Kumayambiriro kwa zaka zapitazo, mphalapala ya sika inatsala pang'ono kutha padziko lapansi. Anaphedwa chifukwa cha nyama yokoma, khungu loyambirira, koma makamaka chifukwa cha nyanga zazing'ono zazing'ono (anthete), pamaziko omwe amapanga mankhwala ozizwitsa.
Kufotokozera kwa Sika deer
Cervus nippon ndi wa mtundu wa Deer True, yemwe ndi membala wa banja la Cervidae (reindeer)... Semba ya nswala imamangidwa bwino, yopepuka komanso yopyapyala. Kukongola kwake kumawonetseredwa bwino ndi zaka zitatu, pomwe amuna / akazi pamapeto pake amatenga kutalika ndi kulemera.
Maonekedwe
M'chilimwe, amuna ndi akazi samasiyana mosiyanasiyana. Zonsezi zimakhala ndi utoto wofiyira wokhala ndi mawanga oyera, kupatula kuti zazikazi zimawoneka zopepuka pang'ono. M'nyengo yozizira, zimakhala zosavuta kuzisiyanitsa: ubweya wamphongo umakhala wakuda, bulauni-bulauni, ndipo ubweya wa akazi umakhala wonyezimira. Nyama yayikulu imakula mpaka 1.6-1.8 m ndi kutalika kwa kufota kwa 0.95-1.12 m ndikulemera kwa 75 mpaka 130 kg. Akazi nthawi zonse amakhala ocheperako kuposa amuna. Gwape amakhala ndi khosi lalitali, lokwera mozungulira lokhala ndi mutu wokwera kwambiri wokhala ndi makutu ofanana. Chodzikongoletsera chachikulu champhongo ndi nyanga zowoneka za bulauni 4 zowoneka bwino, zomwe kutalika kwake kumasiyana 65-79 masentimita ndi 0,8-1.3 kg.
Ndizosangalatsa! Akatswiri a zinyama akumana ndi mbawala zakutchire zokhala ndi mphalapala mpaka kutalika kwa masentimita 0,9-0.93. Kamodzi kansomba kakale ka kanyamaka kogwira kwambiri kankagwidwa - anali ndi mphukira 6 ndipo anatambasula pafupifupi 1.9 kg.
Chinyama chilichonse chimakhala ndi utoto pamtundu wa malaya komanso kapangidwe ka utoto. Mawonekedwe ofiira nthawi zonse amakhala akuda pamtunda, koma opepuka mbali (pansi) ndi m'mimba. Mtundu wofiira umatsikira pamiyendo, ndikupeza pallor wowonekera apa.
Thupi limakhala ndi madontho oyera am'deralo: ndi lokulirapo pamimba, komanso laling'ono kumbuyo. Nthawi zina (nthawi zambiri pambali) malowa amatsekedwa, amasandulika mizere yoyera mpaka 10 cm.Zizindikiro zoyera sizimawonedwa mu nswala zonse, ndipo nthawi zina (chifukwa chovala ubweya) zimasowa ngakhale mwa iwo omwe adawonetsera nthawi yophukira. Kutalika kwaubweya pathupi kumachokera pa masentimita 5 mpaka 7.
Amadziwika kuti nswala ya sika (mu ukapolo komanso m'chilengedwe) samangokwatirana ndi nswala zofiira, komanso imabereka ana omwe angathe kugwira ntchito. Mtanda umadziwika ndi kukula kwa makolo, koma kunja kumawoneka ngati nswala ya sika.
Moyo wa Sika
Nyama zimatsatira magawo awo. Amuna okhaokha amadyetsa mahekitala 100-200, wamwamuna wokhala ndi akazi azimayi 4-5 (panthawi yamtunduwu) amafunika mahekitala 400, ndipo gulu la mitu 14-16 limakhala ndi mahekitala 900. Pakutha nyengo yokwanira, amuna akuluakulu amapanga timagulu tating'ono. M'magulu azimayi, anyamata ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha osapitilira zaka 2 amakhala. Gulu la ziweto limakulirakulira m'nyengo yozizira, makamaka m'zaka zokolola.
