Mtengo wobiriwira ndi mbalame yomwe imapezeka kumadzulo kwa Eurasia, ya banja la Woodpecker komanso Woodpecker. M'zaka zaposachedwa, pakhala pali chizolowezi chofuna kuchepa kwa mbalame zachilendo chonchi zokhala ndi nthenga zowala.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Mbalameyi ndi yayikulu msinkhu, koma ndi yayikulu kwambiri kuposa imvi... Kutalika kwa thupi la munthu wamkulu ndi 33-36 cm wokhala ndi mapiko a 40-44 cm ndi kulemera kwa magalamu 150-250. Nthenga zomwe zili pamapiko ndi kumtunda zimakhala ndi utoto wobiriwira wa azitona. Gawo lakumunsi la thupi la mbalame limasiyanitsidwa ndi utoto wobiriwira, wobiriwira kapena wobiriwira wobiriwira, wokhala ndi mizere yakuda komanso yopingasa. Mbali zake za khosi ndi mutu ndizobiriwira, pomwe kumbuyo kumakhala kwakuda nthawi zonse. Pakhosi pake kutsogolo ndi koyera.
Choyimira cha korona ndi kumbuyo kwa mutu ndikupezeka kwa kapu yopapatiza ya nthenga zofiira. Mbali yakutsogolo ya mutu ndi malire ozungulira maso ndi akuda mu mtundu ndipo amafanana ndi "chigoba chakuda" chosiyanitsa chomwe chimayang'ana kumbuyo kwa kapu yofiira ndi masaya obiriwira. Iris ndi yoyera wachikaso. Mlomo wa mbalameyi umakhala wotuwa ndi mtovu, wokhala ndi chikasu cha mandible. Uppertail amatchulidwa, wobiriwira wachikaso.
Zomera zazing'ono zamatchire obiriwira a Pisus viridis shаrpei zafalikira kudera la Iberian Peninsula ndipo nthawi zina zimawerengedwa ngati mitundu yodziyimira payokha yosiyana kwambiri ndi anthu wamba.
Mutu wa mbalame yotereyi umadziwika ndi pafupifupi nthenga zonse zakuda komanso kupezeka kwa "chigoba" cha utoto wakuda kuzungulira maso. Mitundu ina yamtundu wobiriwira wobiriwira ndi mawonekedwe a vаillantii, omwe amapezeka kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Morocco ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Tunisia. Fomuyi imadziwika bwino kuti ndi wobiriwira wophuka.
Malo okhala ndi malo okhala
Malo okhala anthu obiriwira obisalapo amaimiridwa ndi:
- gawo lakumadzulo kwa Eurasia;
- gombe la Mediterranean ku Turkey;
- mayiko a Caucasus;
- gawo la kumpoto kwa Iran;
- kumwera kwa Turkmenistan;
- kum'mwera kwa gombe la Gulf of Finland;
- pakamwa pa mtsinje wa Kama;
- Nyanja Ladoga;
- Chigwa cha Volga;
- Woodland;
- madera akumunsi a Dniester ndi Danube;
- gawo lakummawa la Ireland;
- zilumba zina ku Mediterranean;
- madera osakanikirana a nkhalango mozungulira Naro-Fominsk, ku Chekhovsky ndi Serpukhovsky, komanso zigawo za Stupinsky ndi Kashirsky.
Wokolola wobiriwira amapezeka kwambiri m'nkhalango, minda ndi malo osungira mitengo.... Ndizochepa kwambiri kupeza mbalame yotereyi m'malo osakanikirana kapena amitengo yamitundumitundu. Mbalame zimakonda pafupifupi malo aliwonse otseguka, chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri amakhala m'mphepete mwa zigwa za m'nkhalango, m'zigwa zomwe zili pafupi ndi mitengo ya oak kapena alder.
Nthawi zambiri, anthu ambiri amatha kupezeka m'mphepete mwa nkhalango komanso m'malo ovuta, ndipo chofunikira chokomera nkhalango yobiriwira ndikupezeka kwazinthu zambirimbiri zadothi. Ndi nyerere zomwe zimaonedwa kuti ndizokonda kwambiri za mbalamezi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mbalame zamtunduwu zimatha kuwonetsedwa pakati pa masika, pomwe nthawi yopita mosadukiza ikuyenda, ndikumayimba mokweza komanso pafupipafupi.
Moyo wobisalira nkhalango
Wokolola wobiriwira, ngakhale ali ndi nthenga zowala komanso zoyambirira, amasankha kukhala obisalira kwambiri, omwe amawonekera kwambiri nthawi yazisa zambiri. Mitundu iyi ya nkhandwe imakhala nthawi yayitali, koma imatha kuyendayenda mtunda wawufupi kufunafuna chakudya. Ngakhale m'nyengo yozizira komanso yanjala, oteteza mitengo obiriwira amakonda kusuntha mtunda wopitilira makilomita asanu kuchokera usiku.
