Mtsinje, womwe umadziwikanso kuti nsomba (Perca fluviatilis), ndi nsomba ya mtundu wamadzi am'madzi abwino komanso banja la nsomba (Percidae). Oimira dongosolo la Perciformes amadziwika ndi mawonekedwe awo ndipo afala kwambiri m'madzi amadzi apadziko lapansi.
Kufotokozera kwamabasi amtsinje
Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu kwa nsomba za mtsinje ndi:
- malo omwe mafupa amatsogola kutsogolo kwa vertebra yoyamba ndi njira ya neural;
- kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa kunyezimira komwe kumakhala m'zipsepse;
- chiwerengero chachikulu cha still still;
- thupi locheperako;
- kupezeka kwa mikwingwirima yakuda yodutsa;
- wamtali woyamba kupindika kumapeto;
- malo akuda kumapeto kwa dorsal first fin;
- nsagwada zochepa zazitali;
- masikelo ambiri mu mzere wotsatira;
- ambiri vertebrae.
Nthawi zambiri nsomba zimapezeka m'mabuku otchuka, ndipo ojambula amajambula nsombazi m'mitundu yotchuka.
Ndizosangalatsa! M'mayiko ambiri, masitampu otumizira omwe ali ndi chithunzi cha nsombazi amagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso otchuka kwambiri, ndipo m'mizinda ina ya Finland ndi Germany nsomba iyi imapezeka pachizindikiro.
Maonekedwe
Monga lamulo, kutalika kwa kutalika kwa khwawa lalikulu la mumtsinje mwachilengedwe sikupitilira masentimita 45-50, ndikulemera kwa makilogalamu 2.0-2.1... Anthu ena payekhapayekha amatha kukula modabwitsa. Kukula kwakukulu kwa oimira achikulire amtundu wamadzi a Madzi amchere amtundu uliwonse wamadzi amatha kusiyanasiyana.
Mbalamezi zimakhala ndi thupi lopanikizika, lomwe limakutidwa ndi masikelo ang'onoang'ono a ctenoid. Thupi la nsombayo limadziwika ndi mtundu wobiriwira wachikaso ndi kupezeka kwa mikwingwirima yakuda yodutsa mbali, kuchuluka kwake kumatha kusiyanasiyana pakati pa zidutswa zisanu ndi zinayi. Malo am'mimba mwa nsombayo ndi oyera. Mapiko ali ndi zipsepse zakuthambo zomwe zimayandikana kwambiri. Chotsekera choyamba chimakhala chachitali komanso chotalikirapo kuposa chachiwiri, kuyambira pomwepo pamwamba penipeni la pectoral kapena patsogolo pake.
Pali chidutswa chakuda kumapeto kwa dorsal first fin, chomwe ndichosiyana ndi mitundu ya nsomba. Zipsepse za m'mimba mwa nsomba ndizofupikitsa kuposa zipsepse za m'chiuno. Chotsalira chakumbuyo koyamba chimakhala chamtundu, pomwe chachiwiri chakumaso chimakhala chachikasu. Zipsepse za pectoral ndi kumatako zimakhala zachikaso, nthawi zina zimakhala zofiira. Zipsepse zam'chiuno ndizoyala pang'ono ndi utoto wofiira. Chinsinsicho chimakhala chamdima nthawi zonse pansi ndipo chimakhala ndi utoto wofiira kumapeto kapena mbali.
Nsomba yayikulu imadziwika ndi mphuno yosamveka bwino, komanso kupezeka kwa hump yoonekera koma pang'ono kumbuyo kwa mutu. Nsagwada zakumtunda nthawi zambiri zimathera pamzere woloza pakati pa maso.
Iris ndi wachikasu. Fupa la operculum kumtunda limakutidwa ndi masikelo, pomwe nthawi zina pamakhala msana wapawiri wokhala ndi prerated ya serrated preoperculum. Mano a nsombayo ndi obisika, opangidwa m'mizere m'mafupa a palatine ndi nsagwada. Ma Canines kulibiretu ngakhale m'matchamba akuluakulu.
Ndizosangalatsa! Zizindikiro zazikulu zakusintha kwa khwawa la mitsinje ndi masikelo ambiri pamzere wotsatira wamwamuna wamwamuna, kunyezimira kambiri kumapeto kwachiwiri kumapeto, komanso thupi laling'ono ndi maso akulu.
