"Njovu ndi nyama zothandiza" - adatero Sharikov m'buku la Bulgakov "Mtima wa Galu". Nyama yayikulu kwambiri, chimphona pakati pa nyama. Ndiwo otchulidwa m'nthanthi zambiri ndi nthano zambiri, popeza miyoyo yawo mpaka posachedwa idazunguliridwa ndi aura yachinsinsi komanso yosadziwika.
Kufotokozera njovu
Njovu ndi za gulu la Proboscis, banja la Njovu... Makhalidwe akunja a njovu ndi makutu akulu ndi thunthu lalitali, lomwe amagwiritsa ntchito ngati dzanja. Ming'oma, yomwe imasakidwa ndi anthu opha nyama chifukwa cha njovu zamtengo wapatali, ndizofunikira pakuwonekera.
Maonekedwe
Njovu zonse zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kukula kwake kwakukulu - kutalika kwake, kutengera mtunduwo, kumatha kusiyanasiyana kuchokera pa 2 mpaka 4 mita. Kutalika kwakuthupi ndi ma 4.5 mita, koma mitundu ina yayikulu imatha kukula mpaka 7.5 m.Zinyama zimalemera matani 7, njovu zaku Africa zimatha kulemera mpaka matani 12. Thupi ndilolitali komanso lokulirapo, lokutidwa ndi khungu lolimba kapena imvi. Khungu ili pafupi masentimita awiri wandiweyani, lophulika, losagwirizana, lopindidwa m'malo, lopanda gland lokhazikika komanso thukuta. Palibe tsitsi limodzi, kapena ndi lalifupi kwambiri ngati ma bristles. Mu njovu zomwe zangobadwa kumene, tsitsi limakhala lokulirapo, pakapita nthawi tsitsi limagwa kapena kusiya.
Ndizosangalatsa! Pofuna kuteteza khungu lawo ku dzuwa, majeremusi ndi udzudzu, njovu zimathiridwa m'matope. Dothi louma limapereka chitetezo chodalirika ku tizilombo tosasangalatsa.
Makutu akulu opangidwa ndi mafani amakhala othamanga. Njovu zimawerengedwa kuti ziziziritsa khungu, komanso zimathamangitsa udzudzu ndi mafunde. Kukula kwa makutu ndikofunikira - ndiokulirapo kumwera kwa nzika komanso ocheperako kumpoto. Popeza khungu silikhala ndimatenda a thukuta, mothandizidwa ndi omwe atha kutenthetsa kutentha kwa thupi kudzera thukuta, tinyanga timeneti timathandizira kukhala thupi lonse. Khungu lawo ndi lochepa kwambiri, lodzaza ndi maukonde olimba kwambiri a capillary. Magazi omwe ali mmenemo ndi ozizira ndipo amafalikira m'thupi lonse. Kuphatikiza apo, pali gland yapadera pafupi ndi makutu, chinsinsi chake chomwe chimapangidwa munyengo yamatenda. Pogwedeza makutu awo, amuna amafalitsa kununkhira kwa chinsinsi chimenechi kudzera mumlengalenga pamtunda wautali.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mitsempha yomwe ili pankhope za njovu ndiyomwe imachita ngati zala za anthu.
Thunthu silikhala mphuno yosinthidwa, koma mapangidwe ochokera kumphuno yayitali ndi mlomo wapamwamba. Kupangika kwamphamvu kumeneku kumagwiranso ntchito ngati chiwiya cha fungo komanso mtundu wina wa "dzanja": mothandizidwa nayo, njovu zimakhudza zinthu zosiyanasiyana pansi, zimathyola udzu, nthambi, zipatso, zimayamwa m'madzi ndikuzijambulira mkamwa kapena kupopera thupi. Phokoso lina la njovu limatha kukulitsidwa ndikusinthidwa pogwiritsa ntchito thunthu lake. Kumapeto kwa thunthu pamakhala kachitidwe kakang'ono kamene kamagwira ntchito ngati chala.
