Mphaka wamtchire uyu amadziwika kuti ndi wosagwirizana kwambiri - mphaka wa Pallas saweta, amakhala pafupi ndi munthu kwazaka zambiri. Ngakhale ana amphaka amphaka a Pallas obadwira ku ukapolo sakhala omweta.
Kufotokozera kwa manul
Anazipeza ndikuziwonetsa kudziko lapansi ndi katswiri wazachilengedwe waku Germany a Peter Palass, omwe adapeza nyama yolombayo mu 1776 pafupi ndi Nyanja ya Caspian, pomwe nyamayo idatchedwa dzina la pakati - Pallas's cat (pallas cat). Mwa mayina awiri asayansi Felis manul ndi Otocolobus manul, lachiwiri ndi losokoneza, lotanthauza "khutu loyipa" mu Chi Greek (otos - khutu, ndi kolobos - wosakongola).
Maonekedwe
Mphaka wa Pallas amadziwika kuti ndi kambalame kakang'ono kwambiri kuthengo komwe kumakhala Soviet Union... Ndi theka-mita kutalika kwake ndi kulemera kwa 2-5 kg, ikadafanana ndi mphaka wamba, ikadapanda chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake owopsa komanso ubweya wabwino, womwe umapangitsa kuti ukhale wolimba kwambiri. Ponseponse, mphaka wa Pallas akuwoneka kuti ndi wolimba kwambiri: chithunzicho chimakwaniritsidwa ndimiyendo yayifupi yolimba komanso yayitali, osati yayitali kwambiri (23-31 cm). Zala zazikuluzikulu ndizopindika.
Malinga ndi zomwe ena amaganiza, mphaka wa Pallas ndiwofanana kwambiri ndi amphaka aku Persia, omwe ali ndi mizere yozungulira, tsitsi lofewa komanso mawonekedwe achilendo (osalala). M'mbali mwake muli makutu otakata ndi tsitsi lalitali likuyenda mmbali.
Mphaka wa Pallas alibe 30 (monga ma feline ambiri), koma mano 28, pomwe mayini amatalika katatu kuposa amphaka oweta. Maso ali ndi zotupa zotsogola: zimakhala ngati chikope chachitatu, kuteteza khungu kuti lisaume ndi kuvulala. Mphaka wa Pallas adatchuka chifukwa choyang'anitsitsa maso akulu obiriwira achikasu, pomwe pansi pake pamatuluka mikwingwirima iwiri yakuda. Imodzi imathera pansi pa khutu, inayo imathera pakhosi (pansi pa khutu).
Ndizosangalatsa! Kusintha kwakusangalatsa kwa mphaka wa Pallas, poyerekeza ndi mphaka yense, akufotokozedwa chifukwa cha kutalika kwa tsitsi (7 cm) ndi kachulukidwe ka kameredwe kake - 9,000 pa 1 sq. cm.
Amphaka a Pallas amasiyana mosiyanasiyana kukula ndi utoto, kutengera subspecies (m'modzi mwa atatu) ndi malo okhala:
- Otocolobus manul manul - imakhala ndi utoto wofanana (umakhala m'malo ambiri, koma umapezeka kwambiri ku Mongolia ndi kumadzulo kwa China);
- Otocolobus manul ferruginea - amadziwika ndi utoto wobiriwira, wokhala ndi mikwingwirima yofiira (amakhala ku Uzbekistan, Iran, Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan ndi Pakistan);
- Otocolobus manul nigripecta - akuwonetsa utoto, ndikupeza utoto wonyezimira nthawi yozizira (amakhala ku Kashmir, Tibet ndi Nepal).
Mtundu wachizolowezi wozizira umapangidwa ndi utoto wowala komanso wotumbululuka, pomwe imvi zili ndi zoyera zoyera. Miyendo ndi mimba ndi zofiira kwambiri kuposa msana, kudutsa komwe mikwingwirima yakuda ya 6-7 yatambasulidwa, kutsikira mbali. Mchira umakulanso ndi mizere ingapo (mpaka 7) yopingasa ndipo umatha ndi nsonga yakuda.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Mphaka wa Pallas, monga amphaka ambiri, amakhala mosiyana ndikukhala pansi, osasamukira kwakanthawi. Wamphongo "amakhala" malo osaka mpaka 4 mita mita. Km., komwe amakonzekeretsa dzenjelo, posankha malo obisika pakati pa miyala kapena ming'alu. Nthawi zambiri imakhala manda a nyamalikiti (tarbagans) ndi nkhandwe, kapena imadzikumbira yokha, kumapiri akutali komanso pansi pa mathanthwe. Gawo lina la usiku limapuma m'dzenje, kutenga nthawi yamdima masana kusaka.