Nthiti za branchial za oimira mitunduyo sizimaphatikizana. Masaya ake ndi okutira mamba, ndipo mulibe masikelo m'chigawo cha nkhwangwa. Mwachangu, mambawo amakhala ofewa, koma akamakula, amakhala olimba kwambiri komanso olimba kwambiri. Kumayambiriro kwa gawo lamatumbo la nsombayo pali njira zakhungu monga mawonekedwe a pyloric appendages. Chiwindi cha nsombacho chimaperekedwa m'magawo awiri, ndipo nduluyo ndi yayikulu kwambiri.
Moyo, machitidwe
M'nyengo yachilimwe, timitengo tating'onoting'ono timakonda mitsinje kapena malo okhala ndi zomera zam'madzi. Panthawiyi, nsomba zazikulu zimapanga masukulu ang'onoang'ono a nsomba khumi. Zinyama zazing'ono zimapanga ziweto, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimafikira mazana a anthu. Perch amayesetsa kukhala pafupi ndi madamu amphero, pafupi ndi nkhono zazikulu kapena miyala yayikulu. Chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa mtundu wobiriwira woteteza, nyama zolusa zimatha kusaka nsomba zazing'ono pamalo obisalira, omwe amakhala pakati pa zomera zam'madzi.
Oimira mitundu yayikuluyo amakhala m'malo ozama am'madzi, kuphatikiza mafunde am'madzi ndi maenje osokonekera... Ndi kuchokera kumalo awa komwe kumapitako kukasaka madzulo komanso m'mawa. Liwiro lomwe nsomba iyi imatha kupanga ndi 0,66 m / s. Nsomba zazing'ono zimakonda kusaka kusukulu, okhawo omwe ndi akulu akulu omwe amakoka nyama zawo zokha. Mtsinjewo umagwiritsa ntchito njira yosakira yosaka, yomwe imakhudza kufunafuna nyama yake ndikulumpha pafupipafupi ngakhale pamadzi. Nthawi zina nsomba yodya nyama imanyamulidwa chifukwa chofunafuna, kudumphira pansi kapena m'mphepete mwa nyanja mukutentha kwakusaka. Pofuna kuukira wozunzidwayo, mbalame zam'mimbazi zimakhala zotupa kwambiri.
Zilonda zam'mitsinje zimakhala m'gulu la nyama zodya masana zomwe zimakonda kusaka masana okha, koma ndizochuluka kwambiri m'malire a usana ndi usiku. Ndi kuyamba kwa usiku, zochita za chilombocho zimachepa kwambiri. Zinthu zazikuluzikulu zomwe zimakhudza zochitika ndi kukula kwa nsombazi zimayimiriridwa ndi kutentha kwamadzi, komanso kutalika kwa maola masana, kuchuluka kwa mpweya ndi kapangidwe ka zakudya.
M'matupi akuya kwambiri amadzi nthawi yotentha, ngakhale zikuluzikulu zazikulu kwambiri zimayesetsa kukhala pamalo osaya kwambiri, posankha malo omwe kuchepa kwa mpweya sikumakhala kovuta. Kutsimikiziridwa kwasayansi ndikuti thermocline imakhudza kwambiri kuwima kwa nsomba zodya nyama kuyambira Julayi mpaka nthawi yophukira. M'chilimwe, nthumwi zamtunduwu zimatha kusamukira kwakanthawi kochepa kuti zikulemera. Pofika nyengo yozizira, nsomba zimabwerera kumitsinje ndi malo abwino kwambiri azisangalalo.
M'dzinja, oimira onse amtundu wam'madzi am'madzi ndi mabanja am'madzi amasonkhana m'magulu akulu, akusamukira kumadera otseguka komanso ozama. M'malo osungira zachilengedwe m'nyengo yozizira, nsomba zodya nyama zimakhazikika m'malo omwe amakhala m'mphepete mwa mitsinje yamadzi.
M'nyengo yozizira, nsapato zimakhala pafupi mpaka pansi, pakuya kwa mita 60-70. M'nyengo yozizira, nsomba imakhalanso yogwira ntchito masana okha.
