Assamese macaque (Macaca assamensis) kapena rhesus yamapiri ndi yamtundu wanyani.
Zizindikiro zakunja kwa Assamese macaque.
Assamese macaque ndi amodzi mwamitundu ya anyani okhala ndi mphuno yopapatiza okhala ndi thupi lolimba, mchira waufupi komanso wochulukirapo. Komabe, mchira kutalika kwake kumakhala kosiyana ndipo kumatha kusiyanasiyana. Anthu ena ali ndi michira yayifupi yomwe siyifika pabondo, pomwe ena amakhala ndi mchira wautali.
Mtundu wa Assamese macaque macaque umakhala wofiirira kwambiri kapena wakuda mpaka utoto wowala kutsogolo kwa thupi, womwe nthawi zambiri umakhala wopepuka kuposa kumbuyo. Mbali yamkati mwa thupi ndiyopepuka, ndimayendedwe oyera, ndipo khungu lopanda kanthu pankhope limasiyanasiyana pakati pa bulauni yakuda ndi yofiirira, ndi khungu lowala pinki-loyera mozungulira maso. Macaque a ku Assamese ali ndi masharubu osakwanira komanso ndevu, komanso amakhala ndi zikwama zamasaya zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito posungira chakudya nthawi yakudya. Monga ma macaque ambiri, male Assamese macaque ndi akulu kuposa achikazi.
Kutalika kwa thupi: 51 - 73.5 cm. Mchira kutalika: 15 - 30 cm.Munthu wamwamuna amalemera: 6 - 12 kg, akazi: 5 kg. Ma macaque achichepere achi Assamese amasiyana mitundu ndipo ndi owala kwambiri kuposa anyani akuluakulu.
Assamese macaque zakudya.
Ma macaque a Assamese amadyetsa masamba, zipatso ndi maluwa, omwe amapanga gawo lalikulu lazakudya zawo. Zakudya zodyerazi zimathandizidwa ndi tizilombo komanso zinyama zazing'ono, kuphatikizapo abuluzi.
Makhalidwe a Assamese macaque.
Ma macaque a Assamese ndi anyani oyenda mosiyanasiyana komanso omnivorous. Amakhala ozungulira komanso apadziko lapansi. Ma macaque a Assamese amakhala akugwira masana, akusunthira pazinayi zonse. Amapezeka pansi, komanso amadyetsa mitengo ndi tchire. Nthawi zambiri, nyama zimapuma kapena kusamalira ubweya wawo, kukhazikika pamalo amiyala.
Pali ubale wina pakati pa mitunduyi, ma macaque amakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono a anthu 10-15, omwe amaphatikizapo amuna, akazi angapo ndi ma macaque achichepere. Komabe, nthawi zina magulu a anthu pafupifupi 50 amawoneka. Gulu la ma macaque achi Assam ali ndiudindo wolamulira. Akazi a ma macaque amakhala kosatha mgulu lomwe adabadwiramo, ndipo anyamata achichepere amapita kumalo atsopanowu akatha msinkhu.
Kutulutsa kwa Assamese macaque.
Nthawi yoberekera ma macaque a Assamese imayamba kuyambira Novembala mpaka Disembala ku Nepal komanso kuyambira Okutobala mpaka Okutobala ku Thailand. Mkazi atakhala kuti wakonzeka kukwatira, khungu lakumbuyo pansi pa mchira limasanduka lofiira. Imanyamula ana pafupifupi masiku 158 - 170, imabereka mwana mmodzi yekha, yemwe amalemera pafupifupi magalamu 400 pobadwa. Ma macaque achichepere amaswana ali ndi zaka pafupifupi zisanu ndipo amaswana chaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri. Nthawi ya moyo wa ma macaque achi Assamese m'chilengedwe ndi pafupifupi zaka 10 - 12.
Kufalitsa kwa Assamese macaque.
Ma macaque a ku Assamese amakhala m'munsi mwa mapiri a Himalaya ndi mapiri oyandikana nawo a Southeast Asia. Kugawidwa kwawo kumachitika m'mapiri a Nepal, Northern India, kumwera kwa China, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Laos, kumpoto kwa Thailand ndi North Vietnam.
Ma subspecies awiri osiyana amadziwika pano: Western Assamese macaque (M. a.pelop), yomwe imapezeka ku Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan ndi India ndi ma subspecies achiwiri: kum'mawa kwa Assamese macaque (M. assamensis), yomwe imagawidwa ku Bhutan, India, China , Vietnam. Pakhoza kukhala gawo lachitatu ku Nepal, koma izi zimafunikira kuphunzira.