Wambiri, mizati, miyendo isanu yazala, zala zokutidwa ndi khungu wamba... Mwendo uliwonse uli ndi ziboda - 5 kapena 4 miyendo yakutsogolo, ndi 3 kapena 4 pamapazi akumbuyo. Pakati pa phazi pali mafuta, omwe amapindika ndi sitepe iliyonse, kukulitsa malo olumikizirana ndi nthaka. Izi zimapangitsa njovu kuyenda pafupifupi mwakachetechete. Chofunika pakapangidwe ka miyendo njovu ndi kupezeka kwa zisoti ziwiri zamaondo, ndichifukwa chake nyama sizingadumphe. Mano akusintha nthawi zonse.
Ma incisors apamwamba atatu okha - minyanga yotchuka ya njovu - amakhala osasinthika. Palibe njovu zachikazi zaku Asia. Ming'oma imakula ndikutha ndi msinkhu. Njovu zakale kwambiri zili ndi mitu yayikulu komanso yolimba kwambiri. Mchirawo pafupifupi wofanana ndi kutalika kwa miyendo ndipo uli ndi burashi wolimba kumapeto kwake. Amadziphatika ndi iwo, kuthamangitsa tizilombo. Njovu zikamayenda ndi gulu la ziweto nthawi zambiri zimamamatira kumchira wa amayi awo, azakhali awo kapena namwino ndi thunthu lawo.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Njovu zimasonkhana m'magulu a anthu 5 mpaka 30. Gululi limalamuliridwa ndi wamkulu wachikazi wamkulu, wamkulu komanso wanzeru kwambiri. Atamwalira, malo a matriarch amatengedwa ndi wachiwiri wamkulu - nthawi zambiri amakhala mlongo kapena mwana wamkazi. Mumagulu, nyama zonse ndizogwirizana. Kwenikweni, pali azimayi pagululi, amuna, atangokula, amathamangitsidwa m'gulu. Komabe, samapita patali, amakhala pafupi kapena amapita ku gulu lina la akazi. Amuna amawakonda amuna pokhapokha nthawi yokhwima ikafika.
Mamembala am'magulu amathandizana bwino komanso kuthandizana. Aliyense amatenga gawo - pali nazale, sukulu ya mkaka komanso sukulu. Amasamalirana mwaulemu, amalera ana pamodzi, ndipo ngati imodzi mwa ziwetozo ifa, ali achisoni kwambiri. Ngakhale atapunthwa pa zotsalira za njovu zomwe sizinali za banja, njovu zimayima ndikuzizira, kulemekeza kukumbukira kwa wachibale wakufayo. Kuphatikiza apo, pali mwambo wamaliro wa njovu. Achibalewo amanyamula nyama yakufayo kupita nayo kudzenje, nkuyiwomba ngati chizindikiro chotsazikana ndi ulemu, kenako ndikuponya ndi nthambi ndi udzu. Pali zochitika pamene njovu zomwe zidayikidwa zidapezanso anthu akufa mofananamo. Nthawi zina nyama zimakhala pafupi ndi manda masiku angapo.
Njovu zaku Africa zimagona zitayimirira, zitatsamira. Amphongo akuluakulu amatha kugona mwa kuyala ndowe zolemera pa chimulu, mtengo, kapena chipika. Njovu zaku India zimagona pansi. Nyama zimagona pafupifupi maola anayi patsiku, ngakhale njovu zina zaku Africa zimagona pakanthawi kochepa mphindi 40. Nthawi yotsalayi amapita kukasaka chakudya ndikudzisamalira ndi abale awo.
Chifukwa cha kukula kwa maso awo, njovu siziwona bwino, koma nthawi yomweyo zimamva bwino komanso zimakhala ndi fungo labwino. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa akatswiri a zooology omwe amafufuza momwe njovu zimakhalira, amagwiritsa ntchito infrasounds, omwe amamveka patali kwambiri. Phokoso lomwe lili mchilankhulo cha njovu ndilokulu kwambiri. Ngakhale kuti njovu ndi zazikulu kwambiri komanso zimawoneka zosasunthika, zimayenda kwambiri ndipo nthawi yomweyo zimakhala nyama zosamala. Nthawi zambiri amayenda motsika - pafupifupi 6 km / h, koma amatha kukhala mpaka 30-40 km / h. Amatha kusambira ndikusunthira pansi pamadzi, ndikuwonetsa thunthu pamwamba pamadzi kuti lipume.