Kodi nkhokwe yamtsinje imakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji
Kutalika kwapakati pamtsinje wamtsinje, nthawi zambiri, sikupitilira zaka khumi ndi zisanu, koma zitsanzo zina nthawi zambiri zimakhala mpaka zaka kotala la zana. Nyanja za Karelian zidatchuka chifukwa cha nsomba zazitali ngati izi. Nthawi yomweyo, amuna amatha kukhala pang'ono ndi akazi.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Mtsinje wafalikira pafupifupi kulikonse ndipo umakhala m'mitsinje ndi nyanja zambiri mdziko lathu, kulibe mumtsinje wa Amur, komanso mumtsinjewo. Mwazina, nyama yodya nyama iyi imapezeka m'mayiwe apakatikati mpaka akulu. Oimira mtundu wam'madzi am'madzi abwino komanso banja la nsomba sizimapezeka m'mitsinje yamadzi ozizira komanso mitsinje, komanso mitsinje yamapiri yoyenda mwachangu... Perch imakhalanso m'malo am'mphepete mwa nyanja, kuphatikizapo Gulfs of Finland ndi Riga ya Baltic Sea. Ndi m'malo oterowo omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala otentha komanso otentha nthawi zambiri nthawi yachilimwe komanso yozizira.
Ndizosangalatsa! Pakadali pano pali mitundu ingapo ya nsomba zomwe zimapezeka palimodzi: zing'onoting'ono komanso zomera pang'onopang'ono za "udzu", komanso khola lokula msanga komanso lalikulu "lakuya".
Mchere wamadzi wamba wamba umapezeka kwambiri m'matupi ambiri amadzi oyera ku North Asia ndi Europe, omwe amadziwika ndi mayiko aku Africa, New Zealand ndi Australia. M'mbuyomu, matupi ambiri am'madzi ku North America nawonso anali m'gulu la nsomba zodya nyama izi, koma nthawi ina m'mbuyomu, asayansi anali mbalame yotchedwa Yellow Perch.
Zakudya zamtsinje
Popeza malo okhala mitsinje samangokhala usiku, nyama zam'madzi zoterezi zimadyetsa makamaka masana. Nthawi zambiri pakuwedza m'mawa kwambiri, kuwaza madzi ngakhale nsomba zazing'ono zomwe zimatuluka pamwamba zimawonedwa. Umu ndi momwe nsomba, yomwe imawerengedwa kuti siyabwino kwambiri pankhani yazakudya komanso yosakhutitsidwa, imabweretsa kusaka kwake. Asayansi amagwirizana chimodzi pazakudya zofananira za nsomba. Nyama yam'madzi yotereyi imadyetsa makamaka pa:
- nsomba zazing'ono ndi kukula kwachichepere;
- caviar ena okhala m'madzi atsopano;
- nkhono;
- achule;
- zooplankton;
- mphutsi za tizilombo tosiyanasiyana;
- mphutsi zamadzi.
Monga lamulo, zakudya za oimira mitunduyo zimatengera zaka zake komanso nthawi ya chaka. Pachiyambi choyamba cha chitukuko, achinyamata amakonda kukhazikika pansi, pomwe amadyetsa plankton yaying'ono.
Komabe, ikafika kutalika kwa 2-6 cm, nsomba zazing'ono, zomwe ndi zawo komanso mitundu ina, zimayamba kudyedwa ndi mitsinje. Mbalameyi sangathe kusamalira ana awo, ndipo chifukwa chake akhoza kudyetsa abale awo ang'onoang'ono popanda mavuto.
Oimira zazikuluzikulu zamtunduwu nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi ndi gombe, komwe amadya nsomba zazinkhanira, verkhovka, roach ndi caviar za anthu ena okhala m'madzi. Nsomba za anthu akuluakulu ndizo nyama zomwe zimatha kuukira nyama yotsatira ngakhale isanameze. Tinyama tating'onoting'ono titha kudzikongoletsa kotero kuti mutha kuwona michira ya nsomba zomeza ikutuluka mkamwa mwawo.
Zokwanira! Nthawi zambiri, ndere ndi miyala yaying'ono imapezeka m'mimba mwa oimira mtundu wamadzi am'madzi abwino komanso banja la nsomba, zomwe ndizofunikira kuti chimbudzi chizigaya bwino.