Zimapezeka nthawi zambiri dzuwa litalowa, m'mawa kwambiri kapena masana ngati zichitika nthawi yotentha Pofunafuna chakudya, mphaka wa Pallas samachoka pamphangopo osapitirira 0.1-1 km, ndikuyang'ana minda yapafupi, steppe ndi miyala. Njira yoyenda ikufanana ndi nkhandwe, mzere wowongoka komanso njanji, koma mosiyanasiyana pakati pamizere yozungulira (12-15 cm).
Ndizosangalatsa! Mu nkhokwe yama siginolo a manul - kukwapula kwakuthwa ndi kung'ung'udza. Pallas cat, mosiyana ndi amphaka ena, sadziwa kuyimba konse.
Chilombocho sichimalola kulanda malo ake - pamenepa, chimakhala chankhanza kwambiri ndipo chimagwiritsa ntchito mano akuthwa.
Manul angati amakhala
Malinga ndi kuyerekezera koopsa, kutchire, mphaka wa Pallas samakhala ndi zaka 11-12, koma amakhala ndi mwayi wokhala ndi moyo wautali ngati angalowe m'malo osungira zinyama. Chifukwa chake, ku Zoo ya Moscow, m'modzi mwa amphaka a pallas adakhala zaka 18. Kuphatikiza apo, mphaka wa Pallas anali chizindikiro cha malo osungira nyama likulu kuyambira 1987 mpaka 2014, ndipo chithunzi cha mphaka chimawoneka pakhomo lolowera. Koma mbiri ya mitundu yazinyama ija idayamba kale kwambiri, kuyambira 1949, pomwe mphaka woyamba wa Pallas adawonekera pano.
Kuyambira 1957, nyama zakhala zikuwonetsedwa kwamuyaya, ndipo kuyambira 1975, olusa adayamba kuberekana pafupipafupi. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, ana obadwa 140 obadwa ku zoo, si onse omwe apulumuka kufikira atakula, koma ndi mphaka wa "Moscow" Pallas yemwe wawonjezerapo pagulu la malo osungira nyama aku America ndi Europe. Zoo za Moscow zimawerengedwa kuti ndizotsogola pa mphaka wobadwa wa Pallas, ngakhale panali zovuta zobereketsa ndikuwasunga mu ukapolo.
Zofunika! Malo okhala akasintha, mphaka wa Pallas akukumana ndi mavuto akulu, omwe amakhudza chitetezo chamthupi komanso thanzi. Anthu ambiri, kulowa m'malo osazolowereka, amafa chifukwa cha matenda owopsa.
Ndizoyambirira kwambiri kuti tithe kunena za mphaka wa Pallas m'malo osungira nyama, ngakhale ena mwa iwo ali kutali kwambiri ndi mbadwa zoyambirira zomwe zidabadwira ku ukapolo. Pali olimba mtima omwe amayesa kusunga mphaka wa Pallas m'nyumba ndi nyumba, anyengedwa ndi mawonekedwe ake akunja a paka. Koma pali zinthu zambiri zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kutsekera kunyumba kusakhale kotheka:
- kusalolera kutentha (ubweya wakuda wakonzedwa kuti uzizizira kwambiri, mpaka madigiri 50);
- kukana chakudya chosazolowereka;
- kuchepa kwakukulu kwa chitetezo chokwanira komanso matenda.
Chofunikira kwambiri, manul ndi wamakani komanso wokhutira. Sasandulika kukhala woweta ndipo salumikizana ndi anthu ngakhale atadutsa zaka zambiri.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Mphaka wa Pallas wafalikira mokwanira - ku Central ndi Central Asia, kumwera kwa Siberia (kuchokera pagombe la Caspian Sea kupita ku Transbaikalia). Mphaka wa Pallas amakhala ku Transcaucasia, Mongolia, Western China ndi Tibet, komanso Afghanistan, Iran ndi Pakistan.
