Halibuts, kapena halibuts, yemwenso amadziwika kuti "Sole" ndi dzina lomwe limagwirizanitsa mitundu isanu, kuphatikiza mitundu itatu, yomwe ndi ya banja la Flounder komanso dongosolo la Flounder. Mamembala am'banja ndi okhala kunyanja zakumpoto zomwe zikuzungulira madera akum'mawa ndi kumpoto kwa Russia.
Kufotokozera kwa halibut
Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu pakati pa halibuts ndi mitundu ina yambiri ya nsomba zam'mabanja a Flounder ndi thupi lokwanira kwambiri... Zofananira zina za chigaza zimasungidwanso, zomwe sizimadziwika bwino kuposa zomwe zimafinya. Makhalidwe a mawonekedwe akunja a halibuts amatengera mtundu wamtundu wa oimira banja Flounders ndi dongosolo Flounders.
Maonekedwe
Nyanja ya Atlantic (Hippoglossus chimbalangondo) Ndi nsomba, yokhala ndi kutalika kwa thupi kutalika kwa masentimita 450-470, yokhala ndi kulemera kwakukulu mpaka 300-320 kg. Ma halibuts a Atlantic ali ndi thupi lathyathyathya, lopangidwa ndi daimondi komanso lopingasa. Maso ali mbali yakumanja. Thupi liri lokutidwa ndi masikelo ozungulira, ndipo masikelo onse akulu azunguliridwa ndi mphete, yoyimiriridwa ndi masikelo ang'onoang'ono. Chomaliza chakumapeto kwa pectoral pambali ya diso ndichachikulu kuposa chakumaso chakhungu. Mkamwa waukulu uli ndi mano akuthwa ndi akulu olunjika chammbuyo. The fin caudal ili ndi notch yaying'ono. Mtundu wa mbali yamaso ndi bulauni yakuda kapena wakuda wopanda zolemba. Achinyamata amakhala ndi zilembo zosayenda bwino pamatupi awo. Mbali yakhungu ya nsombayo ndi yoyera.
Pacific yoyera halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepisNdi m'modzi mwa akulu m'banjamo. Kutalika kwa thupi kumafika 460-470 masentimita, ndikutalika thupi mpaka makilogalamu 360-363. Thupi ndilolitali kwambiri poyerekeza ndi zovuta zina. Nsagwada zakumtunda zili ndi mizere iwiri ya mano, ndipo yakumunsi imakhala ndi mzere umodzi. Mtundu wa mbali yamaso ndi bulauni yakuda kapena imvi ndimtambo wobiriwira womwe sadziwika kwambiri. Monga lamulo, pamakhala zipsera zakuda komanso zowala pathupi. Mbali yakhungu ndi yoyera. Khungu liri ndi mamba ang'onoang'ono a cycloidal. Mzere wotsatira wa nsombayo umadziwika ndikukhotakhota kwakanthawi m'chigawo cha pectoral.
Asiatic arrowtooth halibut (Alireza) Ndi kansomba kakang'ono kotalika masentimita osapitirira 45-70 ndi masentimita 1.5-3.0. Kutalika kwakukulu kwa munthu wamkulu sikuposa mita ndi 8.5 kg. Thupi lokulirapo limakutidwa ndi masikelo a ctenoid, omwe amakhala mbali yamaso. Gawo lakhungu la thupi limakutidwa ndi masikelo a cycloid. Mzere wotsatira wa thupi ndi wolimba, pafupifupi wowongoka, wokutidwa ndi masikelo 75-109. Nsagwada zili ndi mizere iwiri ya mano opangidwa ngati muvi. Mbali iliyonse ya thupi ili ndi mphuno ziwiri. Zinthu zapadera zimayimiriridwa ndi komwe kuli diso lakumtunda, lomwe silidutsa kumtunda kwa mutu, komanso mphuno yakunja yokhala ndi valavu yayitali pambali yakhungu. Mbali yamaso ndi yofiirira, ndipo mbali yakhungu imadziwika ndi mtundu wowala pang'ono.