Makhalidwe a Assamese macaque.
Ma macaque a Assamese amakhala m'nkhalango zobiriwira zobiriwira nthawi zonse, nkhalango zowuma komanso nkhalango zamapiri.
Amakonda nkhalango zowirira ndipo samapezeka nthawi zambiri kunkhalango.
Makhalidwe a malo okhala ndi zachilengedwe zomwe zimakhalapo zimasiyana kutengera subspecies. Ma macaque a Assamese amafalikira kuchokera ku hares mpaka mapiri ataliatali mpaka 2800 m, ndipo nthawi yotentha nthawi zina imakwera mpaka 3000 mita, mwina mpaka 4000 m Koma makamaka ndi mitundu yomwe imakhala kumtunda ndipo nthawi zambiri imalumikizidwa ndi mapiri opitilira 1000 mita. Ma macaque a Assamese amasankha malo amiyala amiyala m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ikuluikulu komanso mitsinje yomwe ingateteze ku adani.
Kuteteza kwa ma Assamese macaque.
Assamese macaque amadziwika kuti Ali Pafupi Kuopsezedwa pa IUCN Red List ndipo adalembedwa mu CITES Zakumapeto II.
Zopseza malo okhala ku Assamese macaque.
Zowopsa zazikulu ku malo achi Assamese macaque zikuphatikiza kudula mitengo mosiyanasiyana ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana, kufalikira kwa mitundu yachilengedwe yachilendo, kusaka, kugulitsa nyama zogwidwa monga ziweto komanso malo osungira nyama. Kuphatikiza apo, kusakanizidwa kwa mitunduyi kumawopseza anthu ochepa.
Anyaniwa amasakidwa mdera la Himalaya kuti apeze chigaza cha Assamese macaque, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yodzitetezera ku "diso loyipa" ndipo chimapachikidwa m'nyumba zakumpoto chakum'mawa kwa India.
Ku Nepal, macaque aku Assamese akuwopsezedwa chifukwa chogawa zochepa mpaka 2 200 km2, pomwe malowa, kukula kwake ndi malo ake akukhalabe otsika.
Ku Thailand, chiwopsezo chachikulu ndikutaya malo okhala ndikusaka nyama. Macaque a Assamese ali ndi chitetezo pokhapokha atakhala m'dera lakachisi.
Ku Tibet, macaque achi Assamese amasakidwa khungu lomwe anthu am'deralo amapanga nsapato. Ku Laos, China ndi Vietnam, chiwopsezo chachikulu ku Assamese macaque ndikusaka nyama ndikugwiritsa ntchito mafupa kupeza basamu kapena guluu. Izi zimagulitsidwa m'misika yaku Vietnamese komanso China kuti athe kupweteka. Zowopsa zina ku Assamese macaque ndikudula mitengo ndikuchotsa nkhalango zolima mbewu ndi misewu, komanso kusaka masewera. Ma macaque a Assamese nawonso amawomberedwa pamene awukira minda ndi minda ya zipatso, ndipo anthu akumaloko amawawononga ngati tizirombo m'malo ena.
Chitetezo cha Assamese macaque.
Assamese macaque yalembedwa mu Zowonjezera II za Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), kotero malonda aliwonse apadziko lonse lapansi anyaniwa ayenera kuyang'aniridwa.
M'mayiko onse omwe amakhala ku Assamese macaque, kuphatikiza India, Thailand ndi Bangladesh, njira zake zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Ma macaque a Assamese amapezeka m'malo osachepera 41 otetezedwa kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa India ndipo amapezeka m'mapaki angapo. Pofuna kuteteza zamoyozi ndi malo ake okhala, mapulogalamu a maphunziro apangidwa m'mapaki ena a ku Himalaya omwe amalimbikitsa nzika zakomweko kugwiritsa ntchito gwero lina la mphamvu m'malo mwa nkhuni, popewa kudula nkhalango.
Macaque a Assamese amapezeka m'malo otetezedwa otsatirawa: National Wildlife Refuge (Laos); m'mapaki amtundu wa Langtang, Makalu Barun (Nepal); ku Suthep Pui National Park, Huay Kha Khaeng Nature Reserve, Phu Kyo Sanctuary (Thailand); ku Pu Mat National Park (Vietnam).