Khalidwe la mbalame
Khalidwe logogoda la mbalame zambiri zam'madzi ndi njira yolankhulirana ndi mbalame.... Koma otema matabwa obiriwira amasiyana ndi kubadwa kwawo chifukwa chokhoza kuyenda bwino kwambiri pansi, komanso pafupifupi "ng'oma" ndipo samakonda kunyamula mitengo ikuluikulu ya mitengo ndi milomo yawo. Kuuluka kwa mbalame yotere kumakhala kozama komanso kofanana ndi mafunde, mapiko ake amapiko pomwe amapita.
Ndizosangalatsa! Odula matabwa obiriwira amakhala ndi zala zinayi zakumiyendo ndi zikhadabo zakuthwa zokhota, mothandizidwa ndi zomwe amalumikizana kwambiri ndi makungwa amitengo, ndipo mchirawo umakhala ngati mbalame.
Kulira kwa nkhwangwa wobiriwira kumamveka pafupifupi chaka chonse. Mbalame zimatha kufuula, mosatengera kuti ndi amuna kapena akazi, ndipo zolembedwazo ndizolimba komanso mokweza poyerekeza ndi kulira kwa wodula tsitsi. Mwazina, malinga ndi akatswiri, kulira kwamtunduwu nthawi zambiri kumatsagana ndi "kuseka" kapena "kufuula", komwe kumangokhala mawu amodzi.
Utali wamoyo
Nthawi yayitali yamitundumitundu yamitengo, nthawi zambiri imakhala pafupifupi zaka zisanu ndi zinayi, koma opaka mitengo yobiriwira m'malo awo achilengedwe samadutsa zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri.
Mtundu wa mitundu ndi kuchuluka
Mitunduyi idalembedwa posachedwa mu Red Book m'malo omwe ali pafupi ndi zigawo za Ryazan ndi Yaroslavl, ndipo imapezekanso patsamba la Moscow Red Book. Malo onse okhala wobiriwira wamatabwa m'chigawo cha Moscow ndiotetezedwa.
Pakadali pano, palibe chidziwitso chakuweta bwino kwa mitundu iyi mu ukapolo, chifukwa chake, kuti tisunge kuchuluka kwakuchepa, njira zikuchitika, zoperekedwa ndi kusungitsa ndi kuteteza zimba zikuluzikulu, komanso malo onse ofunikira wopalasa nkhuni m'malo obisalira.
Ndizosangalatsa! Pakadali pano, anthu okhala ndi mitengo yobiriwira pafupi ndi Moscow akhazikika pamitengo yocheperako, ndipo chiwerengerocho sichipitilira awiriawiri zana.
Kudya wokonda mitengo wobiriwira
Mitengo yamitengo yobiriwira imakhala m'gulu la mbalame zosowa modabwitsa.... Chakudya chokoma kwambiri cha mbalamezi ndi nyerere, zomwe zimangodya kwambiri. Pofunafuna nyerere zazikuluzikulu, mbalame zamatabwa zimauluka pakati pa mitengo. Pambuyo poti nyerere zapezeka, mbalamezi zimawulukira pamenepo, kenako zimakumba bowo lakuya masentimita 8-10 ndikuyamba kudikirira kuti tizilombowo tituluke. Nyerere zonse zomwe zimatuluka mdzenje lija zimatuluka, zimangonyambita ndi lilime lalitali komanso lomata la woponda matabwa wobiriwira.
Ndizosangalatsa! M'nyengo yozizira, nyerere zikalowa pansi kwambiri kuti zichotse nyengo yozizira, ndipo dziko lonse lapansi limakutidwa ndi chipale chofewa, wopalasa wobiriwira, pofunafuna chakudya, amatha kukumba osati kuzama kokha, komanso mabowo atali kwambiri.
Poyamba kuzizira kapena kuzizira kozizira, mbalame zimatha kusintha pang'ono zakudya zawo. Panthawi imeneyi ya chaka, mbalame zikuyang'ana tizilombo toti tibisalira kapena togona m'malo osiyanasiyana obisalako a m'nkhalangomo. Wogwiritsira ntchito nkhuni samadutsanso chakudya chomera, pogwiritsa ntchito zipatso za mabulosi yew ndi phulusa lamtchire ngati chakudya chowonjezera. M'zaka makamaka za njala, mbalameyi imadya zipatso zakugwa za mabulosi ndi mphesa, imadya yamatcheri ndi yamatcheri, maapulo ndi mapeyala, komanso imatha kuthyola zipatso kapena mbewu zotsalira panthambi.