Njovu zimakhala motalika bwanji
Kumtchire, njovu nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi zaka 70, zikumangidwa pang'ono - 80 kapena kupitilira bwino mosamala.
Nzeru zanjovu
Ngakhale kukula kwa ubongo wawo, womwe ndi wocheperako, njovu zimawerengedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwa nyama zanzeru kwambiri. Amadzizindikira okha powonetsera kalilole, zomwe zimasonyeza kukhalapo kwa kudzidziwitsa. Izi ndi nyama zachiwiri, kupatula anyani, kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosiyanasiyana ngati zida. Mwachitsanzo, amagwiritsa ntchito nthambi zamitengo ngati fani kapena chowuluka ntchentche.
Njovu zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino, owoneka bwino komanso omvera - amakumbukira malo othirira ndikudya makilomita ambiri mozungulira, kumbukirani anthu, kuzindikira abale awo patatha nthawi yayitali. Ali muukapolo, amaleza mtima pozunzidwa, koma pamapeto pake amatha kukwiya. Zimadziwika kuti njovu zimakumana ndimitundu yosiyanasiyana - chisoni, chisangalalo, chisoni, kukwiya, mkwiyo. Komanso, amatha kuseka.
Ndizosangalatsa! Njovu zonse ndizamanzere ndi kumanja. Izi zimatsimikizika ndikupera kwa mkango - umagayidwa kuchokera mbali yomwe njovu imagwiritsa ntchito nthawi zambiri.
Ali mu ukapolo, amaphunzitsidwa bwino, chifukwa chake amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'masekasi, ndi ku India - ngati nyama zoyenda komanso zogwira ntchito. Pali zochitika pamene njovu zophunzitsidwa zimajambula zithunzi. Ndipo ku Thailand kuli ngakhale mpikisano wampikisano wanjovu.
Mitundu ya njovu
Pakadali pano pali mitundu inayi ya njovu, ya mibadwo iwiri - njovu yaku Africa ndi njovu zaku India... Pali kutsutsanabe pakati pa akatswiri a zoo za mitundu ing'onoing'ono ya njovu komanso ngati angazitenge ngati mtundu wina kapena kuzisiya mgulu la zazing'onozo. Kwa 2018, pali mitundu yotsatirayi:
- Njovu zaku Africa
- Njovu zamtchire zamtundu
- Onani njovu ya m'nkhalango
- Njovu zaku India
- Mtundu wa njovu yaku India, kapena waku Asia
- Njovu za ku Bornean
- Njovu zam'madzi za Sumatran
- Njovu za Ceylon
- Mtundu wa njovu yaku India, kapena waku Asia
Njovu zonse zaku Africa zimasiyanitsidwa ndi abale achi India potengera mawonekedwe ndi makutu awo. Njovu zaku Africa zimakhala ndimiyendo yayikulu, yozungulira. Njovu - zotsekemera zam'mwamba - Njovu zaku Africa zimavalidwa ndi amuna ndi akazi, pomwe mawonekedwe azakugonana nthawi zambiri amawonetsedwa - m'mimba mwake ndi kutalika kwa zotumphukira zazimuna zimaposa za akazi. Mano a njovu ya ku India ndi owongoka komanso afupikitsa. Pali kusiyana pakapangidwe ka thunthu - njovu zaku India zili ndi "chala" chimodzi chokha, njovu zaku Africa - ziwiri. Malo okwera kwambiri mthupi la njovu yaku Africa ndi korona wamutu, pomwe mutu wa njovu yaku India watsitsidwa pansi pamapewa.
- Njovu zakutchire - mtundu wa njovu wochokera ku mtundu wina wa njovu zaku Africa, zomwe kale zimawerengedwa ngati subspecies za savannah njovu. Kutalika kwawo pafupifupi sikudutsa mita ziwiri ndi theka. Ali ndi tsitsi lolimba kwambiri komanso makutu akulu. Thupi limakhala la imvi lokhala ndi utoto wabulauni chifukwa cha utoto wa malayawo.
