Gyrfalcon ndi mbalame yodya nyama kuchokera pagulu lazinyama. Ndi za mbalame zakumpoto. Dzinali lakhala likudziwika kuyambira m'zaka za zana la XII ndipo limachokera ku onomatopoeic Old Church Slavonic analog ya mawu oti "kufuula". Wolemba mu Red Book.
Kufotokozera kwa gyrfalcon
Gyrfalcon ndi mbalame yoonekera komanso yowoneka bwino, ngati kabawi wa peregrine... Ndi mbalame yayikulu kwambiri m'banja la mphamba, yamphamvu, yanzeru, yolimba, yotchera komanso yosamala.
Maonekedwe
Mapiko a gyrfalcon ndi masentimita 120-135 okhala ndi thupi lokwanira masentimita 55-60.Wachikazi ndi wokulirapo komanso wolemera kawiri kuposa wamwamuna: kulemera kwamwamuna ndikoposa 1000 g, chachikazi ndi pafupifupi 1500-2000 g.Thupi la gyrfalcon ndilokulirapo, mapiko ake ndi akuthwa komanso ataliitali, Tarso ( mafupa pakati pa tibia ndi zala) ali ndi nthenga 2/3 kutalika, mchira ndiwotalika.
Mtundu wa ma gyrfalcons ndiwosiyanasiyana, umu ndi momwe ma polymorphism amawonekera. Nthenga ndizolimba, zamawangamawanga, utoto zimatha kukhala zotuwa, zofiirira, zasiliva, zoyera, zofiira. Mtundu wakuda nthawi zambiri umakonda kupezeka mwa akazi. Ma subspecies akumwera ndi akuda. Amuna nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi nthenga zofiirira, ndipo mimba yawo yoyera imatha kukongoletsedwa ndimalo osiyanasiyana komanso mizere. Mzere wakuda pafupi ndi kamwa ("masharubu") sunafotokozeredwe bwino mu gyrfalcon. Mmero ndi masaya ndi oyera. Maso amakhala akuda nthawi zonse ndikuwoneka mawonekedwe. Kutali, pamwamba pake pa mbalame zazikulu zimawoneka zakuda, pansi pake pamayera, ndipo gyrfalcon yaying'ono imawoneka yakuda onse pamwambapa ndi pansipa. Mapazi a mbalameyi ndi achikasu.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mtundu womaliza wa gyrfalcon umapezeka ndi zaka 4-5.
Ndegeyo imathamanga, patatha zikwapu zingapo, gyrfalcon imathamanga mwachangu ndikuuluka mtsogolo mwachangu. Pofunafuna wovulalayo ndikudumphira pamwamba, imatha kufika pamtunda wa mamita zana pamphindikati. Mbali yapadera: sikutuluka mwauzimu, koma mozungulira. Gyrfalcon nthawi zambiri imawuluka, nthawi zambiri ikasaka imagwiritsa ntchito kuthawa ndikuwuluka, nthawi zambiri imakhala poyera komanso molunjika m'malo okwera. Mawu ndi okweza.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Zimatsogolera moyo wamasana ndi kusaka masana. Wopwetekedwayo amatha kudziwika, ali pamtunda woyenera kwambiri: kuposa kilomita. Ikasaka, imamira pamiyala ndi kutalika kwake, imagwira ndi zikhadabo zake ndikuluma m'khosi. Ngati yalephera kupha womwalirayo mlengalenga, gyrfalcon imadumphira nayo pansi, pomwe imathera. Ma gyrfalcons amasaka okha kunja kwa nthawi yogona, koma kuti asaiwale okwatirana nawo.
Pofuna kubzala, imasankha magombe amiyala ndi zisumbu, zigwa zam'mitsinje ndi nyanja zokhala ndi matanthwe, nkhalango kapena nkhalango za zilumba, mapiri okwera pamtunda wa 1300 m pamwamba pamadzi. Zisa m'malo ovuta kufikako, zimapewa anthu. Mfundo yayikulu pakusankha malo okhala ndi kupezeka ndi chakudya chochuluka. Makhalidwe osaka nyama zodya nthenga akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu posaka. Gyrfalcon yoyera ku Iceland idawonedwa kuti ndi yamtengo wapatali kwambiri. Iye anali chizindikiro cha kutchuka ndi mphamvu, makamaka m'maiko akumwera, ndipo sikuti aliyense amaloledwa kukhala ndi mbalame zoterezi. Lero ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu kuchokera kwa opha nyama mosayenera.
Kodi gyrfalcon imakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji
Kuyambira pomwe adakhala papiko, malinga ndi kafukufuku wamaphunziro, nyama yolusa yamphongo iyi imatha kukhala zaka 20 mpaka kufa kwachilengedwe. Ma gyrfalcons ogwidwa amatha kukhala ndi moyo waufupi kwambiri, makamaka ngati mbalameyo idatengedwa itakula. Njira zoweta Gyrfalcon sizinasiyanitsidwe ndi chifundo chapadera. Ali mu ukapolo, ma gyrfalcons samabala, chifukwa samangopeza zofunikira zawo, chifukwa chake mbalame zikafa, mlenje amangopeza yatsopano, ndikufalitsa nyambo, ndipo zonse zimayambanso.