M'nyengo yotentha, gwape wa sika amafunafuna chakudya m'mawa ndi madzulo, m'masiku omveka bwino a dzinja amakhalanso achangu, koma pafupifupi samasiya bedi lawo chisanu, kubisala m'makona owoneka bwino a nkhalango. Amawonetsa kuthamanga kwanthawi yayitali mchilimwe komanso m'nyengo yozizira kulibe chipale chofewa, kulumpha mopitirira malire (mpaka 1.7 m). Chivundikiro cha chipale chofewa (kuyambira 0.6 m ndi kupitilira apo) chimakhala tsoka lenileni la mbawala. Chinyama chimagwera mchipale chofewa ndipo chimatha kuyenda chokhacho polumpha, zomwe zimafooketsa mphamvu zake mwachangu. Chipale chofewa chimalepheretsa kuyenda kokha, komanso kufunafuna chakudya.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mphalapala ndi wosambira wabwino, wokhala ndi makilomita 10-12. Madzi amasandulika chipulumutso ku ntchentche ndi nkhupakupa, choncho, m'nyengo ya kuswana kwa majeremusi, nyama zimabwera kumtunda, zimayimirira m'madzi kapena m'malo omwe mphepo imawomba bwino.
Sika deer, malinga ndi zomwe akatswiri a sayansi ya zinyama adaziwona, amadziwika pakusintha kwanyengo.
Utali wamoyo
Kumtchire, agwape amakhala osapitirira zaka 11-14, akumwalira ndi matenda, odyetsa nkhalango zazikulu, njala, ngozi ndi osaka nyama... M'minda ya antler ndi malo osungira nyama, nthawi yayitali kwambiri ya nswala za sika zimafikira zaka 18-21, ndipo akazi achikulire (pambuyo pa zaka 15) amaberekanso ana amphongo.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Osati kale kwambiri, mbawala za sika zimakhala kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China, North Vietnam, Japan, Korea ndi Taiwan. Ku China, zokongolazi zidaphedwa, koma zidatsalira ku East Asia (kuchokera kudera la Ussuri mpaka kumpoto kwa Vietnam ndi zilumba zingapo zoyandikira). Kuphatikiza apo, sika agwape amaphunzitsidwa ku New Zealand.
M'dziko lathu, ma artiodactyl awa amapezeka kumwera kwa Far East: malowo amapitilira Russia kupita ku Korea Peninsula ndi kumadzulo - ku Manchuria. M'zaka za m'ma 40 za m'zaka zapitazi, sika deer adakhazikika ndikudziwika bwino m'malo osungira angapo aku Soviet:
- Ilmensky (pafupi ndi Chelyabinsk);
- Khopersky (pafupi ndi Borisoglebsk);
- Mordovsky (pafupi ndi Arzamas);
- Buzuluk (pafupi ndi Buzuluk);
- Oksky (kum'mawa kwa Ryazan);
- Teberda (North Caucasus).
- Kuibyshevsky (Zhiguli).
Nyamazo sizinazike mizu m'malo omaliza okha, koma adakhazikika m'malo ena atsopano, kuphatikiza mdera la Moscow, kufupi ndi Vilnius, Armenia ndi Azerbaijan.
Zofunika! M'chigawo cha Primorsky, mbawala zimakonda nkhalango zowirira kwambiri zomwe zimakhala ndi nkhalango zowirira, nthawi zambiri sizikhala m'nkhalango zowaza mkungudza (zosaposa 0,5 km) ndipo zimanyalanyaza tchire la mkungudza.
Sika mbawala zimakhazikika kum'mwera / kumwera chakum'mawa kwa mapiri a magombe okhala ndi chipale chofewa, pomwe matalala samatha kupitirira sabata, popeza amakokoloka ndi mvula. Malo okondedwa ali ndi malo olimba okhala ndi mitsinje yambiri... Kuchuluka kwa nyama zazing'ono ndi zazimayi, mosiyana ndi amuna akulu, amakhala moyandikana ndi nyanja ndikuchepera kutsetsereka.
Sika zakudya zam'mimba
Menyu ya artiodactyls imangokhala zomera - pafupifupi mitundu 130 ku Far East komanso katatu (390) kumwera kwa Russia, komanso ku Europe. Ku Primorye ndi East Asia, mitengo / zitsamba zimawerengera pafupifupi 70% yazakudya. Apa, chakudya champhongo chimayang'aniridwa ndi:
- thundu (acorns, masamba, masamba, mphukira ndi mphukira);
- linden ndi Manchu aralia;
- Mphesa za Amur ndi velvet ya Amur;
- acanthopanax ndi lespedeza;
- phulusa ndi mtedza wa Manchurian;
- mapulo, elm, sedge ndi ambulera.
Nyama zimadya makungwa mu theka lachiwiri la dzinja, pomwe matalala ambiri amagwa. Pakadali pano, nthambi za misondodzi, chitumbuwa cha mbalame, chozenia ndi alder zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mphalapala ziboda masamba ndi acorns pansi pa chisanu (ndi chivundikiro makulidwe a ku 30-50 cm). M'nyengo yozizira, zostera ndi kelp amadyanso, omwe amangogwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chingamu m'nyengo yotentha. Mbawala nthawi zambiri amakana ziphuphu.