Zofunika! M'zaka zaposachedwa, dera la mphaka wa Pallas, lomwe latsala pang'ono kuwonongedwa m'mapiri, lakhala logawana, lasanduka madera akutali.
M'dziko lathu, pali zigawo zitatu (kum'mawa, Transbaikal ndi Tuva-Altai), ndipo palibe kusiyana pakati pa gawo lachiwiri ndi lachitatu:
- kum'mawa - madera a dera la Chita (pakati pa Shilka ndi Argun) kupita ku Onon kumadzulo;
- Transbaikal - m'malire a nkhalango-steppe ndi steppe madera a Buryatia (Dzhida, Selenginsky ndi Ivolginsky) mpaka kumalire a Ulan-Ude;
- Tuva-Altai - kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Tyva ndi Altai.
Mphaka wa Pallas amayang'ana malo ophulika ndi malo okhala ndi zitsamba, komwe amatha kubisala masana, ndichifukwa chake amamangiriridwa kumalo ena - mapiri ang'onoang'ono, mapiri (okhala ndi zigwa zoyandikana) ndi mapiri, mapiri ndi zitunda zazitali. Kulikonse komwe mphaka wa Pallas amakhala, kumakhala nyengo yozizira kwambiri pakontinenti yotentha kwambiri nyengo yozizira (mpaka -50 ° C) ndi chipale chofewa.
Zakudya za Pallas
Zakudya za mphaka wa pallas sizodabwitsa ndi mitundu yake - izi ndi mbewa zazing'ono ndipo nthawi zina mbalame zazing'ono. Kulima masitepe a nthaka yaulimi (potenga ziweto) kumawoneka mbali ziwiri: mbali imodzi, makoswe amayesa kuchoka m'malo awa, mbali inayo, amayamba kudziunjikira pafupi ndi ndende za ziweto ndipo amapezeka msanga ndi mphaka wa Pallas.
Zakudya zamtundu wa Pallas zimaphatikizapo nyama monga:
- voles ndi gerbils;
- hamsters ndi gophers;
- tolai hares;
- ziphuphu (zazing'ono);
- ma pikas;
- magawo ndi magawo;
- lark ndi mbalame zina zomwe zimamanga zisa zawo pansi;
- tizilombo (m'chilimwe).
Mphaka wa Pallas amadikirira wozunzidwayo pafupi ndi maenje kapena miyala: ngati dzenje silili laling'ono, amakanda mwatsoka ndi dzanja lake.
Ndizosangalatsa! Pofika nthawi yophukira (mu Okutobala - Novembala), chidwi cha mphaka wa Pallas chimakula. Amadya kangapo ndi theka ndipo amanenepa kwambiri. M'nyengo yozizira (Disembala - Januware), chidwi pa chakudya chimasowa, ndipo nyama zimadya tsiku lililonse.
M'malo osungira nyama, amphaka amapatsidwa nyama kuphatikiza tirigu wobiriwira ndi chakudya cha mafupa, koma nyama yakufa / zinziri zomwe zimapangidwira izi zimakonda kudya. Mphaka wa Pallas amadyetsedwa madzulo.
Kubereka ndi ana
Mphaka wa Pallas amaswana kamodzi pachaka... Mchitidwewu umagwa mu February - Marichi. Kuyitana kwamphongo kwamphongo kumafanana ndi mtanda pakati pa khungwa lamtendere ndi kulira kwa kadzidzi. Estrus mwa mkazi satenga nthawi yayitali, pafupifupi maola 42. Poyambira kwachipembedzo, abwenzi angapo amachita chidwi ndi akazi okonzeka kukwatira, nthawi zina amayamba ndewu zachiwawa. Gestation imatenga masiku 66 mpaka 75 (60 pafupifupi), ndipo mphonda zowoneka zimabadwa mu Epulo - Meyi kapena kumapeto kwa Meyi - Juni. Nthawi zambiri mumakhala ana akhungu 3-5 mwa ana, koma atha kukhala m'modzi kapena asanu ndi awiri.
