Ma Tarbosaurs ndi oimira mtundu wa nyama zazikuluzikulu, ma dinosaurs onga abuluzi ochokera kubanja la Tyrannosaurid, omwe amakhala m'nthawi ya Upper Cretaceous m'magawo amakono a China ndi Mongolia. Tarbosaurs analipo, malinga ndi asayansi, pafupifupi zaka 71-65 miliyoni zapitazo. Mtundu wa Tarbosaurus ndi wa gulu Lizard-like, the class Reptiles, superorder Dinosaurs, komanso suborder Theropods ndi superfamily Tyrannosaurus.
Kufotokozera kwa Tarbosaurus
Zotsalira zochepa zomwe zidapezeka kuyambira 1946, za anthu khumi ndi awiri a Tarbosaurus, zidapangitsa kuti zisinthe mawonekedwe abuluziyu ndikumvetsetsa za moyo wawo ndikusintha pakusintha. Potengera kukula kwa tyrannosaurs, ma tarbosaurs anali amodzi mwamphamvu kwambiri ma tyrannosaurids panthawiyo.
Maonekedwe, kukula kwake
Ma Tarbosaurs ali pafupi ndi tyrannosaurs pamawonekedwe awo kuposa Albertosaurus kapena Gorgosaurus... Buluzi wamkuluyo adadziwika ndi malamulo akuluakulu, chigaza chachikulu komanso chofanana, ilia yayitali mokwanira, poyerekeza ndi oyimira nthambi yachiwiri ya banja lomwe likusintha, kuphatikiza Gorgosaurus ndi Albertosaurus. Ofufuza ena amaganiza kuti T. bataar ndi imodzi mwanjira zamtundu wa tyrannosaurs. Izi zidachitika atangotulukira kumene, komanso m'maphunziro ena apambuyo pake.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kudzera mwa kupezeka kwa gulu lachiwiri la mabwinja ofotokozedwa ndi mtundu watsopano wa Alioramus pomwe Alioramus adatsimikiziridwa kuti ndi mtundu wapadera, wosiyana kwambiri ndi Tarbosaurus.
Chigoba cha Tarbosaurus nthawi zambiri chinali cholimba. Khungu lakhungu, limodzi ndi tyrannosaurs, zimasiyanasiyana pang'ono kutengera momwe zinthu ziliri komanso chilengedwe. Miyeso ya buluziyi inali yodabwitsa. Kutalika kwa munthu wamkulu kumafika mamita khumi ndi awiri, koma pafupifupi, nyama zoterezi sizinapitilire 9.5 m. Kutalika kwa tarbosaurs kudafika 580 masentimita ndikulimbitsa thupi kwa matani 4.5-6.0. Chigoba cha buluzi wamkulu chinali chachikulu, koma osati chachikulu , kukula kwake, mpaka 125-130 cm.
Zodya zoterezi zinali ndi malingaliro abwino, koma buluzi analinso ndi kumva komanso kununkhiza bwino, zomwe zimamupangitsa kuti akhale wosaka wosayerekezeka. Nyama yayikuluyo inali ndi nsagwada zolimba komanso zamphamvu, zokhala ndi mano ochuluka kwambiri. Tarbosaurus imadziwika ndi kupezeka kwa miyendo iwiri yakutsogolo yakumaso, yomwe imatha ndi zala ziwiri ndi zikhadabo. Miyendo iwiri yakumbuyo yamphongo yamphongo yolusa yamphongo inatha ndi zala zitatu zothandizira. Mulingo woyenda ndikuyenda unaperekedwa ndi mchira wautali wokwanira.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Ma tarbosaurs aku Asia, pamodzi ndi ma tyrannosaurs ofanana, m'mbali zawo zonse zazikulu anali m'gulu la adani omwe amakhala okhaokha. Komabe, malinga ndi asayansi ena, pamisinkhu ina ya miyoyo yawo, abuluzi akuluakulu amatha kusaka limodzi ndi malo omwe amakhala.