Sika deer amapita kunyambititsa mchere ndi akasupe amchere (ofunda), kunyambita algae, phulusa, miyala ndi nkhaka zam'madzi, ndipo nthawi zina amamwa madzi am'nyanja.
Adani achilengedwe
Mphalapala ali ndi adani ambiri achilengedwe, koma gawo lalikulu kwambiri pakuwononga ziweto lidapangidwa ndi mimbulu yotuwa. Zowononga zina ndizonso zimayambitsa kufa kwa nyama zazikulu za sika:
- Nkhandwe Yofiira;
- lynx;
- Kambuku wakum'mawa kwakutali;
- Amur nyalugwe;
- agalu osochera.
Kuphatikiza apo, mphalapala zomwe zikukula zikuwopsezedwa ndi mphaka wa nkhalango ya Far East, nkhandwe, chimbalangondo ndi harza.
Kubereka ndi ana
Ku Lazovsky Nature Reserve (Primorye) gawo la nswala za sika zimayamba mu Seputembala / Okutobala ndikutha pa 5-8 Novembala... M'chaka chobala zipatso, maubwenzi (omwe amuna omwe afika zaka 3-4 amaloledwa) amakhala otakataka nthawi zonse. Amuna achikulire amabangula m'mawa ndi madzulo, amakhala ndi akazi ang'onoang'ono (3-4 "akazi" aliyense) ndipo amawonda kwambiri, amatayika mpaka kotala la kulemera kwawo. Kulimbana pakati pa mkwati, mosiyana ndi nswala zofiira, ndizosowa kwambiri.
Mimba imatenga miyezi 7.5, ndipo kupumula kumavuto kumachitika pakati pa Meyi (nthawi zambiri kumapeto kwa Epulo kapena Juni). Mapasa ndi osowa kwambiri mu mphalapala ya sika: kwakukulukulu, mbawala imabereka mwana wa ng'ombe mmodzi.
Zofunika! M'mafamu antler, rut / calving imachitika mochedwa kuposa nyama zamtchire ku Primorye. Ali mu ukapolo, woweta wamphamvu amakhala pafupifupi asanu, ndipo nthawi zambiri azimayi 10-20.
Amuna akhanda obadwa kumene amalemera makilogalamu 4.7-7.3, akazi - kuyambira 4.2 mpaka 6.2 kg. M'masiku oyambirira, amakhala ofooka ndipo amangonama nthawi zonse pomwe amayi awo amadyetsa pafupi. Ana amatha kudya okha pakatha masiku 10-20, koma amayamwa mkaka wa amayi awo kwa nthawi yayitali, mpaka miyezi 4-5. Samasiya amayi awo mpaka masika otsatira, ndipo nthawi yayitali. Ndi nyengo yoyamba yophukira, ana amphongo amataya zovala zawo zachinyamata.
Pa mwezi wa 10 pamitu ya anyamata achichepere (3.5 cm) "mapaipi" amathyoledwa, ndipo kale mu Epulo nyanga yoyamba imayamba, yomwe sinakonzeke. Amuna achimuna amawavala pafupifupi chaka chimodzi, kutsanulira mu Meyi / Juni chaka chotsatira kuti atenge mphalapala za velvety.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Kuchuluka kwa agwape akutchire kwatsika kwambiri mzaka zapitazi. Chifukwa chachikulu chakuchepa kwa anthu chikuwerengedwa kuti ndi njira yowonongera anthu osapulumutsidwawa chifukwa cha zikopa zawo zokongola ndi mphalapala. Zinthu zina zoyipa zidatchulidwanso:
- Kukhazikitsa ndi kugwetsa nkhalango zowuma;
- Kumanga nyumba zatsopano m'malo okhala agwape;
- mawonekedwe a mimbulu yambiri ndi agalu;
- matenda opatsirana ndi njala.
Kuchepa kwa ziweto kumalumikizidwanso ndikubwera kwa minda yosamalitsa, omwe antchito awo samadziwa koyambirira kugwira nyama, chifukwa cha nswala zomwe zidafa mochuluka.... Masiku ano kusaka nyama zamtundu wa sika sikuletsedwa pafupifupi kulikonse pamalamulo. Nyama (monga nyama yomwe ili pangozi) zidaphatikizidwa pamasamba a Red Book of the Russian Federation komanso ku International Red Book.
Ku Russia, akuganiza zotulutsa mphalapala pazilumba pafupi ndi Vladivostok. Ichi chikhala gawo loyamba pakukhazikitsanso anthu osagwirizana kumadera aku Primorye komwe amapezeka kale, kenako nkuzimiririka.