- Njovu, malinga ndi Guinness Book of Records, ndiye nyama zazikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi komanso nyama yachitatu padziko lapansi. Kutalika kwa njovu zikufota kumatha kufikira mamita 3-4, ndipo kulemera kwake pafupifupi pafupifupi matani 6. Ma dimorphism ogonana amawonetsedwa mu kukula kwa thupi ndi mano - akazi ndi ocheperako pang'ono ndipo ali ndi minyewa yayifupi poyerekeza ndi amuna.
- Njovu zaku India - yachiwiri mwa mitundu yomwe ilipo pano ya njovu. Ndizovuta kwambiri kuposa zaku Africa. Ali ndi miyendo yayifupi komanso yolimba, yotsitsa mutu ndi makutu. Zophimbidwa ndi ubweya kuposa njovu zaku Africa. Kumbuyo kumakhala kotomoka ndikumenyetsedwa. Pali ziphuphu ziwiri pamphumi. Pali madera a pinki osasunthika pakhungu. Pali njovu za albino zomwe zimapembedzedwa ndi kupembedzedwa.
- Njovu ya Ceylon - subspecies wa njovu ku Asia. Imakula mpaka kufika mamita 3. Imasiyana ndi njovu zaku India pakalibe ming'oma ngakhale yamphongo. Mutu ndi waukulu kwambiri mokhudzana ndi thupi lokhala ndi malo obalalika pansi pamtengo ndi pamphumi.
- Njovu ya Sumatran ilibe pafupifupi mano amtundu uliwonse, imasiyanitsidwa ndi kuchepa kwa khungu. Kutalika kwawo sikufikira mamita atatu.
- Njovu za Bornean - kakang'ono kwambiri ka subspecies, komwe nthawi zina kamatchedwa njere yamfupi. Amasiyana ndi abale awo okhala ndi mchira wautali komanso wonenepa, pafupifupi mpaka kufika pansi. Zilombazo zimakhala zowongoka ndipo chotupa chakumbuyo chimadziwika kwambiri kuposa ma subspecies ena.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Njovu zaku Africa zimakhala kumwera kwa Africa ku Sudan, Nambia, Kenya, Zimbabwe ndi mayiko ena ambiri. Mitundu ya njovu zaku India imafalikira kumpoto chakum'mawa ndi kumwera kwa India, Thailand, China, Vietnam, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Ceylon. Popeza mitundu yonse ndi zamoyo zina zidalembedwa mu Red Book, nyama zimakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana azachilengedwe. Njovu zaku Africa zimakonda kudera lamapiri la savanna, zimapewa malo owoneka bwino amchipululu komanso nkhalango zowirira.
Amapezeka m'nkhalango zam'madera otentha kwambiri. Anthu ena amapezeka m'malo ovuta a Nambia, kumwera kwa Sahara, koma ndiosiyana ndi zomwe zimafotokozedwazi. Njovu zaku India, Komano, zimakhala kumapiri audzu, nkhalango zowirira ndi nkhalango zowirira za nsungwi. Mbali yofunikira pamoyo ndi malo okhala njovu ndi madzi. Ayenera kumwa osachepera masiku awiri aliwonse, kuwonjezera pa izi, ayenera kusamba pafupifupi tsiku lililonse.
Zakudya za njovu
Njovu ndi nyama zolusa. Amatha kudya mpaka theka la tani patsiku. Zakudya zawo zimadalira malo okhalamo, koma kwakukulukulu ndi nyama zowononga kwambiri. Amadyetsa udzu, zipatso zakutchire ndi zipatso (nthochi, maapulo), mizu ndi ma rhizomes, mizu, masamba, nthambi. Njovu zaku Africa zitha kugwiritsa ntchito zikulu zawo kudula makungwa a mitengo ndikudya nkhuni za malambe. Njovu zaku India zimakonda masamba a ficus. Zitha kuwonongera minda yolimidwa ya chimanga ndi mbatata.
