Taipan ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja, kapena Taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus), ndi nthumwi ya mtundu wa njoka zapoizoni kwambiri za banja la asp. Njoka zazikulu zaku Australia, zomwe kulumidwa kwawo zimawerengedwa kuti ndizowopsa kwambiri mwa njoka zonse zamakono, kusanachitike mankhwala, zinali zoyambitsa kufa kwa omwe adachitidwa milandu yoposa 90%.
Kufotokozera kwa taipan
Chifukwa chaukali wawo, kukula kwakukulu komanso kuthamanga kwakanthawi, ma taipan amadziwika kuti ndi owopsa kwambiri mwa njoka zapoizoni padziko lapansi zomwe zimakhala pamtunda. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti wokhala ku kontinentiyo ya Australia ndi njoka yochokera kubanja la njoka (Keelback kapena Tropidonophis mairii), yofanana kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe a taipan. Woimira zokwawa izi siwowopsa, koma ndiwowonekera bwino komanso chitsanzo chabwino cha kutsanzira kwachilengedwe.
Maonekedwe
Kukula kwapakati pazoyimira achikulire amtunduwu ndi pafupifupi 1.90-1.96 m, ndikulemera thupi mkati mwa kilogalamu zitatu... Komabe, kutalika kwakutali kwa taipan yam'mbali ndi 2,9 mita ndikulemera 6.5 kg. Malinga ndi zonena zambiri za anthu am'deralo, mdera lawo lachilengedwe ndizotheka kukumana ndi anthu akuluakulu, omwe kutalika kwake kumapitilira mamita atatu.
Monga lamulo, taipans za m'mphepete mwa nyanja zimakhala ndi mtundu wofanana. Mtundu wa chikopa chokwawa chimatha kusiyanasiyana kuchokera pakamdera kofiyira mpaka pafupifupi wakuda pamwamba. M'mimba mwa njoka nthawi zambiri mumakhala zonona kapena zachikaso ndimitundu yoyenda yachikasu kapena lalanje. M'mwezi wachisanu, monga lamulo, mtundu wa njoka yotere umakhala wakuda, womwe umathandiza njokayo kuyamwa kutentha kwa dzuwa.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Ngati njoka yapoizoni yasokonezedwa, ndiye kuti imakweza mutu wake ndikuigwedeza pang'ono, pambuyo pake imangoponya mwachangu kangapo kwa wotsutsana naye. Nthawi yomweyo, taipan imatha kufikira msanga mpaka 3.0-3.5 m / s.
Ndizosangalatsa! Pali zochitika zambiri pomwe ma taipan amakhala pafupi ndi komwe anthu amakhala, pomwe amadya makoswe ndi achule, kukhala oyandikana nawo anthu.
Zonsezi zimaponyedwa pamiyendo yayikulu, yamiyala ndi kuluma koopsa, koopsa. Ngati mankhwalawa sanaperekedwe mkati mwa maola awiri oyambirira ataluma, ndiye kuti munthuyo amwalira. Taipan ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja imasaka pokhapokha kutentha kwamasana kutangotha.
Kodi taipan amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji
Pakadali pano palibe chidziwitso chokwanira chodziwitsa kutalika kwa moyo wa taipan wamphepete mwakuthengo. Ali mu ukapolo, malinga ndi malamulo onse osunga ndi kudyetsa, nthumwi zamtunduwu, zimakhala mpaka zaka khumi ndi zisanu.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Popeza maliseche amphongo amphongo ali mkati, kudziwa kugonana kwa njoka ndichinthu chovuta kwambiri, ndipo utoto ndi kukula ndizizindikiro zosintha zomwe sizimapereka chitsimikizo chonse. Kutsimikiza kwakugonana kwa zokwawa zambiri kumangotengera pakukonda zachiwerewere m'njira zakusiyana kwakunja kwamwamuna ndi wamkazi.
Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe amtundu wamwamuna komanso kupezeka kwa ma hemipenise, mchira wautali komanso wokulirapo m'munsi ungathenso kuwoneka ngati mawonekedwe azakugonana. Kuphatikiza apo, akazi achikulire amtundu uwu, monga lamulo, amakhala okulirapo kuposa amuna okhwima ogonana.
Poizoni wa m'mphepete mwa nyanja
Mano owopsa a taipan wamkulu ndi kutalika kwa 1.3 cm. Mafinya a njoka ngati amenewa amakhala ndi 400 mg wa poizoni, koma pafupifupi, kuchuluka kwake sikuposa 120 mg... Chifuwa cha zokwawa izi chimakhala ndi mphamvu ya neurotoxic komanso yotchedwa coagulopathic effect. Poizoni akalowa m'thupi, kutsekeka kwakuthwa kwa minofu kumachitika, ndipo minofu ya kupuma imalephera ndipo magazi amatayika. Kuluma kwa Taipan nthawi zambiri kumakhala koopsa pasanathe maola khumi ndi awiri kuchokera pamene poizoni walowa mthupi.
Ndizosangalatsa! M'chigawo cha Australia ku Queensland, komwe kuli nyama zambiri zotchedwa coastal taipans, sekondi iliyonse yolumidwa imamwalira ndi poizoni wa njoka yoopsa imeneyi.
Pazoyeserera, pafupifupi, njoka imodzi yayikulu imatha kupeza za 40-44 mg wa poizoni. Mlingo wocheperako ndikokwanira kupha anthu zana limodzi kapena mbewa zoyesera 250,000. Mlingo wowopsa wa poizoni wa taipan ndi LD50 0.01 mg / kg, womwe umakhala woopsa nthawi 178-180 kuposa poyizoni wa njoka yamphongo. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti njoka ya njoka mwachibadwa si chida chachikulu cha zokwawa, koma enzyme yogaya kapena otchedwa saliva osinthidwa.