American arrowtooth halibut (Amapanga ma stomias) - nsomba yokhala ndi kutalika kwa thupi pakati pa 40-65 cm yokhala ndi kulemera kwa makilogalamu 1.5-3.0. Thupi lokhalitsa limakutidwa ndi masikelo a ctenoid mbali yamaso. Kumbali yakhungu, pali sikelo ya cycloidal. Mzere wotsatira mbali zonse ziwiri ndi wolimba, pafupifupi wowongoka kwathunthu. Pa nsagwada pali mizere iwiri ya mano opangidwa ngati muvi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mwachangu a Halibut amakhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndipo samasiyana pang'ono ndi nsomba ina iliyonse, koma pakapita kanthawi mbali imodzi imayamba kukula msanga, chifukwa chomwe thupi limagwedezeka, ndipo pakamwa ndi maso amasunthira mbali yakumanja.
Pali mphuno ziwiri mbali iliyonse ya thupi. Mbali yapadera ya American arrowtooth halibut ndi mphuno yakunja yokhala ndi valavu yayifupi pambali yakhungu. Mbali ya diso la thupi imadziwika ndi mtundu wakuda wakuda, ndipo mbali yakhungu ndi yofiirira mopyapyala.
Moyo, machitidwe
Oimira banja la Flounder ndi dongosolo la Flounder ndi nsomba zodyera pansi zomwe zimakhala mozama kwambiri. M'nyengo yotentha, nsomba zoterezi zimakhalanso pakati pamadzi. Akuluakulu a Pacific halibut nthawi zambiri amakhala otsetsereka kontinenti pamadzi otentha pafupi ndi pansi pamtunda wa 1.5-4.5 ° C. Nsomba zoterezi zimasamukira chilimwe kupita kumadera odyetserako madzi akuya osagombeka. American arrowtooth halibut ndi nsomba yam'madzi ya benthic yomwe imakhala mozama kuyambira 40 mpaka 1150 metres.
Asia arrowtooth halibuts amaphunzitsira nsomba zam'madzi zomwe zimakhala pamwamba pamiyala, miyala yamchere komanso yamchenga. Oimira amtunduwu samasamukira kwina. Amadziwika ndi kusunthika kowonekera kwambiri. Pofika nyengo yotentha, ma barbinoothtooth halibuts aku Asia amasunthira kuzama. M'nyengo yozizira, nsomba zimasamukira kumalo ozama. Kwa achichepere ndi anthu osakhwima, malo okhala amakhala ozama kwambiri.
Kodi halibut amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji
Kutalika, kovomerezeka mwalamulo mpaka pano, chiyembekezo chokhala ndi moyo kwa oimira banja la Flounder ndi gulu la Flounder ndichoposa zaka makumi atatu. Kutalika kwakukulu kwa nthumwi za mitundu American arrowtooth halibut ndi zaka zoposa makumi awiri. Atlantic halibut, m'malo abwino, imatha kukhala ndi moyo kuyambira zaka makumi atatu mpaka makumi asanu.
Mitundu ya Halibut
Halibut pakadali pano ili ndi mitundu itatu ndi mitundu isanu yayikulu ya nsomba zam'madzi, kuphatikiza:
- Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) ndi Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis);
- Asia arrowtooth halibut (Atheresthes evermanni) ndi American arrowtooth halibut (Atheresthes stomias);
- halibut wakuda kapena wabuluu (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides).
Ndizosangalatsa! Chidwi chosangalatsa cha ma halibuts onse ndikuthekera kwa nyama yawo kutenga nawo gawo pochotsa thupi, zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chokhala ndi selenium yokwanira, yomwe imasunga maselo a chiwindi athanzi.