Mtundu, malo okhala gyrfalcon
Titha kunena kuti mbalameyi imasinthira kudera lomwe lasankhidwa. Mitundu ina imasamuka, ndipo ina safunikira kuyendayenda, ndipo imakhala m'nkhalango yamitengo ndi m'nkhalango.
Amagawidwa kumadera akutali ndi kozizira a Asia, Europe ndi North America. Mitundu ina idakhazikika ku Altai ndi Tien Shan. Malo akumpoto kwambiri pomwe mawonekedwe a gyrfalcon amadziwika ndi Greenland pa 82 ° 15 'N. sh. ndi 83 ° 45 '; kumwera kwenikweni, kupatula ma subspecies aku mapiri aku Asia - Scandinavia wapakati, Chilumba cha Bering, pafupifupi 55 ° N. Mutha kusunthira pang'ono kuchokera kumapiri akumapiri kupita kuchigwa.
Mbalamezi zimapezeka kwambiri ku Russia Far East.... Pofuna kukaikira mazira, amasankha madera akumpoto a Kamchatka ndi gawo lakumwera kwa dera la Magadan, ndikubwerera kumapeto kwa nthawi yachisanu. Pachifukwa ichi, gyrfalcon idatchedwa "goose master". Malo omwe amakonda kwambiri gyrfalcon ndi miyala yamiyala yomwe imapereka chithunzi chabwino cha gawoli. Pamphepete mwa kumpoto kwa Scandinavia Peninsula, gyrfalcon imakhazikika pamiyala pamodzi ndi mbalame zina.
Imatha kuwuluka mpaka kunyanja kufunafuna nyama pakati pa madzi oundana. Nthawi zambiri, mbalame zazing'ono zikafika chaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri zimauluka kumwera kukafunafuna chakudya. M'nyengo yozizira, ma gyrfalcons amapezeka kunyanja, m'chigwa ndi madera olima, ndipo kumapeto kwa nyengo amabwerera kumpoto. Ma gyrfalcons aku Europe amayenda nthawi yozizira, ma Greenland nthawi zina amakhala nthawi yozizira ku Iceland, ndipo nthawi zina amapitanso kumwera.
Zakudya za Gyrfalcon
Gyrfalcon ndi chilombo, ndipo imasaka nyama zamagazi ofunda: mbalame, makoswe, nyama zazing'ono. Uyu ndi mlenje waluso, ndipo monga lamulo, palibe chipulumutso kwa omwe akufuna kuzunzidwa. Njira zosakira a Gyrfalcon ndizofanana ndi za mphamba zina. Imapinda mapiko ake, imathamangira pansi mwamphamvu kwa wovulalayo kuchokera kumwamba, imagwira ndi zikhadabo zake ndikuimana nthawi yomweyo.
Tsiku lililonse gyrfalcon amadya pafupifupi 200 g ya nyama. Chakudya chake chomwe amakonda kwambiri ndi ma partridges oyera komanso tundra. Amasakanso atsekwe, ntchentche, skuas, mbalame zam'madzi, abakha, auk. Ngakhale akadzidzi - polar, tundra, ndi nkhalango - amapeza kwa iye. Gyrfalcon sadzakana kudya kalulu, kulima, gopher, vole.
Ndizosangalatsa! Lamulo losalembedwa lachilengedwe sililola gyrfalcon kuukira mbalame m'dera la kwawo, kapena kuzichita kwa anzawo. Gulu lirilonse la gyrfalcon lili ndi malo osakira ndi malo osungira zisa ndipo limatetezedwa kwa omwe sanayitanidwe nawo.
Nthawi zina nsomba, nthawi zina amphibians, zimakhala nyama zawo. Ndizochepa kwambiri, pakalibe chakudya china, zimatha kudyetsa. Gyrfalcon imanyamula nyama yake, imazula, kuduladula pafupi ndi chisa ndikudya, ndipo zotsalira zosagayika - mamba, mafupa ndi nthenga zazing'ono - zimabwereranso. Komabe, samakhazikitsa chipinda chodyera chisa chake. Ukhondo umalamulira pamenepo. Ndipo nyama yobweretsedwera anapiye imalikutidwa ndikukhadzulidwa ndi yaikazi kunja kwa chisa nayonso.
Kubereka ndi ana
Kuchulukana kwapakati pa gyrfalcon kuli pafupifupi gulu limodzi m'dera la 100 km2... Gyrfalcon imakhwima kumapeto kwa chaka choyamba cha moyo ndipo pofika msinkhu uwu imapeza munthu wokwatirana naye. Mbalameyi imakhala yokhayokha. Mgwirizanowu umapangidwira moyo wonse, mpaka atamwalira m'modzi mwa omwe ali mgululi.
