American marten (Martes americana) amadziwika kuti ndi membala wa banja la mustelidae ndipo ndi nyama yodya nyama. Zimasiyana ndi ma pine martens omwe amakhala ku Europe mu zikuluzikulu zokulirapo komanso chopepuka chopepuka.
Kufotokozera kwa American marten
American marten ili ndi mchira wautali, wonyezimira, imakhala gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a kutalika kwa thupi lonse lanyama, lomwe limakhala pakati pa 54 mpaka 71 cm mwa amuna komanso kuyambira 49 mpaka 60 cm mwa akazi. Ma martens nawonso amalemera makilogalamu 0,5 mpaka 1.5.
Maonekedwe
Kufanana kwa mtundu uwu wa marten ndi ena ndikosavuta kuwunika: thupi la American marten ndilolitali, laling'ono, ubweya wa munthu wathanzi ndi wandiweyani, wonyezimira, bulauni. Komanso, nyama zamtunduwu zimatha kukhala ndi ubweya wofiyira kapena wobiriwira. Khosi pansi (malaya-kutsogolo) ndi lachikasu, koma miyendo ndi mchira wake ndi wakuda. Makutu ndi ang'onoang'ono komanso ozungulira.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mphuno ikuwonekera kwambiri, yosongoka, mkamwa wopapatiza muli mano 38 akuthwa. Mikwingwirima iwiri yakuda idadumpha pamphuno moyang'ana kumaso.
Zikhomo za nyama ndizolitali komanso zowongoka - kuti muziyenda bwino munthambi ndi mitengo ikuluikulu yamitengo, ndizopindika... Mapazi akulu amathandizira kusunthira pachikuto cha chisanu, ndipo zikhomo ndizochepa, zimakhala ndi zala zisanu. Kufanana kwa ma martens aku America ndikuwoneka bwino - mawonekedwe amthupi amalola kuti muwone mawonekedwe wamba. Akazi ndi opepuka komanso ocheperako kuposa amuna.
Moyo, machitidwe
American marten ndiwoseketsa, koma wosaka mwanzeru, wamanyazi, amapewa anthu, sakonda malo otseguka. Amapulumuka kuchokera kuzilombo zazikulu pamitengo, pomwe imatha kukwera mwachangu komanso mwachangu pakagwa ngozi. Ma martens awa amakhala otakataka m'mawa kwambiri, madzulo komanso usiku. Pafupifupi chaka chonse mutha kulingalira za nyama izi modzipatula kokhawokha, kupatula nyengo yokhwima. Oimira amuna ndi akazi ali ndi magawo awo, omwe amateteza mwakhama kuti asatengeke ndi mitundu ina ya mitundu yawo.
Martens amalemba "ufumu" wawo mothandizidwa ndi chinsinsi chobisika kuchokera kumafinya omwe ali pamimba ndi pamphako, ndikusiya kununkhira kwawo panthambi zamitengo, zitsa ndi zina zazitali. Amuna amatha kutalika kwa 8 km2., akazi - 2.5 km2... Dera la "chuma" ichi chimakhudzidwa ndi kukula kwa munthuyo, komanso kupezeka kwa chakudya chofunikira ndi mitengo yakugwa, zina zopanda pake, zomwe ndizofunikira pamoyo wama martens ndi zolengedwa zamoyo zomwe zimaphatikizidwamo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti madera aamuna ndi aakazi amatha kulumikizana ndikudalirana pang'ono, koma magawo a marten a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sagwirizana, popeza wamwamuna kapena wamkazi aliyense amateteza "minda" yake mwakhama pomwe maimidwe ena amaimira amuna kapena akazi anzawo.
Nthawi yomweyo, yamphongo imatha kuyesanso kulanda gawo la wina kuti ikwaniritse malo ake osakira. Marten amazungulira "katundu" wake pafupifupi masiku khumi aliwonse.
