Mbalame iyi yaku Africa singasokonezedwe ndi ina iliyonse. Ndikofunika kuti iyende pamiyendo yake yayitali, kugwedeza nthenga zakuda kumbuyo kwa mutu wake, imalungamitsa m'njira iliyonse dzina lomwe idapatsidwa - mbalame ya mlembi. Kuphatikiza pa mawonekedwe ake achilendo, mbalameyi imadziwikanso kuti imapha njoka mopanda chifundo. Anthu akomweko amayamikira ndikulemekeza mbalame ya mlembi chifukwa cha izi, kuilemekeza ndi ulemu wokongoletsa malaya aku Sudan ndi South Africa.
Wojambulidwa atatambasula mapiko ake akuluakulu, mbalame ya mlembi, titero, imateteza dzikolo ndikuwonetsa kupambana kwa dziko la South Africa kuposa adani ake. Mlembi mbalameyi anafotokozedwa koyamba ndi katswiri wa zinyama a Johann Hermann mu 1783. Mbalameyi imatchedwanso "Kudya njoka", "herald" ndi "hypogeron".
Kufotokozera kwa mlembi mbalame
Mbalame ya mlembi ndi membala yekha wa banja la mlembi wa Falconiformes... Amadziwika kuti ndi mbalame yayikulu chifukwa cha mapiko ake akuluakulu - opitilira 2 mita. Nthawi yomweyo, kulemera kwa mbalame sikulepheretsa malingaliro - makilogalamu 4 okha, ndipo kutalika kwa thupi sikopatsa chidwi - 150 cm.
Ndizosangalatsa! Pali mitundu iwiri ya chiyambi cha dzina lachilendo la mbalameyi. Malinga ndi m'modzi, wodziwika kwambiri, "mlembi" wa mbalameyi ku Africa adamupatsa dzina lakutuluka kwake ndi nthenga zakuda zazitali zomwe zimatulukira kumbuyo kwa mutu.
Alembi ndi othandizira ndalama kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 18-19 ankakonda kukongoletsa ma wig awo ndi ofanana, onga okhawo omwe anali ngati tsekwe. Ndiponso, mtundu wonse wa nthenga za mbalameyo umafanana ndi zovala za alembi achimuna a nthawi imeneyo. Malinga ndi mtundu wina, mbalame ya mlembi idatchedwa ndi dzanja lowala la atsamunda aku France, omwe adamva mawu achi French "secrétaire" - "secretary" mu dzina lachiarabu loti "kusaka mbalame" - "sakr-e-tair".
Maonekedwe
Mbalame ya mlembi imakhala ndi nthenga zochepa. Pafupifupi yonse imvi, imasandukira yakuda pafupi ndi mchira. Madera omwe ali pafupi ndi maso ndi milomo amawoneka lalanje, koma osati chifukwa cha nthenga, koma, m'malo mwake, chifukwa chakusapezeka kwawo. Ichi ndi khungu lofiira lomwe silikutidwa ndi nthenga. Posatenga mtundu, mbalame ya mlembi imadziwika ndi matupi ake achilendo: mapiko akulu ndi miyendo yayitali. Mapikowo amathandiza kuti iwuluke mlengalenga, makamaka ikungoyenda pamwamba. Ndipo zolumikizira miyendo ndizofunikira kuti munthu anyamuke kuti akwere. Inde! Mbalame ya mlembi ndi wothamanga kwambiri. Ikhoza kufika pamtunda wa makilomita 30 pa ora ndi zina.
Ndizosangalatsa! Nthenga zotalika zakuda zomwe zimakongoletsa kumbuyo kwa mutu wa mbalame ya sekretale ndipo ndizosiyana ndi zina zakunja, zimapereka anyani amphongo m'nyengo yokhwima. Amadzuka kumbuyo kwa mutu ndikutuluka pamwamba pamutu, limodzi ndi kulira kwamphamvu komanso kofuula komwe mwamunayo amapanga, kuyitana wamkazi.
Mbalame ya secretary imakhalanso ndi khosi lalitali, lomwe limapangitsa kuti liwoneke ngati chitsamba kapena crane, koma patali chabe. Mukayang'anitsitsa, zikuwonekeratu kuti mutu wa mbalameyi umawoneka ngati mutu wa chiwombankhanga. Maso akulu ndi mlomo wamphamvu wa crochet umasaka mlenje wamkulu mwa iye.