Mitundu ya taipan
Mpaka posachedwa, ndi mitundu ingapo yokha yomwe imadziwika kuti ndi mtundu wa taipan: taipan kapena m'mphepete mwa nyanja taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus), komanso njoka yankhanza (yoopsa) (Oxyuranus microleridotus). Mtundu wachitatu, wotchedwa inland taipan (Oxyuranus temporalis), udapezeka zaka khumi zapitazo. Pali zochepa kwambiri pazoyimira mitundu iyi lero, popeza chokwawa ichi chidalembedwa mumtundu umodzi.
Kuyambira pakati pazaka zapitazi, ma subspecies angapo am'mphepete mwa nyanja amadziwika kuti:
- Oxyuranus scutellatus scutellatus - wokhala kumpoto ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Australia;
- Oxyuranus scutellatus canni - okhala kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa gombe ku New Guinea.
Njoka yankhanza ndiyofupikitsa kuposa taipan yam'mbali, ndipo kutalika kwa munthu wokhwima, nthawi zambiri, sikupitilira ma mita angapo... Mtundu wa chokwawa chotere umatha kusiyanasiyana mpaka bulauni mpaka bulauni yakuda. Pakati pa Juni mpaka Ogasiti, khungu la njoka yankhanza limachita mdima kwambiri, ndipo mutuwo umakhala ndi mtundu wakuda wamtunduwu.
Ndizosangalatsa! Taipan McCoy amasiyana ndi taipan ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja chifukwa ndi yopanda phokoso, ndipo kulumidwa konse koopsa komwe kwalembedwa mpaka pano ndi chifukwa chosamalira mosamala njoka yapoizoni.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Njoka yankhanza ndiyomwe imakhalamo m'chigawo cha Australia, yomwe imakonda gawo lalikulu la kumtunda ndi madera akumpoto. Chokwawa chokwawa chimakhazikika pazigwa zouma komanso m'malo amchipululu, momwe chimabisala m'ming'alu yachilengedwe, zolakwika za nthaka kapena pansi pamiyala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zizindikire.
Zakudya za taipan yam'mbali
Zakudya za taipan zam'mbali mwa nyanja zimakhazikitsidwa ndi amphibians ndi nyama zazing'ono zazing'ono, kuphatikiza mbewa zosiyanasiyana. Taipan McCoy, yemwenso amadziwika kuti inland kapena m'chipululu taipan, amadya makamaka nyama zazing'ono, osagwiritsa ntchito amphibians konse.
Kubereka ndi ana
Zazikazi za m'mphepete mwa nyanja za taipan zimakula msinkhu wa miyezi isanu ndi iwiri, ndipo amuna amakula msinkhu pafupifupi miyezi khumi ndi isanu ndi umodzi. Nyengo yakumasirana ilibe malire omveka bwino, kotero kuberekana kumatha kuchitika kuyambira masiku khumi oyamba a Marichi mpaka Disembala. Nthawi zambiri, nsonga zazikulu zoweta zimachitika pakati pa Julayi ndi Okutobala, pomwe nyengo ku Australia ndiyabwino kwambiri poperekera mazira a zokwawa zapoizoni.
Amuna okhwima ogonana a taipan ya m'mbali mwa nyanja amatenga nawo mbali pankhondo zosangalatsa komanso zowopsa, zomwe zimatha maola angapo. Kuyesa kwamtundu uwu kwamphongo yamphongo kumamulola kuti apambane ufulu wokwatirana ndi wamkazi. Kukhathamira kumachitika mkati mwa pothawira abambo. Nthawi yobereka imatenga masiku 52 mpaka 85, pambuyo pake mkazi amaikira mazira pafupifupi makumi awiri ndi awiri.
Mazira apakatikati amayikidwa ndi akazi mu maenje osiyidwa a nyama zakutchire zokwanira, kapena m'nthaka yoyaluka pansi pa miyala ndi mizu yamitengo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kugonana mu zokwawa zokwawa ndi chimodzi mwazitali kwambiri munthawi zachilengedwe, ndipo njira yopitilira umuna imatha kutenga masiku khumi.
Mu "chisa" choterocho mazira amatha kukhala miyezi iwiri kapena itatu, zomwe zimadalira kutentha ndi chinyezi. Njoka zobadwa kumene zimakhala ndi kutalika kwa thupi mkati mwa 60 cm, koma pansi pazikhalidwe zabwino zakunja zimakula msanga, kufikira kukula kwa munthu wamkulu munthawi yochepa.
Adani achilengedwe
Ngakhale zili ndi poizoni, taipan imatha kugwidwa ndi nyama zambiri, zomwe zimaphatikizapo afisi, mbulu za marsupial ndi martens, weasels, komanso nyama zina zazikulu zopanda nthenga. Njoka yoopsa yomwe imakhazikika pafupi ndi nyumba za anthu kapena m'minda yazitsamba nthawi zambiri imawonongedwa ndi anthu.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Ma taipan am'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi zokwawa zodziwika bwino, ndipo kuthekera kochulukitsa mtundu wawo sikuyambitsa mavuto okhala ndi anthu wamba pamitengo yokhazikika. Mpaka pano, nthumwi za mitunduyo ndizogawidwa monga Osadandaula.