Kusowa kwa mchere kumapangidwa ndi kunyambita komwe kumatulukira padziko lapansi, kapena kukumba pansi. Kuperewera kwa mchere m'zakudya zawo kumadzazidwa ndikudya makungwa ndi nkhuni. Pogwidwa, njovu zimadyetsedwa ndi msipu ndi zitsamba, dzungu, maapulo, kaloti, beets, ndi mkate. Powalimbikitsa, amapatsa maswiti - shuga, makeke, mkate wa ginger. Chifukwa chakudya mopitilira muyeso wa chakudya m'zinyama zomwe muli mu ukapolo, pali zovuta zama metabolism ndi m'mimba.
Kubereka ndi ana
Nthawi zokwatirana zilibe nyengo. Zazikazi zosiyanasiyana m'gulu zimakonzeka kukwerana nthawi zosiyanasiyana. Amuna omwe amakhala okonzeka kukwerana amakhala ovuta kwambiri komanso aukali mkati mwa milungu iwiri kapena itatu. Zotupa zawo za parotid zimatulutsa chinsinsi chapadera chomwe chimaphwera kuchokera kumalendowa ndipo fungo lake limanyamulidwa ndi mphepo patali. Ku India, njovu zotere zimatchedwa kuti ayenera.
Zofunika! Pakufunika, amuna amakhala aukali kwambiri. Njovu zambiri zamphongo zomwe zimapha anthu zimachitika nthawi yayitali.
Zazikazi, zokonzeka kukwatira, zimasiyana pagulu lazo, ndipo mayitanidwe awo amamvedwa kwamakilomita ambiri... Amuna amasonkhana kwa akazi otere ndikukonzekera nkhondo kuti akhale ndi ufulu wopitiliza kuthamanga kwawo. Nthawi zambiri, ndewu sizowopsa - omenyera amatulutsa makutu awo kuti awoneke akulu komanso lipenga mokweza. Wopambana ndiye amene amakula ndikukulira. Ngati maguluwo ndi ofanana, amuna amayamba kugwetsa mitengo ndikukweza mitengoyo kuti iwonetse mphamvu zawo. Nthawi zina wopambana amayendetsa wolandayo kutali makilomita angapo.
Mimba ya njovu imatha milungu 21-22. Kubereka kumachitika limodzi ndi akazi ena, odziwa zambiri amathandizira ndikuteteza kubereka kuti nyama zisawonongeke. Nthawi zambiri njovu imodzi imabadwa, nthawi zina pamakhala mapasa. Mwana wakhanda amalemera pafupifupi makilogalamu zana. Patatha maola angapo, njovu zikuimirira ndikuyimilira pachifuwa cha amayi. Atangobereka, banja limapatsa moni mwana wakhanda - njovu zimaimba lipenga ndikufuula, kulengeza kuwonjezera kwawo kubanja.
Zofunika! Mimbulu ya njovu sizili m'mimba, monganso nyama zambiri, koma pachifuwa pafupi ndi miyendo yakutsogolo, monga anyani. Njovu zazing'ono zimayamwa mkaka pakamwa, osati thunthu lawo.
Kudyetsa mkaka wa mayi kumatenga zaka ziwiri, ndipo akazi onse omwe amatulutsa mkaka amadyetsa njovu. Kale m'miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, njovu zimawonjezera chakudya pazomera. Nthawi zina njovu zazing'ono zimadyetsa ndowe za amayi awo, chifukwa ndi gawo lochepa chabe la chakudya chomwe chimadyedwa. Ndikosavuta kuti mwana wanjovu kugaya mbewu zomwe zakonzedwa kale ndi michere yazakudya.
Njovu zimasamalidwa ndi amayi awo, azakhali awo ndi agogo awo mpaka zaka pafupifupi 5, koma chikondi chimakhalabe kwanthawi yayitali. Amuna okhwima amatulutsidwa m'gulu, pomwe akazi amakhalabe, ndikubwezeretsa kutayika kwa gululo. Njovu zimakula msinkhu pafupifupi zaka 8-12.
