Motoro stingray kapena ocellate stingray (Latin Potamotrygon motoro, English Motoro stingray, ocellate river stingray) ndi stingray yotchuka kwambiri yamadzi amchere. Iyi ndi nsomba yayikulu, yosangalatsa komanso yachilendo, koma sikuti aliyense wokonda m'madzi amatha kuyisunga.
Kukhala m'chilengedwe
Mitunduyi imapezeka ku South America. Amapezeka ku Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, ndi Argentina. Kukhazikika ku Amazon ndi m'misewu yake: Orinoco, Rio Branco, Parana, Paraguay.
Monga mitundu yonseyo, imapezeka mu biotopes zosiyanasiyana. Izi makamaka ndi mchenga wa mitsinje ikuluikulu komanso mitsinje yake, pomwe gawo lake limakhala ndi silt ndi mchenga. Nthawi yamvula, amasamukira kunkhalango zomwe zimasefukira, ndipo nthawi yachilimwe amapita kunyanja zomwe zidapangidwa.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti ngakhale kutchuka kwa motoro stingray m'malo osangalatsa a aquarium, kulibe gulu lokwanira la oimira banjali. Nthawi ndi nthawi, mitundu yatsopano imapezeka yomwe sinatchulidwe kale.
Kufotokozera
Ma stingray ndi ofanana ndi nsombazi ndi cheza, zomwe mafupa ake amasiyana ndi mafupa a nsomba wamba, popeza ilibe mafupa ndipo ili ndi minofu yochuluka kwambiri.
Dzina la sayansi la mtundu uwu ndi stingray wokhala ndi khungu ndipo zimatsatira kuchokera pamenepo kuti stingray imatha kuperekera jakisoni. Zowonadi, pali munga wakupha pamchira wa stingray (kwenikweni, unali kamodzi masikelo). Ndi munga uwu, mbola imadziteteza, ndipo poizoni amapangidwa ndi tiziwalo timene timakhala pansi pamungawo.
Mosiyana ndi zomwe ambiri amakhulupirira, ma stingray sanalimbane ndi anthu posuntha minga yawo. Muyenera kuponda m'modzi kapena kusokoneza kwambiri m'modzi wa iwo kuti alumidwe. Nthawi ndi apo, chiphokocho chimagwa (miyezi 6 mpaka 6) iliyonse ndipo chimapezeka chogona pansi pa aquarium. Izi si zachilendo ndipo siziyenera kukuwopsezani.
Mbali ina ya kunyezimira kwa madzi oyera ndi amphutsi ya Lorenzini. Awa ndi ma tubules apadera omwe ali pamutu pa nsomba (kuzungulira maso ndi mphuno). Ndi chithandizo chawo, nsomba zam'mimba zimanyamula minda yamagetsi ndipo zimathandiza nsombazo poyang'ana maginito apadziko lapansi.
Mwachilengedwe, motoro stingray imafika 50 cm m'mimba mwake, mpaka 1 mita m'litali, ndipo imalemera mpaka 35 kg. Mukasungidwa m'nyanja yamadzi, ndiyocheperako mwachilengedwe.
Diski yake imakhala yofanana mozungulira, ndipo maso ake amakwezedwa pamwamba pamsana. Kumbuyo kwake kumakhala kofiirira kapena kofiirira, komwe kumakhala mawanga achikasu ambiri okhala ndi mphete zakuda. Mtundu wa Belly ndi woyera.
Mtundu, komanso malo ndi kukula kwa mawanga, zimatha kusiyanasiyana pakati pa munthu ndi munthu. M'chigwa cha Amazon, mitundu itatu yayikulu yamitundu yasiyanitsidwa, koma iliyonse imaphatikizapo mitundu ingapo.
Zovuta zazomwe zilipo
P. motoro ndi m'modzi mwa mamembala odziwika kwambiri amtundu wa aquarists. Anthu ambiri amadabwa kumva kuti ma stingray ena amakhala m'madzi abwino.
Madzi amadzi oyera ndi anzeru kwambiri ndipo amalumikizana bwino kwambiri ndi anthu. Amatha kuphunzitsidwa kuperekera chakudya. Komabe, sizili za aliyense. Amafuna ma aquariums akuluakulu, malo abwino komanso zakudya zapadera.
Koma kwa iwo omwe akufuna kuyesetsa, ali apadera kwambiri, posakhalitsa amakhala chiweto chomwe amakonda. M'mbuyomu, ma stingray ambiri ogulitsa agwidwa kuthengo, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti nthawi zambiri amakhala opanikizika ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi tiziromboti ndi matenda ena. Ma stingray ambiri omwe amagulitsidwa lero amapangidwa mu ukapolo.
Nsombazi ndizoopsa. Aborigine ambiri m'maiko omwe amapezeka amapezeka kuti amawopa kwambiri ma stingray kuposa mitundu ina yoopsa monga piranhas. Mwachitsanzo, ku Colombia, milandu yoposa 2,000 yovulala kapena kufa mwangozi chifukwa cha ziwopsezo zimalembedwa pachaka.