Nthawi zambiri, achikulire ogwirira nyama amasakidwa awiriawiri ndi wamwamuna kapena wamkazi, komanso ndi ana akuluakulu. Kuphatikiza apo, zimaganiziridwa kuti m'badwo wachinyamatawo ukadatha kudyetsa ndikuphunzira m'magulu ena mwa njira zoyambira ndi njira zopulumukira kwanthawi yayitali.
Utali wamoyo
Mu 2003, filimu yolemba yotchedwa In the Land of Giants idapezeka pa TV. Ma Tarbosaurs adawonekera ndipo adaganiziridwa mgawo lachiwiri - "Giant Claw", pomwe asayansi apanga malingaliro okhudza kutalika kwa moyo wa nyama zotere. M'malingaliro awo, abuluzi akuluakulu adakhala zaka pafupifupi makumi awiri ndi zisanu, kupitilira zaka makumi atatu.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Mavuto a kupezeka kwa mawonekedwe azakugonana mu ma dinosaurs akhala osangalatsa kwa asayansi apanyumba ndi akunja kwazaka zopitilira makumi asanu ndi awiri, koma lero palibe mgwirizano pazinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kusiyanitsa mkazi ndi wamwamuna ndi chidziwitso chakunja.
Mbiri yakupezeka
Masiku ano, mtundu wokhawo womwe umadziwika ndi Tarbosaurus bataar, ndipo kwa nthawi yoyamba Tarbosaurs adapezeka paulendo wa Soviet-Mongolia kupita ku Umnegov aimag ndi Nemegt. Kupeza kwa nthawiyo, komwe kunayimiriridwa ndi chigaza ndi mafupa angapo, kunapereka chakudya choganiza. Katswiri wodziwika bwino waku Russia a Yevgeny Maleev poyamba adazindikira izi chifukwa chazinthu zina monga mtundu watsopano wa North tyrannosaurus - Tyrannosaurus bataar, yomwe imachitika chifukwa chodziwika bwino. Holotype iyi idapatsidwa nambala yodziwitsira - PIN 551-1.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mu 1955, Maleev anafotokoza zigaza zitatu za Tarbosaurus. Zonsezi zinawonjezeredwa ndi zidutswa za mafupa zomwe zinapezeka paulendo womwewo wa sayansi. Nthawi yomweyo, kukula kwakukulu ndikofunikira kwa anthu atatuwa.
Chithunzicho chokhala ndi nambala yodziwika ya PIN 551-2 chidatchulidwanso Tyrannosaurus efremovi, polemekeza wolemba mbiri yopeka yaku Russia komanso wolemba mbiri yakale Ivan Efremov. Zitsanzo zomwe zili ndi manambala odziwika a PIN 553-1 ndi PIN 552-2 omwe adapatsidwa mtundu wina wa American tyrannosaurid Gorgosaurus adatchedwa Gorgosаurus lancinator ndi Gorgosаurus nоvojilovi, motsatana.
Ngakhale zili choncho, kale mu 1965, katswiri wina wa ku Russia wotchedwa Anatoly Rozhdestvensky anakhazikitsa lingaliro loti zitsanzo zonse zomwe Maleev anafotokoza za mtundu womwewo, womwe umakhala magawo osiyanasiyana pakukula ndi chitukuko. Pachifukwa ichi, kwa nthawi yoyamba, asayansi apeza kuti ma theropods onse, makamaka, samatchedwa ma tyrannosaurs apachiyambi.
Anali mtundu watsopano wa Rozhdestvensky wotchedwa Tarbosaurus, koma dzina loyambirira la mitundu iyi silinasinthe - Tarbosaurus bataar. Pakadali pano, katunduyo adadzazidwa kale ndi zomwe zapezedwa kuchokera ku chipululu cha Gobi. Olemba ambiri azindikira kulondola kwa malingaliro omwe Rozhdestvensky adachita, koma mfundo yokhudza chizindikiritso sinayikidwebe.