Adani achilengedwe
Njovu zazikulu zilibe mdani wachilengedwe - palibe mdani amene angayerekeze kuukira nyama yayikulu komanso yoopsa imeneyi. Mikangano yaying'ono imachitika ndi mvuu padziwe lothirira. Njovu zokha zomwe zangobadwa kumene komanso zomwe zakula ndizomwe zili pachiwopsezo, zomwe zimatha kukokedwa ndi ng'ona kapena mikango ngati anawo asunthira kutali ndi gulu lawo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Mitundu yonse ndi mitundu yayikulu ya njovu ndizotetezedwa ndipo zalembedwa mu Red Book. Chiwerengero cha njovu chimachepa chaka chilichonse - kuchuluka kwachilengedwe kumakhala kocheperako kulipira zomwe zatayika chifukwa cha anthu.
Mu 2016, "kalembera wa njovu atatha", chiwerengero chawo ku Africa chinali pafupifupi anthu 515,000, ndipo anthu akuchepa pafupifupi 10% pachaka. Pali njovu zochepa kwambiri zaku India - malinga ndi Elephant Protection Fund, kuchuluka kwawo kumayambira 30,000 mpaka 50,000. Ambiri amamangidwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuwerengera molondola kukhale kovuta.
Njovu ndi munthu
Munthu ndiye mdani wamkulu wa njovu. Ngakhale kugulitsa ndikugulitsa minyanga ya njovu, kuchuluka kwa osaka nyama mosaka nyama sikuchepera. Nyama ndi zikopa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mnyumba. Chiwerengero cha njovu zaku Africa chikuchepa chifukwa chakumenya nkhondo kosalekeza m'maiko aku Africa, chifukwa chodula mitengo ndikulima.
Mavuto a njovu zaku India ndi ovuta kwambiri. Popeza amakhala m'malo okhala anthu ambiri, malo okhala amakhala ochepa. Kudula mitengo ya nsungwi ndi nkhalango zotentha kumabweretsa kusamukira mokakamizidwa, ndipo kuchepa kwa maudzu ndi mitengo kumabweretsa njala yakufa kwa anthu. Kuphatikiza apo, njovu yaku India yakhala ikuyenda komanso kugwira ntchito m'maiko ambiri akumwera kwa Asia kuyambira nthawi zakale.
Njovu zimachotsedwa kutchire ndi ziweto zonse, zomwe zimalepheretsa anthu kuti achire mwachilengedwe. Nyama zimatha kubalira mu ukapolo, koma nthawi yomweyo mayi wapakati komanso woyamwa amasiya ntchito kwa zaka pafupifupi zisanu, ndipo ng'ombe ya njovu idzakhala yokwanira kugwira ntchito molimbika zaka zisanu ndi zitatu zokha. Kuchotsa njovu kuthengo ndikotsika mtengo kuposa kudikirira kuti mwana wamkazi abereke ndikudyetsa njovu.
M'masewera, njovu zaku India nthawi zambiri zimachitidwa, chifukwa ndizosavuta kuwongolera ndikuphunzira malamulo msanga... Nyama yophunzitsidwa imatha kudziwa malamulo makumi atatu. Alendo amayenda njovu, amalima nthaka, amanyamula katundu wolemera, amawasunga kumalo osungira nyama ndi m'mapaki a safari, amawayendetsa m'misewu, ndipo amasewera nawo njovu.
Nyama zamakhalidwe abwinozi zimakonda kukumbukira ndikukumana ndi nkhanza komanso mkwiyo kwa nthawi yayitali. Kupsinjika kwakanthawi kumabweretsa chifukwa chakuti chinyama chimakhala chankhanza ndipo chimakwiya. Njovu zokwiya zimawononga zinthu zonse zomwe zimagwera m'munda wawo wamasomphenya, ndikuukira zamoyo zonse mozungulira, osapanga kusiyana pakati pa wolakwayo ndi wosalakwa. Chipolopolo chokha ndi chomwe chitha kuletsa njovu yotere.
