kumalo odyetserako m'mawa ndikumagona usiku, ndikugona kangapo patsiku. Nyama zimapita kumadzi othirira m'mawa ndi madzulo.
Kodi guanaco imakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji
Kumtchire, chiyembekezo cha moyo wa guanacos ndi zaka 20, koma chikuwonjezeka kwambiri m'malo osungira nyama kapena pakati pa alimi, kufikira zaka 30.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Kusiyanitsa pakati pa ma guanacos amuna ndi akazi kumawonetseredwa kukula kokha: zoyambazo nthawi zonse zimakhala zazikulu kuposa zam'mbuyomu.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Malinga ndi paleogenetics, makolo a guanacos (akale a camelids) adawoneka Padziko Lapansi zaka 40 miliyoni zapitazo, ndipo ena mwa iwo adatha mu Ice Age, ndipo omaliza, omwe adapulumuka, adasamukira kumapiri. Apa adazolowera kuthamanga kocheperako ndikuchepetsa mpweya mumlengalenga. Tsopano ma guanacos amapezeka ku South America, madera okhala ndi nyengo yovuta - kuchokera kumapiri a Andes kupita ku Tierra del Fuego ndi Patagonia.
Mtundu wamakono wa guanacos umakwirira:
- Argentina;
- Bolivia;
- Paraguay;
- Peru;
- Chile;
- Zilumba za Falkland (zayambitsidwa).
Zofunika! Akuyerekeza kuti ambiri mwa anthu aku guanaco (81-86%) ali ku Argentina, pafupifupi 14-18% ku Chile ndipo ochepera 1% ku Bolivia, Peru ndi Paraguay ophatikizidwa. Ku Guanacos kumakhala mapampu, zipululu zazitali komanso malo okhala ndi mapiri, kuyambira kumapiri mpaka 5.5 zikwi mita pamwamba pa nyanja, osamva bwino m'zigwa zomwe zili pansi pa 3 zikwi mita.
Ziweto zakutchire za guanacos ndizosowa kwambiri, kupatula malo osafikika pomwe nyama zimakhala limodzi ndi ziweto zaulere za vicunas. Tsopano guanacos zakutchire zawonekera ndikuberekera m'chigwa chaphiri lalitali la Pampa Canyahuas (Peru), pomwe dziko lachilengedwe lakhazikitsidwa, momwe iwo, pamodzi ndi nyama zina, amatetezedwa ndi boma.
Zakudya za Guanaco
Moyo wadzimadzi wasiya kwambiri zakudya zamaguanacos, ozolowera kukhala wokhutira ndi masamba ochepa komanso madzi abwino.
M'madera ena, guanacos amapikisana ndi ng'ombe ndi akavalo kuti adye. Ngati gwero lili pafupi, amathetsa ludzu lawo tsiku lililonse, osanyoza madzi amchere ngakhale amchere. Gwero likakhala kutali, amalichezera kamodzi pa sabata kapena samakhala opanda madzi konse. Amadyetsa thupi ndi mchere, akumanyambita magawo amchere achilengedwe.
Zakudya za guanaco zimakhala ndi zomera monga:
- mulinum spinosum (shrub);
- colletia spinosissima (shrub);
- ndere;
- zitsamba ndi maluwa;
- bowa ndi ntchentche;
- zipatso;
- cacti.
Zofunika! Tithokoze kapangidwe kake kakang'ono kam'mimba, monga zoseweretsa zonse, guanacos amatafuna zomera kangapo, kutulutsa michere yonse mmenemo. Luso limeneli limawathandiza kupulumuka pakakhala msipu kwa nthawi yayitali.
Kubereka ndi ana
Guanaco rut, limodzi ndi amuna achiwawa, imachitika miyezi ingapo, kutengera dera: August (kumpoto) ndi February (kumwera). Nyama, monga ma camelid onse, amatuluka ndi miyendo yawo yakumbuyo, ikanikizani wotsutsana ndi makosi awo, kukankha ndi ziboda zawo zakutsogolo, kuluma ndi kulavulira mwaukali.
Mwamuna yemwe wapambana nkhondoyi amakhala ndi ufulu kwa mkazi winawake, koma samakhutira naye yekha, koma amathamangira kunkhondo mpaka atasonkhanitsa akazi okwatirana 3-20, ndipo nthawi zina zochulukirapo. Amayi a Guanacos, ngati ngamila, agona pansi. Kubala kumatenga miyezi 11, kenako ana a 1-2 amabadwa.
