Akamba (lat. Testudines) ndi oimira amodzi mwamalamulo anayi a zokwawa zamakono za mtundu wa Chordate. Zaka zotsalira za akamba ndi zaka 200-220 miliyoni. ndi zaka 200-220 miliyoni.
Kufotokozera kamba
Malinga ndi umboni wa asayansi ambiri, pazaka 150 miliyoni zapitazi, mawonekedwe akamba akhalabe osasinthika.
Maonekedwe
Chinthu chachikulu chosiyanitsa kamba ndi kupezeka kwa chipolopolo, chomwe chimayimilidwa ndi khungu lolimba kwambiri la mafupa lomwe limakwirira thupi la reptile kuchokera mbali zonse ndikuteteza nyama ku ziweto zambiri. Mbali yamkati mwa chipolopolocho imadziwika ndi kupezeka kwa mbale zamathambo, ndipo gawo lakunja limadziwika ndi zikopa zachikopa. Chigoba choterocho chimakhala ndi gawo lakumbuyo ndi m'mimba. Gawo loyambilira, lotchedwa carapace, ndilopindika, ndipo plastron, kapena gawo la m'mimba, nthawi zonse limakhala lathyathyathya.
Ndizosangalatsa! Thupi la kamba limalumikizana kwambiri ndi chipolopolo, pomwe mutu, mchira ndi ziwalo zimatulukira pakati pa plastron ndi carapace. Pakakhala ngozi iliyonse, akamba amatha kubisala mkati mwa chipolopolocho.
Kamba alibe mano, koma ali ndi mlomo wakuthwa komanso wolimba womwe umalola kuti nyamayo ilume mosavuta zidutswa za chakudya... Akamba, pamodzi ndi njoka ndi ng'ona, amaikira mazira amtundu wachikopa, koma zokwawa nthawi zambiri sizisamalira ana awo omwe abadwa, chifukwa chake amangochoka pomwepo.
Akamba a mitundu yosiyanasiyana amasiyana kwambiri kukula kwake ndi kulemera kwake. Mwachitsanzo, kutalika kwa kamba kangaude sikupitilira 100 mm ndikulemera kwama 90-100 g, ndipo kukula kwa kamba wamkulu wachikopa wofikira kunyanja kumafikira 250 cm ndikulemera kopitilira theka la mawu. Gulu lalikulu kwambiri pakati pa akamba amtunda omwe amadziwika masiku ano amaphatikizapo akamba a njovu za Galapagos, omwe chipolopolo chake chimaposa mita imodzi, ndipo kuchuluka kwake kungakhale malo anayi.
Mtundu wa akamba, monga lamulo, ndiwodzichepetsera kwambiri, kulola chokwawa kuti chizidzibisa mosavuta ngati zinthu zachilengedwe. Komabe, palinso mitundu ingapo yomwe imasiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe owala kwambiri komanso osiyana. Mwachitsanzo, kamba wowala kwambiri pakatikati pa carapace ali ndi mdima wakuda wokhala ndi mawanga achikaso odziwika komanso kunyezimira kambiri komwe kumatuluka. Malo amutu ndi khosi la kamba wofiira amakhala wokongoletsedwa ndi mtundu woimiridwa ndi mizere ya wavy ndi mikwingwirima, ndipo mawanga ofiira owala amapezeka kumbuyo kwa maso.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Ngakhale osakwanira kukula kwaubongo, chifukwa chakuyesedwa, zinali zotheka kudziwa kuti nzeru za kamba zikuwonetsa zotsatira zabwino kwambiri. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti osati mitundu yokhayo yapadziko lapansi komanso mitundu yambiri ya akamba amchere, kuphatikiza ma marsh aku Europe ndi a Caspian, adatenga nawo gawo pazoyesazi.
Akamba ndi zokwawa zomwe zimakhala moyo wokhawokha, koma nyama zoterezi zimafunikira kukhala ndi mtundu wawo pakakhala nyengo yokwanira... Nthawi zina akamba amasonkhana m'nyengo yozizira m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Mitundu ina yamadzi amchere, kuphatikizapo akamba am'mutu (Phrynops geoffroanus), amadziwika ndiukali pamaso pa achibale awo ngakhale kunja kwanyengo.