Martens alibe nyumba yokhazikika, koma amatha kukhala ndi malo opitilira khumi ndi awiri m'gawo lawo m'mabowo a mitengo yakugwa, maenje, mabowo - mwa iwo martens amatha kubisala nyengo kapena kubisala ngati kuli kofunikira. Ndizosangalatsanso kuti nyama izi zitha kukhala moyo wongokhala komanso wosamukasamuka, ndipo ambiri a iwo ndi achichepere, atangotenga njira yodziyimira pawokha m'moyo, mwina kufunafuna madera osakhalamo anthu ena kapena kufunafuna madera okhala ndi chakudya chochuluka. ...
Popeza kuti amfiti aku America ndi azisamba, amasaka okha, kuyenda mozungulira nthambi usiku kapena nthawi yamadzulo ndipo, akapeza chakudya chomwe angathe, kumenya kumbuyo kwa mutu, ndikuluma msana. Martens ali ndi chidwi chosaka, ndipo kuyenda m'nthambi zamitengo kumathandiza nyama zolusa izi kuti zisazindikiridwe ndi nyama zazing'ono zomwe zikufunafuna chakudya pansi.
Martens ali ndi chidwi chambiri, ndichifukwa chake amatha kugwera mumisampha yopangira nyama zina - akalulu, mwachitsanzo... Zadziwika kuti nawonso amasambira ndikusambira bwino. Martens amatha kuthana ndi mantha awo a munthu pakagwa kusowa kwa chakudya pamalopo, momwemo amatha kulowa mnyumba ya nkhuku ndipo ngakhale atha kupeza nyama yokwanira ya mbalame imodzi yokha, chisangalalo chakusaka chitha kuwalimbikitsa kuti aphe onse kapena ambiri okhala ndi nthenga.
Utali wamoyo
Oyimira banjali a weasel amakhala kuthengo pafupifupi zaka 10 - 15.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Nyama zothamanga izi zimakonda kukhala m'nkhalango zakale zosakanikirana ndi zamdima zaku Canada, Alaska, ndi Northern United States. Malo okhala ma martens aku America atha kukhala nkhalango zakale za spruce, paini, ndi ma conifers ena, komanso nkhalango zosakanikirana zamitengo yodula komanso ya coniferous, momwe mitengo ya pine, spruce, birch, maple ndi fir imatha kupezeka. Nkhalango zakale izi zimakopa ma martens ndi mitengo yambiri yakugwa yomwe amakonda kukhazikika. Pakadali pano, chizolowezi chakhala chikuwonetseredwa kuti nkhalango zosakanikirana zazing'ono komanso zosagwirizana ndi azimayi aku America.
Zakudya zaku America za marten
Nyama zolusa izi zimaperekedwa mwachilengedwe ndi mikhalidwe yabwino yomwe zimawathandiza pakusaka, popeza nyama imatenga malo oyamba pachakudya chawo. Chifukwa chake, usiku, ma martens amatha kugwira agologolo bwino zisa zawo, ndipo nthawi yozizira amakhala ndi mwayi wokumba ngalande zazitali pansi pa chisanu posaka makoswe onga mbewa.... Akalulu, chipmunks, mapadi, achule, amphibiya ena ndi zokwawa, komanso nsomba ndi tizilombo nawonso ndizabwino kwambiri kwa iwo. Zakudya zonyansa komanso zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba zitha kulowa pazakudya za nyamazi ngati nyama sizikhala zokwanira m'dera lomwe akukhalamo. Martens sasiya mazira a mbalame, komanso anapiye awo, bowa, mbewu ndi uchi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Tiyenera kunena kuti nyama izi zimadya kwambiri, zimadya pafupifupi 150 g ya chakudya patsiku, koma zimatha kuchita zochepa.
Koma amatenganso mphamvu zambiri kuti apeze chakudya chomwe akufuna - ma martens amatha kuyenda mtunda wopitilira makilomita 25 patsiku, kwinaku akudumphadumpha pamitengo ya mitengo komanso pansi. Ndipo ngati nyama ya martens ikuwonetsa ntchito yayikulu masana, ndiye kuti marten amathanso kusintha kayendedwe kake komanso amasaka masana. Marten amatha kubisala nyama zambiri.