Nthawi zambiri munthu amabadwa, amatha kutsatira amayi ake patangopita nthawi yochepa... Mkazi amakhala wokonzeka kutenga pakati patadutsa milungu 2-3 atabereka, motero amabereka ana chaka chilichonse. Mwana wang'ombe amayamba kulawa udzu sabata yachiwiri, koma amamwa mkaka mpaka atakwanitsa miyezi 4. Achichepere samasiya mayi mpaka kubadwa kwa mwana wotsatira. Amuna okhwima amagawidwa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, ndikuwasiya ndi chiyambi chobereka ndikupeza azimayi awo. Guanacos amabala ana pafupifupi zaka ziwiri.
Adani achilengedwe
Guanacos amakhala chete m'maloto, pomwe nthawi yonseyi amakhala mwamantha kosatha, omwe ngakhale "alonda" omwe amapereka chizindikiritso pakagwa zoopsa sangathe kumira. Psyche ya nyama imakhazikika m'malo otetezedwa, pomwe ma guanacos sathamanganso pamaso pa anthu, koma aziyandikira kwambiri.
Ndizosangalatsa! Imodzi mwa njira zodzitetezera ndikulavulira mdani, wopangidwa ndi malovu ndi mamina amumphuno. Njirayi ndi yosayenera kwathunthu mukakumana ndi zolusa, zomwe zimatha kupulumuka ndikuthawa.
Adani achilengedwe a guanacos:
- puma;
- nkhandwe;
- agalu olusa.
Omalizawa ndi okhumudwitsa makamaka ma guanacos omwe amakhala kumpoto kwa Chile, zomwe zimachepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa ma callus. Gulu likafika msipu, mtsogoleriyo samadya kwambiri akamayang'ana malowo, kwinaku akuimba mluzu ndi chiwopsezo chakunja. Kuthawa mdani, guanaco ikukula mwachangu mpaka 55 km / h. Mtsogoleri nthawi zonse amatseka gululo, akumenyera omenyerawo ndi ziboda zake.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Mndandanda Wofiyira wa IUCN, ma guanacos amaphatikizidwa mgulu la "zosakhudzidwa kwenikweni" komanso chifukwa nyamazo zimakhala zoweta: amakhala kumapiri, amadyetsa msipu wachilengedwe, koma (kupatula ochepa) ndi anthu, akuyang'aniridwa.
Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwa IUCN, anthu achikulire pafupifupi nyama pafupifupi 1 miliyoni, koma anthu 1.5-2.2 miliyoni okha. Ndizodetsa nkhawa kuti guanaco itha posachedwa m'maiko atatu mwa asanu omwe mitunduyo ilipo, ndipo ikuwopsezedwa kuti ikutha - Bolivia, Paraguay ndi Peru.
Zowopsa zazikulu ndi izi:
- Kuwonongeka kwa malo chifukwa cha msipu;
- kuwonongeka kwa malo chifukwa cha mafuta / gasi;
- migodi;
- chitukuko cha zomangamanga;
- Kulimbana ndi chakudya ndi mitundu yodziwika.
Ngakhale alimi a llama angafune kuchepetsa nkhalango zakutchire za guanacos, popeza omalizawa amapikisana ndi ma llamas awo odyetserako ziweto ndi msipu. Anthu aku Guanaco, makamaka ochepa komanso ochepa, amakhudzidwa ndi kusaka kosaloledwa, zomwe zimawopseza mtundu uwu, mosasamala kanthu za kuchuluka kwa anthu.
Zofunika! Guanacos amawumbidwa chifukwa cha ubweya wawo wofunda ndi zikopa, zomwe, zikakonzedwa, zimakhala zikopa zabwino kwambiri. Ubweya wa Guanaco umafanana ndi nkhandwe ndipo umafunikira mtundu wake wapachiyambi komanso mitundu ina yomwe imapezeka mothandizidwa ndi utoto wachilengedwe. Kuphatikiza apo, nyama zimakhala ndi nyama yokoma, chifukwa chake zimawonongedwa ndi okonda zakudya zosowa.
Poletsa kupha nyama za guanaco, Chile ndi Peru akhazikitsa malamulo oteteza zamoyozi pamaboma. Alimi omwe amakhala kumapiri a Andes akhala akugwira ntchito yolima ku guanaco, zomwe zimawabweretsera phindu.
Zinyama zazing'ono zimaphedwa chifukwa cha ubweya wawo wocheperako, kulandira zikopa za zisoti zothandiza komanso zokongola, zomwe zimafunikira osati pakati pa alendo okha, komanso pakati paomwe akukhalamo. Ubweya wamtengo wapatali umadulidwa ku nyama zazikulu, kapena amaphedwa pochotsa zikopa zosokera zovala zakunja ndi zodzikongoletsera.