Ndi akamba angati omwe amakhala
Pafupifupi mitundu yonse yamakamba yomwe ili m'gulu loyenera kuti ikhale m'gulu la omwe ali ndi nthawi yayitali kwambiri - omwe ali ndi mbiri yazambiri zamatenda.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kamba wodziwika bwino wa Madagascar wotchedwa Tui Malila wakwanitsa kukhala zaka pafupifupi mazana awiri.
Nthawi ya reptile yotere nthawi zambiri imakhala yoposa zaka zana. Malinga ndi asayansi, kamba imatha kukhala ndi moyo zaka mazana awiri kapena kupitilira apo.
Chigoba cha fulu
Chombo cha kamba chimasiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe ake ozungulira, omwe amaimiridwa ndi mafupa komanso chophimba chovala ngati nyanga. Pafupa la carapace limapangidwa ndi ma pre-sacral vertebrae asanu ndi atatu, komanso magawo okwera mtengo. Akamba wamba amakhala ndi mbale makumi asanu zosakanikirana.
Mawonekedwe ndi kuchuluka kwa ziphuphu ngati izi ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakuzindikira mtundu wa kamba:
- Mitundu yapadziko lapansi nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi mtunda wokwera, wotsekemera komanso wokutira kwambiri, womwe umalumikizidwa ndi zizindikiritso zamatumbo. Mawonekedwe ozungulirawa amapereka malo ofunikira mkati, omwe amathandizira kusungunuka kwa roughage wamasamba;
- Mitundu yoboola yomwe ili ndi mphalapala wokulirapo, womwe umathandiza chokwawa kuyenda mosavuta mkati mwa dzenje;
- akamba osiyanasiyana amchere komanso am'nyanja nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi kupezeka kwa carapace yosalala, yosalala komanso yosalala, yomwe imakhala ndi mawonekedwe owulungika, ovoid kapena misozi, koma mafupa amatha kuchepetsedwa;
- Mitundu ya akamba ofatsa imasiyanitsidwa ndi carapace yosalala kwambiri, yomwe mafupa ake amakhala ocheperako nthawi zonse pakakhala zopanda pake komanso kupezeka kwa chikopa pachikopa;
- carapace mu akamba obisala alibe zomata zilizonse ndi mafupa, chifukwa chake amapangidwa ndimafupa ang'onoang'ono ophatikizana, omwe amaphimbidwa ndi khungu;
- akamba ena amasiyanitsidwa ndi carapace pamaso pa cholumikizira chopangidwa mwaluso kwambiri chamtundu wa synarthrous ndimatumba a cartilaginous m'malo olumikizana ndi mbale.
Malire a carapace corneous scutes atha kusindikizidwa pamwamba pa fupa la carapace, ndipo corneous carapace, kapena zonyoza zamtundu wamanyanga, ali ndi mayina ofanana ndi mapale omwe amapezeka.
Mitundu ya kamba
Pakadali pano, pali mitundu yoposa mazana atatu ya akamba, omwe ali m'mabanja khumi ndi anayi. Zina mwa zokwawa izi zimakhala ndi moyo wapadziko lonse lapansi, pomwe gawo lina limadziwika bwino ndikusinthana ndi chilengedwe cham'madzi.