Kubereka ndi ana
Nthawi yobzala kwambiri ya nkhalango yobiriwira imagwera kumapeto kwa chaka choyamba cha moyo. Chisangalalo cha mbalame zamtunduwu chimadziwika koyambirira kapena mkatikati mwa Okutobala, ndipo chimakhala mpaka pakati pa mwezi watha masika. Pafupifupi m'masiku khumi oyamba a Epulo, amuna ndi akazi amawoneka osangalatsa kwambiri, chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri amauluka kuchokera kunthambi ina kupita kwina, mokweza komanso nthawi zambiri amafuula. Nthawi zina munthawi imeneyi mutha kumva kulira kosavuta kwa "ng'oma".
Atakumana, chachimuna ndi chachikazi, kuphatikiza pakusinthana kwa mawu ndi mawu, amayamba kuthamangitsana kwa nthawi yayitali, kenako nkukhala pafupi wina ndi mnzake, kugwedeza mitu yawo ndikukhudza milomo yawo. Pawiri amapangidwa nthawi zambiri kuyambira zaka khumi zapitazi za Marichi mpaka theka loyamba la Epulo. Awiriwo atapangidwa, wamwamuna amachita zodyetsa zachikazi, kenako zomwe zimachitika.
Makonzedwe a chisa, monga lamulo, amachitika mu dzenje lakale, lomwe linatsalira pambuyo pa mitundu ina ya nkhwangwa.... Monga momwe kuwonera mbalamezi kukuwonetsera, chisa chatsopano chimamangidwa ndi awiri patali osapitilira theka la kilomita kuchokera pachisa cha chaka chatha. Njira yonse yodzipangira nokha dzenje silitenga mwezi umodzi. Amakondera mitundu yazomvera yamitengo yokhala ndi mitengo yofewa mokwanira:
- popula;
- beech;
- kuluma;
- birch;
- msondodzi.
Kukula kwapakati pa chisa chomalizidwa kumasiyana pakati pa 30-50 masentimita, ndikutalika kwa masentimita 15 mpaka 18. Chozungulira chozungulira kapena chozungulira sichikukula kwambiri. Mbali yonse yamkati mwa dzenjeyo ili ndi fumbi lamatabwa. Nthawi yokhazikikayo imasiyana kutengera komwe kuli malo okhala zisa. M'madera ambiri mdziko lathu, nthawi zambiri mazira amaikidwa ndi mayi wachitsamba wobiriwira mochedwa kwambiri, kumapeto kwa kasupe.
Ndizosangalatsa! Clutch yathunthu nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi mazira asanu mpaka asanu ndi atatu oblong, okutidwa ndi chipolopolo choyera komanso chowala. Kukula kwamazira oyimira ndi 27-35x20-25 mm.
Njira yolumikizira imatenga milungu ingapo kapena kupitirirapo. Amuna ndi akazi amalumikiza mazira, mosinthana. Usiku yaimuna nthawi zambiri imakhala muchisa. Ngati chowotcha choyambirira chatayika, chachikazi chimatha kusintha malo achisa ndikuikanso mazira.
Kubadwa kwa anapiye amakhala ndi synchronicity. Anapiye amaswa wamaliseche, opanda chivundikiro chotsitsa. Makolo onse amatenga nawo mbali posamalira ndi kudyetsa ana awo, omwe amabwezeretsanso chakudyacho ndikumadula mulomo wawo. Anapiye amayamba kuwuluka pachisa patatha milungu inayi atabadwa. Poyamba, anapiye akuluakulu amapita pandege zazifupi kwambiri. Pafupifupi miyezi ingapo, mbalame zonse zazing'ono zimakhalira limodzi ndi makolo awo, koma kenako mabanja amtundu wobiriwira amatayika ndipo mbalame zazing'ono zimauluka.
Adani achilengedwe
Adani achilengedwe a nkhwangwa wobiriwira amaphatikizaponso nthenga komanso nthenga zapadziko lapansi, zomwe zimatha kusaka achikulire, komanso zimawononga zisa za mbalame. Kuchepa kwa chiwerengerochi kumathandizidwanso chifukwa cha mpikisano wokhala ndi mutu wa imvi wofala kwambiri komanso zochitika za anthu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti madera akuluakulu a nkhalango atheke kwambiri. Mwazina, wowononga mitengo wobiriwira akumwalira chifukwa chakuwonongeka kwa anthropogenic, kuphatikiza kumanga kanyumba kanyumba kachilimwe komanso zosangalatsa zapamtunda.