Awiriwa amakonda kuti asamange chisa chawo, koma kuti azikhala ndi yomwe imamangidwa ndi khungubwe, mphungu yagolide kapena khwangwala ndikumangapo. Kapena amakonza chisa pakati pa matanthwe, pamphepete, pakati pa miyala, atagona pamenepo udzu, nthenga ndi moss. Malowa amasankhidwa osachepera 9 mita kuchokera pansi.
Zisa za Gyrfalcon zimatha kukhala mpaka mita imodzi mpaka theka la mita kuya. Ma Gyrfalcons amakonda kubwerera kumalo awo okhala ndi zisa chaka ndi chaka. Pali milandu yodziwika bwino ya ana amitundu yambiri ya gyrfalcons pachisa chimodzi. Mu February-Marichi, kuvina kokwatirana kumayambira pa gyrfalcons, ndipo mu Epulo wamkazi amayika kale mazira - amodzi masiku atatu aliwonse. Mazirawo ndi ang'onoang'ono, pafupifupi kukula kwake ndi mazira a nkhuku, lililonse limalemera pafupifupi magalamu 60. Mu kalletiki muli mazira osachepera 7, oyera ndi mawanga dzimbiri.
Zofunika! Ngakhale atayika mazira angati, ndi anapiye awiri mwa atatu mwamphamvu kwambiri omwe adzapulumuke.
Ndi mkazi yekhayo amene amakwanira mazira, yaimuna imasaka panthawiyi ndikumubweretsera chakudya... Nthawi yokwanira ndi masiku 35. Anapiye amabadwa ataphimbidwa ndi beige, yoyera kapena imvi mopepuka. Mbewuyo ikayamba kulimba ndikukula kwambiri, yaikazi imayambanso kusaka ana, ndikuisiya kanthawi kochepa. Amayi ndi abambo amabweretsa nyama yodyera pachisa, nkung'amba ndi kudyetsa anapiye.
Gyrfalcon ndi mbalame yolimba mtima kwambiri, sichingasiye chisa chake, ngakhale nyama yolusa ikafika, koma imangolanda munthu wobisalira, kuteteza ana. Pamene khanda ladzudzula anapiye m'malo mwa nthenga zosalekeza, makolo amayamba kuwaphunzitsa kuwuluka ndi kusaka. Izi zimachitika pafupifupi masabata 7-8 azaka. Pofika mwezi wa 4 - uno ndi pakati komanso kutha kwa chilimwe - kulumikizana ndi makolo pang'onopang'ono kumafooka ndikutha, ndipo mbalame zazing'ono zimayamba moyo wawo wodziyimira pawokha.
Adani achilengedwe
Chidani chimakhalapo mofanana mu gyrfalcon kokha ndi chiwombankhanga chagolide. Mbalame zina zonse zimamupewa kapena, mwakutanthauzira, sizingayeze mphamvu zake ndi iye, ngakhale chiwombankhanga sichingayerekeze kubwera ndi gyrfalcon kapena kumutsutsa. Ndipo tinganene chiyani za mbalame ngati gyrfalcon idagwiritsidwa ntchito kusaka mbawala ndi mbawala.
Kuvulaza kwakukulu kwa gyrfalcon kumayambitsidwa ndi anthu. Kwa zaka zambiri, anthu akhala akuyesera kutenga mtundu wa mbalame yodya nyama kuti aphunzitse ngati wothandizira kusaka. Pochita izi, ma gyrfalcons ambiri adamwalira, onse akulu ndi akulu, ndi akazi pachisa, osiyidwa ndi wopezera chakudya ndipo sangathe kusiya ana kwa mphindi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso udindo
Pakadali pano, ma gyrfalcons opitilira chikwi amangokhala ku Russia. Ichi ndi chiwerengero chotsika kwambiri. Kutsika kwa anthu kumachitika chifukwa cha zomwe anthu opha nyama mopanda chilolezo amachita. Mbalame imodzi imatha kulipira madola 30,000, ndipo pali mafani ambiri anyani akunja: yakhala yotchuka ku East ndipo yabwereranso ku West.
Zofunika!Ma gyrfalcons ambiri amafa ndi ngozi yopanda tanthauzo mumisampha yolowetsedwera nyama zamiyendo inayi - hares, nkhandwe za polar, ndi nkhandwe.
Kuyesera kuweta mbalame yamphamvu yonyada yokhala ndi manja osakhazikika nthawi zambiri imamwalira ndi matenda omwe ali otetezeka kwa anthu, koma komwe gyrfalcon ilibe chitetezo chachilengedwe - ngakhale mwachilengedwe omwe amadya nthenga nthawi zambiri samadwala ndi chilichonse.
Kuyambira kale, ma sultan ndi mafumu okha ndi omwe amakhoza kukhala ndi mbalame zotere... Gyrfalcon imatha kusetedwa m'masiku athu ano, koma mbalame imazindikira munthu ngati mwini wake mwaufulu wake. Ndipo komabe, ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti gyrfalcon ikhale mwachilengedwe, osati kuti isangalatse anthu.