Msanawo umakhala pamwamba penipeni pa caudal, pomwe umawonekera bwino. Imaphimbidwa ndi chipolopolo chakunja, chomwe chimateteza stingray yokha kuchokera kumatenda ake owopsa.
Pamwamba pake pamatope pali zotengera zakumbuyo zoyang'ana kumbuyo. Amathandizira kuthyola chipolopolo pomwe stingray amayesa kugwiritsa ntchito mbola yake, komanso kukulitsa chilonda chilichonse chomwe chimabweretsa. Kuwongolera kumbuyo kumawathandizanso kuti azichita ngati mbedza ya nsomba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuchotsedwa kukhale kovuta.
Ngakhale mitundu yambiri ya poizoni imatha kukhala yapoizoni, nthawi zambiri imakhala yofanana. Vutoli limapangidwa ndi mapuloteni ndipo limakhala ndi malo ogulitsira mankhwala omwe amapangitsa kuti azimva kuwawa kwambiri komanso kuchepa kwaminyewa (necrosis).
Ngati mukumenyedwa ndi stingray, yembekezerani zowawa zakomweko, kupweteka mutu, nseru, ndi kutsekula m'mimba. Dokotala amayenera kufunsidwa ngakhale atakhala ofooka bwanji.
Ndizachidziwikire kuti chisamaliro chachikulu chiyenera kuchitidwa posunga cheza. Komabe, ngozi yake ndiyochepa ngati pali ulemu.
Nthawi zambiri izi sizili nsomba zankhanza, kugwiritsa ntchito mbola zawo ngati njira yodzitchinjiriza. M'malo mwake, nthawi zambiri amakhala owumitsa, amaphunzira kuzindikira mbuye wawo ndikukwera pamwamba kuti akapemphe chakudya.
Zovulala zambiri zimachitika eni ake osasamala akuyesera kuweta nsomba zawo kapena kuzigwira ndi ukonde. Maukonde oyendetsa sayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito, gwiritsani ntchito chidebe china cholimba m'malo mwake.
Kusunga mu aquarium
Madzi amchere amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi ammonia, nitrites ndi nitrate m'madzi, chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa kuti kuzungulira kwa nayitrogeni ndikotani ndikusunga madzi oyera. Iyi ndi bizinesi yonyenga, chifukwa ma stingray amatulutsa ammonia wambiri. Ma aquariums akulu, kusefera kwachilengedwe komanso kusintha kwamadzi pafupipafupi ndiyo njira yokhayo yosungira mayendedwe oyenera.
Magetsi ambiri amchere amatha kusungidwa pa pH ya 6.8 mpaka 7.6, pafupifupi 1 ° mpaka 4 ° (18 mpaka 70 ppm), ndi kutentha kwa 24 mpaka 26 ° C. Mulingo wa ammonia ndi nitrite nthawi zonse uzikhala zero ndi nitrate pansi pa 10 ppm.
Zikafika pakukula koyenera kwa madzi amchere amchere, zimakula bwino. Kutalika kwa galasi sikofunikira, koma kutalika kwake kuchokera 180 mpaka 220 masentimita ndi mulifupi kuchokera 60 mpaka 90 masentimita atha kukhala kale oyenera kukonza kwakanthawi.
Madzi otentha a 350 mpaka 500 malita atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kusunga achinyamata otentha, koma osachepera malita 1000 amafunikira kuti azisunga achikulire nthawi yayitali.
Nthaka ikhoza kukhala mchenga wabwino. Kusankha gawo lapansi makamaka ndi nkhani yakukonda kwanu. Anthu ena ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi amagwiritsa ntchito mchenga wamtsinje, womwe ndi njira yabwino, makamaka kwa achinyamata. Ena amagwiritsa ntchito miyala yamiyala yam'madzi yam'madzi yamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Njira yachitatu ndikungosiya gawo lapansi kwathunthu. Izi zimapangitsa kuti aquarium ikhale yosavuta, koma imapangitsa kuti ikhale yovuta komanso yachilengedwe.
Kuphatikiza apo, ma stingray amakonda kudzikwilira mumchenga atapanikizika ndipo amakhala m'malo okhala ndi mchenga kapena matope. Chifukwa chake, kuwamana mwayi wokhala pogona kumawoneka ngati nkhanza.
Zokongoletsera, zikagwiritsidwa ntchito, ziyenera kukhala zosalala komanso zopanda m'mbali. Kunena zowona, kukongoletsa sikofunikira kwenikweni mu stingray aquarium. Komabe, mutha kuwonjezera mitengo ikuluikulu, nthambi, kapena miyala yosalala ngati mukufuna. Siyani pansi ponse momwe zingathere kuti ma stingray asambe kuti athe kuyenda ndi kubowola mumchenga.
Zowotchera moto ziyenera kutetezedwa mozungulira iwo kapena kunja kwa aquarium kuti cheza chanu chisazipse. Kuunikira kuyenera kuchepa ndikugwira ntchito pamaola 12 usana / usiku.