Zamoyo zotsatirazi zimakhala m'dera lathu:
- akamba am'mutu, kapena caretta, kapena Wolemba mutu (lat. Сarettа сaretta) - kutalika kwa 75-95 cm ndi kulemera kwapakati pa 80-200 kg. Mtunduwo umakhala ndi mphanda wofanana ndi mtima, bulauni, bulauni kapena bulauni kapena utoto. Mlatho wa plastron ndi mafupa amatha kukhala oterera kapena achikasu. Kudera lakumbuyo, kuli mbale khumi zotsika mtengo, ndipo mutu waukuluwo umakutanso ndi mbale zazikulu. Zipsepse zakutsogolo zili ndi zikhadabo;
- akamba achikopa, kapena kuba (lat. Malangizo a coriacea) - mitundu yokhayo yamasiku ano ya akamba amtundu wa Leatherback (Dermoshelyidae). Oimira ndi akamba amakono akulu kwambiri okhala ndi kutalika kwa thupi mkati mwa 260 masentimita kutsogolo kwa mapiko a 250 masentimita ndi kulemera kwa thupi mpaka 890-915 kg;
- akamba akum'mawa akutali, kapena Chinese trionics (lat. Perodisimo sinensis) - akamba akumwa amadzi, omwe ali membala wa akamba ofewa atatu okhala ndi khungu lofewa. M'mayiko aku Asia, nyama imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati chakudya, motero chokwawa chimakhala cha zinthu zopangira mafakitale. Kutalika kwa carapace wamkulu, monga lamulo, sikupitilira kotala la mita, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi 4.0-4.5 kg;
- Akamba am'madzi aku Europe (lat. Emmy orbiсularis) - akamba amchere okhala ndi chowulungika, chotsika pang'ono, chosalala, chomwe chimalumikizana ndi plastron kudzera pamitsempha yopapatiza komanso yotanuka. Kutalika kwa munthu wamkulu wamtundu uwu ndi masentimita 12-35 ndi thupi lolemera kilogalamu imodzi ndi theka;
- Akamba a ku Caspian (lat. Mauremys caspisa) - zokwawa za mtundu wa akamba am'madzi ndi banja la akamba am'madzi aku Asia. Mitunduyi imayimiriridwa ndi ma subspecies atatu. Kwa wamkulu kutalika kwa 28-30 cm ndi chowulungika carapace ndichikhalidwe. Achinyamata amtunduwu amadziwika ndi ma carapace owoneka bwino. Akuluakulu amuna amakhala ndi chipolopolo chophatikizika chokhala ndi pulasitron wonenepa;
- Mediterranean, kapena Chi Greek, kapena Kamba wa ku Caucasus (lat. Testo graesa) Ndi mtundu womwe uli ndi mtunda wautali komanso wowulungika, wokhala ndi matenthedwe pang'ono, kuyambira kutalika kwa 33-35 cm, wa azitona wonyezimira kapena mtundu wachikasu-bulauni wokhala ndi mawanga akuda. Mapazi akuthwa ali ndi zikhadabo zinayi kapena zisanu. Kumbuyo kwa ntchafu kumakhala ndi chifuwa chachikulu. Kamba wamtundu uwu nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi chishango chopanda choluka chopanda mchira, pulasitala yomwe imadziwika ndi mtundu wowala komanso mawanga akuda.
M'madera a Kazakhstan ndi mayiko a Central Asia, Central Asia kapena steppe kamba (Agriоnemys hоrsfieldii) amapezeka nthawi zambiri. Mitunduyi imadziwika ndi chipolopolo chotsika, chozungulira, chachikasu-bulauni chokhala ndi mawonekedwe amdima amdima. Carapace imagawidwa ndimiyeso khumi ndi itatu ya horny, ndipo plastron imagawika magawo khumi ndi asanu ndi limodzi. Ma grooves omwe amapezeka pamiyeso amathandizira kuti azindikire kuchuluka kwa kamba. Kutalika kwa kamba sikudutsa masentimita 15-20, ndipo akazi a mtundu uwu, amakhala akulu kwambiri kuposa amuna.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Mitundu ndi malo okhala akamba osiyanasiyana ndizosiyana kwambiri:
- Njovu yamphongo (Сhelonoidis еleрhаntorus- Zilumba za Galapagos;
- Kamba wa ku Aigupto (Testo kleinmanni) - kumpoto kwa Africa ndi Middle East;
- Kamba wa ku Central Asia (Chiyeso (Agrionеmys) alireza) - Kyrgyzstan ndi Uzbekistan, komanso Tajikistan ndi Afghanistan, Lebanon ndi Syria, kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Iran, kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa India ndi Pakistan;
- Kusindikiza kwa Leopard kapena kamba ya panther (Geochelone pardalis) - mayiko aku Africa;
- Akamba amtundu wa Cape (Homopus Signatus) - South Africa ndi gawo lakumwera kwa Namibia;
- Zojambula kapena kamba wokongoletsedwa (Chrysеmys рiсta- Canada ndi USA;
- Kamba wam'madzi waku Europe (Emmy orbiсularis) - mayiko a ku Ulaya ndi Asia, m'dera la Caucasus;
- Makutu ofiira kapena kamba wachikopa chachikasu (Zolemba scripta) - USA ndi Canada, kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa South America, kuphatikiza kumpoto kwa Colombia ndi Venezuela;
- Cayman kapena kamba koluma (Сhelydra serrentina) - USA ndi kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Canada.