Kupitiliza kwa nkhaniyi kunachitika mu 1992, pomwe katswiri wazakale waku America a Kenneth Carpenter, omwe amaphunzira mosamala zinthu zonse zomwe anasonkhanitsa, adazindikira kuti kusiyana komwe wopereka wasayansi Rozhdestvensky anali sikokwanira kusiyanitsa nyamayo kukhala mtundu wina wake. Ndi American Kenneth Carpenter yemwe adagwirizana ndi malingaliro onse oyambitsidwa ndi Maleev.
Zotsatira zake, zitsanzo zonse za Tarbosaurus zomwe zimapezeka panthawiyo amayenera kuperekedwanso ku Tyrannosaurus bataar. Kupatula kwake anali Gorgosaurus novojilovi wakale, yemwe Carpenter adamupatsa mtundu wodziimira wa Maleevosaurus (Maleevosaurus novojilovi).
Ndizosangalatsa! Ngakhale kuti ma Tarbosaurs sakumvetsetseka pakadali pano, monga Tyrannosaurs, maziko abwino asonkhanitsidwa pazaka zambiri, okhala ndi mitundu pafupifupi makumi atatu, kuphatikiza zigaza khumi ndi zisanu ndi mafupa angapo am'mbuyo.
Komabe, zaka zambiri za Carpenter sizinathandizidwe kwambiri ndi asayansi. Komanso, kumapeto kwa zaka za makumi awiri ndi makumi awiri, katswiri wazakale waku America a Thomas Carr adazindikira mwana Tarbosaurus mu Maleevosaurus. Chifukwa chake, akatswiri ambiri pakadali pano azindikira kuti Tarbosaurus ndi mtundu wodziyimira pawokha, chifukwa chake Tarbosaurus bataar adatchulidwa m'mafotokozedwe atsopano komanso m'mabuku angapo asayansi akunja komanso apanyumba.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Ma Tarbosaurs omwe anali atatha anali ofala m'malo omwe tsopano akukhala ndi China ndi Mongolia. Abuluzi akuluakulu oterewa nthawi zambiri amakhala m'nkhalango. M'nthawi youma, ma tarbosaurs, omwe amayenera kusokoneza ndi chakudya chamtundu uliwonse munthawi yovuta, amatha kukwera ngakhale m'madzi am'madzi osaya, momwe akamba, ng'ona, komanso ma caenagnatids othamanga.
Zakudya za Tarbosaurus
Pakamwa pa buluzi wa tarbosaurus, panali mano pafupifupi khumi ndi limodzi, kutalika kwake kunali pafupifupi 80-85 mm... Malinga ndi kulingalira kwa akatswiri odziwika bwino, zimphona zodya nyama zinali zonyasa wamba. Sanathe kusaka paokha, koma anadya mitembo ya nyama zakufa kale. Asayansi akufotokoza izi mwa mawonekedwe apadera a matupi awo. Kuchokera pakuwona kwa sayansi, mitundu iyi ya abuluzi odyetsa, monga oimira mankhwalawa, samadziwa momwe angayendere mokwanira padziko lapansi kufunafuna nyama yawo.
Ma Tarbosaurs anali ndi thupi lalikulu, chifukwa chake, atakhala ndi liwiro lalikulu kuthamanga, chilombo chachikulu chitha kugwa ndikuvulala kwambiri. Akatswiri ambiri ofufuza zakale amakhulupirira kuti liwiro lalikulu kwambiri la buluzi limatha kupitilira 30 km / h. Kuthamanga kumeneku sikukwanira kuti chilombocho chizisaka nyama. Kuphatikiza apo, abuluzi akale anali ndi vuto losaona kwambiri komanso mafupa amfupi. Mtundu woterewu ukuwonetseratu kuchepa komanso ulesi kwa Tarbosaurs.
Ndizosangalatsa! Amakhulupirira kuti tarbosaurs akadatha kusaka nyama zakale monga saurolophus, opistocelicaudia, protoceratops, therizinosaurus ndi erlansaurus.
Ngakhale kuti ofufuza ambiri amaika ma tarbosaurs ngati onyoza, malingaliro ofala kwambiri ndikuti abuluzi oterewa anali odyetsa, amakhala m'malo amodzi mwachilengedwe, komanso amasaka ma dinosaurs akuluakulu oopsa okhala mumadambo amadzi osefukira.