Mwana wakhanda aliyense amalemera makilogalamu 0,3 mpaka 0.4 ndi kutalika pafupifupi masentimita 12. Amphaka amatsegula maso pakatha masiku 10-12 ndipo amasintha tsitsi ali ndi miyezi iwiri, akakhala kuti akulemera makilogalamu 0.5-0.6. Ikafika miyezi 3-4, nyama zazing'ono zimayamba kusaka. Si amphaka onse aang'ono a Pallas amakhala ndi zaka zoberekera, zomwe ndi miyezi 10. Amphaka ambiri amafa ali aang'ono chifukwa cha matenda opatsirana.
Adani achilengedwe
Mphaka wa Pallas ali ndi anthu ambiri osafuna, omwe amakhala adani omasuka komanso omwe amapikisana nawo pakudya. Izi zimaphatikizapo mbalame zodya nyama, corsac, light polecat, ndi nkhandwe wamba.
Adani achilengedwe a Pallas ndi awa:
- mimbulu (yomwe yangopangidwa kumene);
- agalu (osochera ndi abusa), kudikirira mphaka wa Pallas pafupi ndi nyumba zoweta;
- mbalame zamphamba;
- kadzidzi;
- achiwembu.
Mphaka wa Pallas ndiolemera komanso osathamanga mokwanira kuti angosiya kufunafuna kopindulitsa. Amayesa kuthawa kuti akafike pamtsinje wopulumutsa kapena kubisala pakati pamiyala, koma ngati woyendetsa ndegeyo alephera, amatembenuzira mphuno yake kwa mdani (amakhala pansi kapena kugona). Poterepa, chilombocho chimakhala nyama yosavuta kwa galu wamkulu kapena mlenje. Mphaka wa Pallas atha kudabwitsidwa pakati pausiku, atachititsidwa khungu ndi nyali zamagalimoto: mphaka samathamanga, koma amayesera kubisala, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimamuwononga.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Mphaka wa Pallas ndi mbuye weniweni wobisala ndi kubisala pansi. Atazindikira munthu, amaundana ndikukhala kwa maola ambiri osasunthika, kuphatikiza utoto ndi malo ozungulira.
Zofunika! Kutha kukhala kosawoneka kwathandiza galu wa Pallas ndikuwononga, ndikupangitsa kafukufuku / chitetezo cha zamoyozo kukhala ntchito yovuta kwambiri. Mphaka wa Pallas sanafufuzidwebe pang'ono, ndipo chiwerengero chenicheni cha mitunduyo sichikudziwika.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana lino, monga akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo amanenera, mphaka wonse wa Pallas m'dziko lathu anali pakati pa 3 mpaka 3.65 zikwi. Chiwerengero cha amphaka chikucheperachepera, kuphatikiza m'malo otetezedwa: m'malo ena, asowa pafupifupi kwathunthu.
M'madera ena, kuchuluka kwa nyama zolusa ndi 2.5-3 nyama zazikulu pa 10 km². Kutsika kwa anthu kumayambitsidwa ndi anthropogenic ndi zina:
- poaching for ubweya;
- kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri malupu / misampha yogwira nkhandwe ndi hares;
- kusasamala agalu;
- kuchepetsa chakudya (chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa makoswe, kuphatikizapo marmots);
- nyengo yachisanu ndi chipale chofewa;
- imfa kuchokera ku matenda.
Zaka zisanu zapitazo, zachilengedwe zachilengedwe "Daursky" zidalandira thandizo kuchokera ku Russian Geographical Society, yomwe idapatsidwa pulogalamuyi "Kusunga mphaka Pallas ku Transbaikalia. Cholinga chake ndikupeza chidziwitso chatsatanetsatane chokhudza malo okhala ndi kayendedwe ka mphaka wa Pallas, kuti awone kuchuluka kwa nyama zazing'ono ndi zazikulu.
Ndizosangalatsa! Munthu sanafikebe kumalo omwe amakonda kwambiri mphaka wa Pallas, malo ogulitsira kunja komanso miyala yamiyala, yomwe imapatsa chiyembekezo chochepa choteteza mitunduyo.
Pakadali pano, Felis manul ali mu Red Data Book of the Russian Federation, ndipo akuphatikizidwanso mu Zowonjezera II za CITES Convention (1995) ndi IUCN Red List mu "pafupi kuwopsezedwa". Kusaka Manul ndikoletsedwa kulikonse.