Adani achilengedwe
Adani achilengedwe a American marten atha kukhala nyama zazikulu ndi mbalame. Komabe, chiwopsezo chachikulu ku moyo wa nyama izi chimapangidwa ndi anthu chifukwa chakutengera kwawo chilengedwe komanso kusaka ubweya.
Kubereka ndi ana
Ma martens aku America amakonzekera nyengo yokwanira nthawi yachilimwe: Julayi ndi Ogasiti ndi nthawi yabwino kwambiri yokwatirana. Chifukwa cha zipsera pamitengo ndi nthambi zopangidwa ndi oimira amuna ndi akazi a ma weasel mothandizidwa ndi tiziwalo tating'onoting'ono, chachimuna ndi chachikazi chimatha kupezana, kuyang'ana pa kununkhira. Kuyankhulana momveka bwino pakati pa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumachitika pakamveka mwamphamvu kofanana ndi kusekerera. Rute palokha limatha milungu iwiri, pomwe nthawi yocheza pakati pa wamwamuna ndi wamkazi imasokonekera. Mwamuna ataphimba wamkazi, amasiya kumukonda ndipo amathamangira kukafuna mnzake.
Mimba ya marten imatenga miyezi iwiri, koma siyimayambira patangopita nthawi yayitali, koma patangopita miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, pomwe mazira omwe amakhala mu chiberekero nthawi zobisika nthawi yonseyi, pambuyo pake amayamba kukula bwino kuonetsetsa kuti kubadwa kwa ana mu Nthawi yabwino kwambiri iyi ndikumayambiriro kwa masika (Marichi-Epulo). Chisa cha marten chimakhala ndi udzu ndi zida zina zazomera. Amayi amtsogolo a marten amamanga zisa m'malo opanda mitengo kapena mitengo yakugwa. Anawo amachokera pa 3 mpaka 6 ana osamva ndi akhungu akulemera pafupifupi magalamu 25. Makutu amayamba kugwira ntchito atatha masiku 26 akukhala ndi moyo, ndipo maso amayamba kutsegula masiku 39-40. Lactation imachitika pasanathe miyezi iwiri.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mano a ana a ana a marten amapangidwa ndi miyezi 1.5, ali ndi zaka izi anawo amakhala opanda nkhawa, motero amayi amayenera kusuntha zisa zawo kuti apewe kufa kuti zisagwe kuchokera kutalika.
Achinyamata ophedwa ali ndi miyezi 3-4, amatha kusamalira nyama zawo, popeza amakula ngati munthu wamkulu, chifukwa chake amasiya chisa cha makolo kukafunafuna madera awo. Kutha msinkhu ku American martens kumachitika miyezi 15-24, ndipo ali okonzeka kubadwa kwa ana azaka zitatu. Ana oswana ndi akazi okhaokha, popanda amuna kutenga nawo mbali.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Kusaka mobwerezabwereza ndi kuwononga nkhalango kwachepetsa kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi ndipo pakadali pano, ngakhale kuti mtunduwu suwerengedwa kuti ndi wosowa, ndibwino kuti muziwunika kuti tipewe kuwonongeka kwa milingo. Kwa anthu, phindu la American marten ndi ubweya, limathandizidwenso kuti lichepetse kuwonongeka kwa zokolola za agologolo, kalulu ndi nyama zina zomwe zingakhale chakudya chake. Kuvulaza kwakukulu kwa kuchuluka kwa ma marten aku America kumachitika chifukwa cha misampha yomwe yasungidwa kuti asunthire mitundu ina ya nyama, chifukwa, chifukwa cha chidwi chawo, nthumwi za mtundu uwu wa weasel nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m'malo mwa nyama zoterezo.
Kudula mitengo kumalepheretsa a marten kukhala ndi mwayi wosaka madera awo, kuwachepetsa ndikuwathamangitsa nyama zothandiza kwa iwo, potero kumachepetsa chakudya. Kuwonetsedwa kwa anthu kumabweretsa chisokonezo pamoyo wa a marten, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa kwa ziweto zaubweya izi. M'madera ena, pomwe panali kuchepa kwakukulu kwa nthumwi zamtunduwu, chiwerengerocho chidabwezeretsedwa..