Moyo
Mlembi mbalame amakhala awiriawirikukhala owona kwa wina ndi mnzake moyo wawo wonse... Pali zochitika pamene mbalamezi zimasonkhana m'magulu, koma osatenga nthawi yayitali - kokha koboola madzi mpaka chakudya chochuluka chitatha. Ndi kupezeka kapena kusapezeka kwa chakudya komwe kumapangitsa mlembi mbalame kuyenda kuchokera kumalo kupita kwina. Amakonda kuchita izi pansi, kuyenda nthawi zina mpaka 30 km patsiku. Zikuwoneka kuti mbalameyi sidziwa kuuluka - sichimatero kawirikawiri.
Pakadali pano, mbalame ya secretary imawuluka bwino. Pokhapokha pakunyamuka amafunika kunyamuka moyenera. Ndipo satalika msanga nthawi yomweyo, koma pang'onopang'ono, ndikuwoneka ngati wolemera. Koma m'mene mbalame ya secretary imakwera, ikufutukula mapiko ake a 2 mita, ndiye kuti chiwonetserochi ndi chowoneka bwino kwambiri. Mutha kuwona mbalame ya mlembi m'malere nthawi yamasiku, pamene yamphongo imawoloka pamwamba pa chisa chake, ndikulondera gawolo.
Nthawi zambiri mbalamezi zimakhala pansi, koma zimakonda kugona ndi kuswa anapiye m'mitengo ndi zisa. Amawamanga mu korona wa mthethe, akumanga nsanja zazikulu (zopitilira 2 mita m'mimba mwake) kuchokera ku udzu, masamba, manyowa, zidutswa za ubweya ndi zinthu zina zachilengedwe. Icho chimakhala chochititsa chidwi chomwe chimawopseza kugwa pansi pa kulemera kwake.
Ndizosangalatsa! Chisa sichinamangidwe chaka chimodzi. Kusiya kutali ndi iye kukafunafuna chakudya, mbalame ziwiri za mlembi nthawi zonse zimabwerera kwa iye ikakwana nthawi yoti izitulutsa mazira.
Mbalame ya mlembi ndi mlenje wanzeru. Pazosiyanasiyana ndi mitundu yamasewera, ili ndi zidule ndi maluso omwe amasungidwa. Mwachitsanzo, kuti agwire njoka, wodya njoka wanzeru uyu amayenda mochenjera ndikusintha kolowera. Njoka, yopusitsidwa ndi kusuntha kwadzidzidzi koteroko, imazungulira mutu wake ndipo, posokonezeka, imakhala nyama yosavuta.
Kuphatikiza apo, ikamenya nkhondo ndi njoka, mlembi amagwiritsa ntchito mapiko ake akuluakulu ngati chishango, kuthamangitsa adani. Miyendo ya mbalame, yopopa komanso yaminyewa, ndi zida zamphamvu. Amamenya nawo pakamenyana ndi omenyana nawo. Amasinthanso mosavuta kuukira kwa njokayo, ndikuyikankhira pansi. Miyendo ya odya njoka amatetezedwa molondola ku kulumidwa ndi poyizoni ndi mamba wandiweyani. Ndipo mlomo ndi wamphamvu kwambiri kotero kuti ukamenyedwa umatha kuphwanya mutu wa njoka, msana wa mbewa, komanso chipolopolo cha kamba.
Pazinyama zazing'ono zomwe zimabisala muudzu wandiweyani, mbalame ya mlembi imagwiritsa ntchito njira yotsatirayi: imazungulira dera lonselo, ikuphwanya mapiko ake akuluakulu paudzu, ndikupanga phokoso losangalatsa la mbewa zowopsa. Ngati abisala m'mayenje, mlembi amayamba kuponda mipeni yake yaying'ono ndi mipeni yake. Palibe amene angalimbane ndi ziwopsezo zoterezi. Wovutitsidwayo achoka pogona pake ali wamantha, ndipo ndizo zonse zomwe nyama zolakwirazo zimafunikira!
Ngakhale pamoto, zomwe sizachilendo ku savannah yaku Africa, mlembi mbalame amachita mosiyana ndi ena oimira nyama.... Samathawa ndipo samathawa pamoto, koma amagwiritsa ntchito mantha wamba kuti atsegule kusaka. Kenako amauluka pamzere wamoto ndikutolera zakudya zoseweretsa padziko lapansi louma.