Maziko azakudya zam'madzi zam'madzi nthawi zambiri amayimiridwa ndi stickleback, minnow, crayfish, komanso gobies, carpian wachinyamata komanso wopanda chiyembekezo... Ponena za kususuka kwawo, anthu okhala mumtsinjewo amatha kuyerekezeredwa ngakhale ndi mbalame yayikulu yodya nyama. Komabe, nsomba nthawi zambiri zimakhala zapamwamba kuposa pike m'njira zambiri, chifukwa zimadyetsa pafupipafupi komanso zochulukirapo.
Kubereka ndi ana
Mtsinjewo umakhwima pokhapokha atakwanitsa zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu zakubadwa, ndipo nyama zam'madzi zoterezi zimasamukira kumalo osungiramo ziweto, zimasonkhana m'magulu akulu. Njira yoberekera imachitika m'madzi osaya kapena mumadzi amadzi opanda mafunde. Kutentha kwamadzi kumatha kukhala pakati pa 7-15zaKUCHOKERA.
Mazira ophatikizidwa ndi amunawa amamangiriridwa kuzingwe zingapo zam'madzi, pamwamba pamitengo yodzaza madzi kapena mizu ya zomera za m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Monga lamulo, mazira owoneka ngati mtundu wa zingwe amafanana ndi mita yayitali, yopangidwa ndi mazira 700-800 zikwi osakwanira.
Ndizosangalatsa! Nsomba ndi nsomba zokhala ndi mikhalidwe yabwino kwambiri, ndichifukwa chake pamakhala chizolowezi choswana mwanzeru cha nyama iyi yamadzi pogwiritsa ntchito zida zapadera.
Redfish mwachangu amaswa pafupifupi milungu itatu kapena inayi. M'miyezi yoyambirira ya moyo, nkhalango zam'mphepete mwa nyanja zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya, ndipo zikafika pakukula masentimita 10 zimakhala zolusa. Zomera zilizonse zam'madzi zili mgulu la viviparous, ndipo mkazi wazinyama zotere nthawi yamasamba amatha kusesa pafupifupi mamiliyoni awiri mwachangu, omwe amakwera pamwamba ndikudya mofananamo ndi nsomba zamchere zamchere.
Adani achilengedwe
Adani achilengedwe a nsomba za mumtsinje ndi nzika zazikulu kwambiri zam'madzi, zoyimiriridwa ndi pike, catfish, pike perch, salimoni, burbot ndi eel..
Nsomba nthawi zambiri zimasakidwa ndi anyani, anyani, nkhono ndi terns. Pherch ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zodziwika bwino kwambiri zausodzi wamtundu wakunja ndi wakunja, chifukwa chake, mdani wamkulu wa nyama zam'madzi zotere akadali munthu.
Kwa nsomba, kudya anthu ena, komwe kumakhala kofala kwambiri nthawi yophukira, koma m'malo ena achilengedwe, omwe amakhala okhawo omwe amadyetsa mtsinje, njira yodyera anzawo ndiyo njira yamoyo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
M'mayiko ambiri, malo wamba kapena mtsinje sawonedwa ngati mtundu wotetezedwa, ndipo masiku ano pali zoletsa zina zomwe zimayikidwa makamaka pakasodza nsomba zilizonse zamadzi. Kuchepetsa malire kumatha kusiyanasiyana ngakhale mdziko limodzi. Mwachitsanzo, ku Wales ndi ku England, tsopano kuli zoletsa zingapo zakusodza nsomba za m'madzi, ndipo m'maiko ena, nsomba zomwe sizinafikepo pamalamulo zimayenera kutulutsidwa amoyo posungira. Nthawi yomweyo, kuchulukana kwa kuchuluka kwa nsomba za mumtsinje kumatha kusiyanasiyana kwambiri m'matupi amadzi osiyanasiyana.
Mtengo wamalonda
Pherch ndi chinthu chodziwika bwino komanso chofunikira pakusodza kosangalatsa, koma m'matupi ena amadzi amtengo wapatali kwambiri pamisika yamalonda ndipo imagwidwa ndi ma trawling. Nyama ya chilombo ichi cha m'madzi ndi yokoma kwambiri, imagwiritsidwa ntchito posuta, kuzizira, mchere komanso mitundu ina. Hornbeam, beech, alder, mapulo, thundu, phulusa ndi mitengo ina yazipatso imagwiritsidwa ntchito posuta. Komanso, nsomba wamba imagwiritsidwa ntchito mwakhama kukonzekera nsomba zam'chitini zamzitini ndi ma fillets opatsa thanzi.