Kubereka ndi ana
Mkazi wokhwima pogonana Tarbosaurus adayikira mazira angapo, omwe adayikidwa mchisa chokonzedweratu ndipo amatetezedwa mwamphamvu ndi chilombo chachikulu. Atabereka ana, mkaziyo amayenera kuwasiya ndikupita kukafunafuna chakudya chochuluka. Amayi adadyetsa ana awo mwawokha, ndikubwezeretsanso nyama ya ma dinosaurs omwe adangopha. Zimaganiziridwa kuti chachikazi chimatha kubwereranso pafupifupi makilogalamu makumi atatu kapena makumi anayi a chakudya nthawi imodzi.
M'chisa, ana a Tarbosaurus nawonso anali ndiulamuliro wapadera... Nthawi yomweyo, abuluzi ang'onoang'ono samatha kuyandikira chakudyacho mpaka abale achikulire atakhuta kwathunthu. Popeza kuti ma Tarbosaurs achikulire nthawi zonse amathamangitsa ofooka komanso omaliza kubadwa pachakudya, chiwerengerochi cha anawo chimachepa pang'onopang'ono. Pakusankha kwachilengedwe, Tarbosaurs okhawo opambana komanso olimba kwambiri ndi omwe adakula ndikupeza ufulu.
Ana a miyezi iwiri a Tarbosaurus afika kale kutalika kwa masentimita 65-70, koma sanali kope kakang'ono ka makolo awo. Zakale zoyambirira zidawonetsa kuti tyrannosaurids wachichepere anali ndi kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa akulu. Ndi chifukwa chakuti mafupa pafupifupi a Tarbosaurus okhala ndi chigaza chosungidwa bwino adapezeka, kuti asayansi adatha kuwunika molondola kusiyana kotere, komanso kulingalira za moyo wa ma tyrannosaurids achichepere.
Zidzakhalanso zosangalatsa:
- Pterodactyl
- Megalodoni
Mwachitsanzo, mpaka posachedwa sizimadziwika bwino ngati kuchuluka kwa mano akuthwa komanso amphamvu kwambiri mu tarbosaurs kunali kosasintha m'moyo wonse wa ma dinosaurs. Akatswiri ena ofufuza zakale aganiza kuti ndi ukalamba, mano onse mu ma dinosaurs akuluakulu mwachilengedwe adatsika. Komabe, mwa ana ena a Tarbosaurus, kuchuluka kwa mano kumafanana kwathunthu ndi kuchuluka kwawo kwa achikulire ndi abuluzi achinyamata amtundu uwu. Olemba maphunziro a sayansi amakhulupirira kuti izi zimatsutsa malingaliro pazakusintha kwa mano athunthu azaka zoyimira tyrannosaurids.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ma tarbosaurs achichepere, makamaka, amakhala m'malo mwa omwe amatchedwa nyama zolusa zazing'ono zomwe zimasaka abuluzi, ma dinosaurs ang'onoang'ono, komanso, mwina, nyama zosiyanasiyana.
Ponena za moyo wa ma tyrannosaurids aang'ono kwambiri, pakadali pano titha kunena ndi chidaliro chonse kuti ma tarbosaurs achichepere sanatsatire makolo awo momveka bwino, koma amakonda kukhala ndi kupeza chakudya chokha paokha. Asayansi ena tsopano akuti ma tarbosaurs achichepere mwina sanakumaneko ndi achikulire, oimira mitundu yawo. Panalibe mpikisano wadyera pakati pa akulu ndi achinyamata. Monga nyama, ma tarbosaurs achichepere nawonso analibe chidwi ndi abuluzi okhwima ogonana.
Adani achilengedwe
Ma dinosaurs okonda kudya anali ochepa chabe, motero mwachilengedwe ma tarbosaurs analibe adani... Komabe, akuganiza kuti mwina panali zolimbana ndi ma theropods ena oyandikana nawo, kuphatikiza Velociraptors, Oviraptors ndi Shuvuya.