Utali wamoyo
Kutalika kwa mbalame ya mlembi sikutalika - zaka 12.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Mbalame yolemba mlembi imapezeka ku Africa kokha komanso kumapiri komanso kumapiri... Madera okhala ndi nkhalango ndi zipululu za Sahara sioyenera kusaka, kuwunikanso ndikuyendetsa isananyamuke. Zotsatira zake, malo omwe amadya njoka amangokhala kudera la Senegal mpaka Somalia komanso pang'ono kumwera, ku Cape of Good Hope.
Zakudya za mbalame
Zolemba za mbalamezi ndizosiyanasiyana. Kuphatikiza pa njoka za mikwingwirima yonse, imaphatikizapo:
- tizilombo - akangaude, ziwala, mapembedzedwe opemphera, kafadala ndi zinkhanira;
- nyama zazing'ono zazing'ono - mbewa, makoswe, mahedgehogs, hares ndi mongooses;
- mazira ndi anapiye;
- abuluzi ndi akamba ang'onoang'ono.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kususuka kwa mbalameyi ndikodabwitsa. Kamodzi, njoka zitatu, abuluzi anayi ndi akamba ang'onoang'ono 21 anapezeka mwa goiter wake!
Adani achilengedwe
Mlembi wamkulu mbalame zilibe mdani. Koma anapiye omwe ali ndi zisa zotseguka ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu kuchokera ku akadzidzi ndi akhwangwala aku Africa.
Kubereka ndi ana
Nthawi yoberekera mbalame za mlembi zimatengera nyengo yamvula - Ogasiti, Seputembara. Nthawi yonse yakumasirana, chachimuna chimasamalira chachikazi: chimamuyimba, chimamuyimbira nyimbo, chikuwonetsa kukongola kwa kuwuluka kofanana ndi mawonekedwe ake ndikuyang'ana mwatcheru kuti palibe wamwamuna wolowa m'dera lake. Kukhalirana, monga lamulo, kumachitika pansi, kangapo pamtengo. Zonse zikamalizidwa, wamwamuna samasiya bwenzi lake, koma amapita kukakonza chisa, kufikitsa anapiye ndikuwadyetsa limodzi ndi "wokwatirana naye", kuyambira koyambirira mpaka kumapeto. Pomwe wamkazi amakhala pamazira, omwe ndi masiku 45, amamupatsa chakudya, akusaka yekha. Mu clutch ya mlembi mbalame, nthawi zambiri, osapitilira mazira atatu, wooneka ngati peyala komanso woyera buluu.
Anapiye amaswa pang'onopang'ono, malingana ndi momwe amayikira mazira - ndi masiku angapo. Mwana wankhuku womaliza, wochedwa kuchokera kwa abale / alongo achikulire, amakhala ndi mwayi wocheperako wamoyo ndipo nthawi zambiri amafa ndi njala. Anapiye a mbalame mbalame amakula pang'onopang'ono. Zimatenga masabata 6 kuti ayimirire ndikuyimirira milungu 11 kuti adzuke pamapiko. Nthawi yonseyi, makolo awo amawadyetsa, poyamba ndi nyama yopukutidwa, kenako ndi tizidutswa tating'ono tanyama.
Izi zimachitika kuti mwana wankhuku yemwe sanakhwime adumpha pachisa, kutengera machitidwe a makolo ake. Pankhaniyi, mwanayo ali ndi adani ambiri pansi ndipo, ngakhale makolo ake akupitilizabe kumudyetsa, mwayi wopulumuka ndi wochepa. Mwana wankhuku wotere nthawi zambiri amafa. Izi zimachitika kuti pa anapiye atatu, m'modzi yekha ndi amene amapulumuka, zomwe sizochuluka.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Ngakhale kuti anthu akumaloko amalemekeza mlembi mbalame chifukwa chothandizira kupha njoka, komabe, nthawi zina samakhala ndi nkhawa zowononga zisa zawo. Onjezerani kuti kuchepa kwa anapiye komanso kuchepa kwa malo okhala chifukwa chodula mitengo ndi kulima nthaka ndi anthu - kunapezeka kuti mbalameyi inali pachiwopsezo chotha. Mu 1968, Msonkhano waku Africa Wosunga Zachilengedwe udateteza mlembi mbalameyo.