Kuphatikiza pa mitundu isanu yomwe yatchulidwa pamwambapa, mulinso zolimba zingapo za halibut.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Atlantic halibut amakhala kumpoto kwa Atlantic komanso madera oyandikana ndi Nyanja Yakumpoto... Kudera lakummawa kwa Atlantic, nthumwi za mitunduyi zafalikira kwambiri kuchokera ku Chilumba cha Kolguev ndi Novaya Zemlya kupita ku Bay of Biscay. Komanso, halibut ya Atlantic imapezeka pagombe la Iceland, kugombe lakum'mawa kwa Greenland, pafupi ndi zilumba za Britain ndi Faroe. M'madzi achi Russia, oimira mitunduyo amakhala kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Nyanja ya Barents.
Ma halibuts oyera aku Pacific afalikira ku North Pacific Ocean. Oimira mitunduyo amakhala m'madzi a Bering ndi Okhotsk, pafupi ndi gombe la North America, kuchokera ku Alaska kupita ku California. M'madzi a Nyanja ya Japan, anthu akutali amawoneka. Pacific halibut yoyera imapezeka pansi mpaka mamita 1200.
Ndizosangalatsa!Asia arrowtooth halibut yafalikira kokha ku North Pacific Ocean. Chiwerengero cha anthu amapezeka mdera lakum'mawa kwa chilumba cha Hokkaido ndi Honshu, m'madzi a Nyanja ya Japan ndi Okhotsk, m'mphepete mwa kum'mawa ndi kumadzulo kwa Kamchatka, kum'mawa m'madzi a Bering Sea, mpaka ku Gulf of Alaska ndi zilumba za Aleutian.
American arrowtooth halibut ndi mtundu wotchuka womwe umapezeka ku North Pacific Ocean. Oimira mitunduyo amapezeka kuchokera kumwera kwa zilumba za Kuril ndi Aleutian mpaka ku Gulf of Alaska. Amakhala m'nyanja za Chukchi ndi Okhotsk, amakhala m'madera akum'mawa kwa gombe la Kamchatka komanso kum'mawa kwa Nyanja ya Bering.
Zakudya za halibut
Ma halibuts a Atlantic ndi nyama zomwe zimadya nyama zam'madzi, zimadyetsa makamaka nsomba, kuphatikiza cod, haddock, capelin, hering'i ndi gobies, komanso cephalopods ndi nyama zina za benthic. Achichepere kwambiri amtunduwu amadyetsa nyama zazikuluzikulu, amakonda nkhanu ndi nkhanu. Nthawi zambiri ma halibuts pakusambira amaika matupi awo pamalo owongoka, koma akamathamangitsa nyama, nsomba zotere zimatha kuchoka pansi ndikuyenda moyandikira pafupi ndi madzi.
Ma halibuts aku Pacific ndi nsomba zodya nyama zomwe zimadya nsomba zosiyanasiyana, komanso nyama zazinyama zambiri monga nkhanu ya chisanu, nkhanu ndi nkhanu. Squids ndi octopuses amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chakudya cha ma halibut otere. Kapangidwe kazakudya zachilengedwe za Pacific halibut amasintha nyengo yayikulu, msinkhu komanso zigawo.
Achinyamata amtunduwu amadya makamaka nkhanu ndi nkhanu. Pofuna nyama yake, nsomba zotere zimatha kuthyola pansi.
Chakudya chachikulu cha Asia arrowtooth halibut makamaka ndi pollock, koma nyama yayikulu kwambiri yamadzi imatha kudyanso mitundu ina ya nsomba, nkhanu, octopus, squid ndi euphausids. Achinyamata komanso anthu osakhwima mwauzimu amadya nsomba za m'nyanja ya Pacific, pollock, pollock, ndi mitundu ina yamitundu yayikulu kwambiri. American arrowtooth halibut amadyetsa pollock, cod, hake, grouper, mowa, ma crustaceans, ndi cephalopods.