Zomera zomwe zimafunikira mizu mu gawo lapansi zidzadyedwa, koma mutha kuyesa mitundu yomwe ingalumikizidwe ndi zinthu zokongoletsa monga Javanese fern kapena Anubias spp. Koma ngakhale sangathenso kupirira chidwi cha kunyezimira.
Kudyetsa
Mbalame zam'madzi ndi nyama zomwe zimadya makamaka nsomba ndi zinyama zakutchire. Ndi nsomba zokangalika kwambiri ndipo zimafunikira kudyetsedwa kawiri patsiku.
Amadziwikanso kuti ndi osusuka, ndipo chakudyacho chimawononga ndalama zambiri. Kawirikawiri, zakudya zopangira nyama ndizovomerezeka, ngakhale ena amathanso kulandira zakudya zopangira.
Achinyamata amadya nyongolotsi zam'magazi kapena mazira, tubifex, brine shrimp, nyama ya shrimp, ndi zina zotero. Akuluakulu ayenera kudyetsedwa zakudya zazikulu monga mussels, nkhono, nkhono, squid, mwachangu (kapena nsomba zina zatsopano), ndi ma earthworms.
Zakudya zosiyanasiyana ndizofunikira kuti nsomba zizikhala bwino. Pambuyo pogula, nthawi zambiri amakhala osafuna kudya ndipo nthawi zambiri amabwera ali ovuta. Ndikofunika kwambiri kuti ayambe kudya msanga chifukwa chothamanga kwambiri. Ma virus a nyongolotsi kapena ma earthworm (omwe amatha kudulidwa mzidutswa tating'ono ting'onoting'ono) amadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwazosintha kwambiri kwa cheza chatsopano.
Ma stingray sayenera kudya nyama yoyamwitsa monga mtima wa ng'ombe kapena nkhuku. Zina mwa lipids munyama iyi sizingatengeke bwino ndi nsomba ndipo zimatha kuyika mafuta ochulukirapo komanso kufa kwa ziwalo. Momwemonso, pamakhala phindu lochepa kugwiritsa ntchito nsomba zoweta monga ma guppies kapena michira yaying'ono yophimba. Kudyetsa kotere sikutanthauza kufalikira kwa matenda kapena tiziromboti.
Ngakhale
Ma stingray amakhala nthawi yawo pansi. Maso awo ndi malo otseguka ali kumtunda, kuwalola kukhalabe m'manda mumchenga podikirira chakudya. Amawona bwino kwambiri ndipo amalumpha mumchenga kuti agwire nyama yawo.
Ma stingray ena amakhala oyandikana nawo kwambiri ma motoro stingray, ngakhale ma severum, geophagus, metinnis, arowans ndi polypters amakhalanso bwino.
Ma stingray ndi ena mwa nyama zodya nyama zomwe amakhala m'chilengedwe ndipo alibe chitetezo chokhala ndi mitundu ina yambiri. Nsombazo ziyenera kukhala zazikulu mokwanira kuti zisadye ndi cheza, koma zikhale mwamtendere mokwanira kuti zisalume kapena kuba chakudya chawo.
Nsomba zam'madzi apakati mpaka kumtunda ndizoyenera izi. Pewani zida zankhondo (plecostomus, pterygoplicht, panaki), popeza pali milandu yambiri yolembayi yomwe imalumikiza ndikuwononga khungu la kunyezimira.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Zazimayi ndizokulirapo kuposa amuna ndipo zimakhala ndi mfumukazi ziwiri, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zimatha kukhala ndi ana amwana awiri osiyana nthawi imodzi. Amuna asintha zipsepse zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito potengera akazi.
Kuswana
Ambiri ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi atha kubzala ma stingray am'madzi abwino, koma izi zimatenga nthawi, nyanja yayikulu ndi kudzipereka. Ocellated stingrays amaberekanso ndi ovoviviparity.
Mkazi amabala anthu atatu mpaka 21, omwe amabadwa mosadalira. Mimba imakhala milungu 9 mpaka 12. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti nthawi imeneyi ndiyofupikirapo kwambiri mu ma stingray opangidwa ndi aquarium, mwina chifukwa chakuchuluka kwa chakudya chomwe amalandira poyerekeza ndi nsomba zamtchire.
Ma stingray angakhale osankha pankhani yosankha wokwatirana naye. Kungogula nsomba ziwiri ndikuzibzala limodzi sizitanthauza kuti mungakwere bwino.
Njira yabwino yopezera awiriawiri ndikugula gulu la mwachangu, kuwaika mumtsinje waukulu ndikuwalola kuti asankhe anzawo. Komabe, izi sizingatheke kwa akatswiri ambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, zimatha kutenga zaka zingapo kuti cheza chikule msanga.
Tiyeneranso kukumbukira kuti amuna amtunduwu ndi omwe amakhala achiwawa kwambiri akamasonkhana kuti abereke, ndipo akazi sangakhale okonzekera. Ngati mukusunga banja kapena gulu, yang'anani khalidweli mosamala ndikukonzekera kuwasiyanitsa ngati kuli kofunikira.