Okhala munyanja ndi m'nyanja akuphatikizaponso Caretta weniweni (Еrеtmochelys imbricata), Kamba wachikopa (Malangizo a coriacea), Kamba wobiriwira wobiriwira (Сhelonia mydаs). Zokwawa zam'madzi abwino zimakhala mumitsinje, m'nyanja ndi m'madambo a lamba wotentha wa ku Eurasia, komanso zimakhala m'madamu ku Africa, South America, Europe ndi Asia.
Zakudya za kamba
Zakudya za akamba zimadalira mtundu wa nyama ndi malo okhala nyamayi. Maziko akamba akamba akuyimiriridwa ndi chakudya chomera, kuphatikiza nthambi zazing'ono zamitengo, masamba ndi zipatso, udzu ndi bowa, ndipo nkhono, slugs kapena nyongolotsi zimadyedwa ndi nyama zotere kuti zibwezeretse kuchuluka kwa mapuloteni. Kufunika kwa madzi nthawi zambiri kumakwaniritsidwa ndikudya magawo okoma am'mera.
Madzi amchere ndi akamba am'nyanja amatha kuwerengedwa kuti ndi odyetsa, amadya nsomba zazing'ono, achule, nkhono ndi nkhanu, mazira a mbalame, tizilombo, mitundu yambiri ya nkhono ndi nyamakazi. Zakudya zamasamba zimadyedwa pang'ono. Kudya chakudya cha nyama kulinso ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe amangodya zokhazokha. Palinso akamba amadzi amchere omwe amasinthana ndikubzala zakudya akamakalamba. Akamba am'nyanja omnivorous amaphunziranso bwino.
Kubereka ndi ana
Pofika nyengo yoyambira, akamba achimuna achikulire amakonzekera ndewu zachikhalidwe komanso kumenyera ufulu wawo wokwatirana ndi wamkazi. Akamba amtunda nthawi yotere amathamangitsa mdani wawo ndikuyesera kutembenuza, akumenya kapena kuluma kutsogolo kwa chipolopolocho. Mitundu yam'madzi munkhondo imakonda kuluma ndikutsata mdani. Chibwenzi chotsatira chimalola chachikazi kutenga malo abwino kwambiri okwatirana.
Amuna a mitundu ina, akamakwatirana, amatha kupanga mawu achikale kwambiri. Mitundu yonse yodziwika bwino ya akamba amakono ndi amtundu wa oviparous, chifukwa chake, zazikazi zimaikira mazira mkati mwa fossa yoboola mphika wokumba ndi miyendo yawo yakumbuyo ndikuthiridwa ndimadzi obisika ndi cloaca.
Fossa yokhala ndi mazira oyera ozungulira kapena elliptical imadzazidwa, ndipo dothi limalumikizidwa mothandizidwa ndi kumenyedwa kwa plastron. Akamba am'nyanja ndi akamba ena am'mbali amakhala ndi mazira okutidwa ndi zipolopolo zofewa komanso zachikopa. Chiwerengero cha mazira chimasiyanasiyana pakati pa oimira mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndipo amatha kuyambira pa 1 mpaka 200 zidutswa.
Ndizosangalatsa! Akamba amphona (Megalochelys gigantea) amakhala ndi machitidwe omwe amayang'anira kukula kwa chiwerengero cha anthu ndi kuchuluka kwa mazira omwe amayikidwa pachaka.
Akamba ambiri kugona angapo nthawi imodzi, ndipo makulitsidwe nthawi, amakhala, kwa miyezi iwiri mpaka miyezi isanu ndi umodzi.... Chokha chomwe chimasamalira ana ake ndi kamba wonyezimira (Manouria emys), omwe akazi amateteza chisa chomwe chimayikira mazira mpaka anawo atabadwa. Chosangalatsanso ndichikhalidwe cha kamba wokongoletsedwa wa Bahamian (Pseudemys malonei), yemwe amakumba kuyikira kwamazira ndikuthandizira kutuluka kwa achichepere.