Kubereka ndi ana
Atlantic ndi ma halibut ena ndi nsomba zodya nyama zomwe zimaswana pobereka... Amuna amtundu uwu amatha kufikira msinkhu wokwanira pafupifupi zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri kapena zisanu ndi zitatu, ndipo akazi amakhala okhwima pafupifupi zaka khumi. Atlantic halibut imamera pamtunda wa mamita 300-700 ndi kutentha kwapakati pa 5-7 ° C. Nthawi yoberekera imachitika mu Disembala-Meyi. Kusamba kumachitika m'mabowo akuya m'mphepete mwa nyanja, kapena m'malo otchedwa fjords.
Mazira a halibut a Atlantic amasungidwa m'madzi am'nyanja mpaka mphutsi zitatuluka, ndipo wamkazi m'modzi amatulutsa mazira 1.3 mpaka 3.5 miliyoni, omwe m'mimba mwake ndi 3.5-4.3 mm. Mphutsi zimaswa m'mazira patatha milungu iwiri kapena itatu, koma poyamba amayesetsa kuti akhale m'madzi. Atafika kutalika kwa 40 mm, mphutsi za Atlantic halibut zimakhazikika pansi.
Mwa akazi azaka zaku Asia arrowtooth halibut, kukhwima mwa kugonana kumachitika zaka 7-10, ndipo amuna amtunduwu amakula msinkhu wazaka 7-9. Akuluakulu amabala m'madzi a Bering Sea kuyambira Novembala mpaka February. M'madzi a Nyanja ya Okhotsk, kubereka kumachitika kuyambira Ogasiti mpaka Disembala. Caviar yamtundu wa pelagic, yomwe imabereka mozama mpaka 120-1200 m.Miyeso ya chonde ndi mazira 220-1385 zikwi. Mphutsi ndizokulirapo, zopyapyala komanso zazitali, zokhala ndi msana m'dera lomwe lili pamwamba pamaso ndi pamwamba pa chivundikirocho.
Adani achilengedwe
Nyama zolusa za arrowtooth Asian halibut ndi zisindikizo ndi mikango yam'nyanja. Ma halibuts ali ndi adani achilengedwe ochepa, motero nsomba zotere zimatha kukula kukula kwambiri.
Ndizosangalatsa! Nsomba zamtengo wapatali zam'madzi kwa asodzi ambiri mdziko lathu komanso kumayiko ena ndizosangalatsa, chifukwa chake kuwedza mwachangu kumathandizira kuchepa kwa ma halibuts onse.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Njira zocheperako pakukula komanso nyengo yakucha msanga zimapangitsa Atlantic halibut kukhala mitundu yovuta kwambiri kuwedza kwambiri. Kusodza nsomba zoterezi pakadali pano kumayendetsedwa mosamalitsa, komanso kuwonjezera pazoletsa kukula, chaka chilichonse kuyambira zaka khumi za Disembala mpaka kumapeto kwa Marichi, kuletsa kuyambitsidwa pokhudzana ndi kugwira kwa halibut ndi maukonde, komanso ma trawls ndi zida zina zilizonse.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kudera la Scotland ndi Norway, mitundu ya halibut ya Atlantic imakula mwamphamvu, ndipo International Union for Conservation of Nature yapatsa mwayi woteteza "Wowopsa".
Kukula kwathunthu kwa mitundu ya White-bore Pacific halibuts m'madzi a Kamchatka ndikokhazikika lero.
Mtengo wamalonda
Ku Russia pakadali pano palibe nsomba zowunikira omwe akuyimira mitundu yoyera ya White-bore Pacific halibut. Nsomba zamtunduwu zimatha kugwidwa ngati zomwe zimatchedwa kukoka maukonde, ma longline, ma snurrevods ndi ma trawls popha nsomba zam'mbali mwa nyanja kapena zam'madzi akuya.
Zidzakhalanso zosangalatsa:
- Sterlet nsomba
- Nsomba za Pollock
- Nsomba za pike
- Nsomba za Pollock
Komabe, mtundu uwu pakadali pano ndiwomwe akusodza pamasewera. Kupanga kwa halibut kwamalonda tsopano kumachitika makamaka ku Norway kuyambira Juni mpaka Okutobala.