Adani achilengedwe
Ngakhale kukhalapo kwa chipolopolo cholimba komanso chodalirika, akamba ali ndi adani ambiri omwe amakhala pachiwopsezo cha zokwawa, osati pamtunda komanso m'malo amadzi. Mdani wamkulu wa kamba ndi munthu amene amagwira ndikupha nyama zotere kuti apeze nyama ndi mazira, komanso chipolopolo. Akamba amakhudzidwanso ndi mavairasi ndi matenda a fungal, ectoparasites ndi helminths.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ma Jaguar ali okonzeka kukonza akamba angapo kuti adye nthawi imodzi, yomwe nyamayo imasandulika pamwamba pake ndikuchotsa mchipolopolo mothandizidwa ndi zikhadabo zakuthwa kwambiri.
Akamba omwe amakhala m'madzi amasakidwa ndi nyama zolusa, zowonetsedwa ndi nkhanu ndi ma mackerel, nsomba zazikuluzikulu ngakhale nsombazi. Mbalame zodya nyama zimatha kuponyera akamba kuchokera kumtunda wokwera pamwamba pamiyala, kenako amatola nyama mu chipolopolo chomwe chagawanika.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Mitundu 228 yazomwe zilipo ndi zomwe zatha ndi ya Red Data Book ndipo omwe ali ndi chitetezo chotetezedwa ku International Union of the OP, ndipo pafupifupi 135 pakadali pano ali pachiwopsezo chotheratu. Mitundu yotchuka kwambiri, yosaoneka komanso yomwe ili pangozi tsopano ikuyimiridwa ndi kamba ya Far East (Тriоnyх sinensis), komanso akamba achi Greek kapena Mediterranean (Testudo graaisa Iberia).
Mndandanda Wofiira wa IUCN umaphatikizaponso:
- Zigawo 11 za Geochelcne elephantcpus;
- Geochelcne carbonaria;
- Geochelone chilensis;
- Geochelone dicenticulata;
- Astеrochelys yniрhora;
- Asterochelys radioata;
- Zilembo za Geochelone;
- Geochelone pardalis;
- Geochelone sulcata;
- Gorherus agassizii;
- Gorherus berlandieri;
- Gorherus flavomarglnatus;
- Gorherus polyphemus;
- Malasosherus tоrniеri;
- Psammobates geometriсus;
- Рsаmmоbаtes tеntоrius;
- Psammobates osulifer;
- Pyxis planicauda;
- Рyхis аrасhnоids;
- Сhеrsine аngulаta;
- Mahomoni boulengery;
- Hormus fеmоrаlis;
- Chizindikiro cha Hormus;
- Achinyamata areolatus;
- Agriоnemys hоrsfiеldi;
- Testo Hermanni;
- Тstudо kleinmаnni;
- Testo malikadadze.
Zinthu zazikulu zomwe zimawopseza anthu zikuyimiridwa ndi kuchepa kwa malo akamba akamba motengera ntchito zaulimi ndi zomangamanga, komanso kusaka.
Mtengo wachuma
Palibe akamba akuru kwambiri komanso amadzi omwe ndi ziweto zodziwika bwino zomwe zimakondedwa kwambiri ndi okonda zosowa... Nyama ya kamba imagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira chakudya ndipo imadyedwa yaiwisi, yophika kapena yokazinga, ndipo kuphweka kwa nyama zotere kumathandizira kunyamula zokwawa zamoyo monga "chakudya chazitini chamoyo". Carapace wanyama amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zokongoletsa zachikazi zachikazi monga kanzashi.
Ndizosangalatsa!Ziweto za akamba ndizololedwa koma sizikulimbikitsidwa m'maiko ambiri aku US, koma ziweto zotere siziloledwa ku Oregon. Tiyeneranso kukumbukira kuti malamulo aku US aku America amaletseratu kugulitsa kapena kuyendetsa akamba, omwe kukula kwake ndi kochepera 100 mm, komanso kumadzulo kwa dzikolo kuthamanga kwambiri, komwe ndi zosangalatsa zoyambirira.
Mosiyana ndi zokwawa zina zambiri zodziwika bwino komanso zophunzira, kamba aliyense samakhala wowopsa kwenikweni pamoyo wamunthu. Kupatula kumeneku kumayimiriridwa ndi akamba amphongo achikopa, omwe, pomwe nyengo yoyambira imayamba, amatha kugwira osambira okhala ndi zipsepse kapena kuwamiza, ndipo akamba oluma komanso owopsa amatha kumuluma kwambiri munthu.
