Baikal ili kum'mawa kwa Siberia, ndiye nyanja yakale, yomwe ili ndi zaka pafupifupi 25 miliyoni. Popeza dziwe ndi lakuya kwambiri, ndi gwero labwino kwambiri lamadzi abwino. Baikal imapereka 20% yazitsime zonse zamadzi padziko lapansi. Nyanjayi limadzaza mitsinje 336, ndipo madzi ake ndi oyera komanso owonekera. Asayansi akuganiza kuti nyanjayi ndi nyanja yamchere. Ndi kunyumba kwa mitundu yoposa 2.5 zikwi za zomera ndi zinyama, zomwe 2/3 sizipezeka kwina kulikonse.
Kuwonongeka kwa madzi m'nyanja ya Baikal
Mtsinje waukulu womwe umadutsa m'nyanjayi ndi Mtsinje wa Selenga. Komabe, madzi ake samangodzaza Baikal, komanso amaipitsa. Makampani opanga ma metallurgical amatulutsa madzi ndi zinyumba mumtsinjewo, zomwe zimaipitsanso nyanjayi. Choipa chachikulu kwa Selenga chimayambitsidwa ndi mabizinesi omwe ali mdera la Buryatia, komanso madzi am'madzi owonongeka.
Pafupi ndi Nyanja ya Baikal, pali mphero yamkati ndi makatoni, yomwe idawononga kwambiri zinthu zachilengedwe za nyanjayi. Oyang'anira kampaniyi adati asiya kuipitsa matupi am'madzi, koma mpweya m'mlengalenga sunayime, womwe pambuyo pake umapita ku Selenga ndi Baikal.
Ponena zaulimi, ma agrochemicals omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthira dothi la minda yapafupi amatsukidwa mumtsinje. Zinyalala zanyama ndi mbewu zimaponyedwanso ku Selenga. Izi zimabweretsa imfa ya nyama zam'mitsinje komanso kuipitsa madzi am'nyanjayi.
Mphamvu ya Irkutsk HPP
Mu 1950, malo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi adakhazikitsidwa ku Irkutsk, chifukwa chake madzi a Nyanja ya Baikal adakwera pafupifupi mita. Kusintha kumeneku kunakhudza moyo wa anthu okhala munyanjayi. Kusintha kwa madzi kwakhudza kwambiri malo oti nsomba zimaswanirana, mitundu ina imadzaza ina. Kusintha kwa kuchuluka kwa madzi kumathandizira kuwonongeka kwa nyanja.
Ponena za midzi yoyandikana nayo, nzika zake zimapanga zinyalala zambiri tsiku lililonse, zomwe zimawononga chilengedwe chonse. Madzi akunyumba amawononga mitsinje ndi Nyanja ya Baikal. Nthawi zambiri, zosefera madzi oyera sizigwiritsidwa ntchito. Zomwezo zimagwiranso ntchito potulutsa madzi am'mafakitale.
Chifukwa chake, Baikal ndi chozizwitsa chachilengedwe chomwe chimasunga madzi ambiri. Zochita za anthropogenic pang'onopang'ono zimabweretsa tsoka, chifukwa chake dziwe likhoza kutha ngati zinthu zoyipa za kuwonongeka kwa nyanjazi sizichotsedwa.
Kuwonongeka kwa nyanja ya Baikal pafupi ndi mitsinje
Mtsinje waukulu kwambiri womwe umadutsa mu Nyanja ya Baikal ndi Selenga. Imabweretsa pafupifupi ma cubic kilometre a madzi kunyanjayi pachaka. Vuto ndiloti madzi akunyumba amnyumba ndi mafakitale amalowetsedwa mu Selenga, chifukwa chake madzi ake amakhala abwino kwambiri. Madzi amtsinjewo ndiowonongeka kwambiri. Madzi odetsedwa a Selenga amalowa mnyanjayo ndikuwonjezera mkhalidwe wake. Zinyalala kuchokera kumabizinesi azitsulo ndi zomangamanga, kukonza zikopa ndi migodi zimaponyedwa ku Baikal. Zogulitsa zamafuta, ma agrochemicals ndi feteleza zosiyanasiyana zaulimi zimalowa m'madzi.
Mitsinje ya Chikoy ndi Khilok imakhudza nyanjayi. Nawonso, awonongedwa mopitilira muyeso ndi ntchito zazitsulo komanso zamatabwa m'malo ozungulira. Chaka chilichonse, pakupanga, madzi akuda pafupifupi 20 miliyoni amatulutsidwa m'mitsinje.
Magwero akuwonongeka ayeneranso kuphatikiza mabizinesi omwe akugwira ntchito ku Republic of Buryatia. Malo opangira mafakitale amanyozetsa dziko mopanda chifundo, amataya zinthu zoyipa zomwe zimapezeka pakupanga. Kugwiritsa ntchito malo azithandizo kumakupatsani mwayi wokutsani poizoni 35% yokha. Mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa phenol ndikokwera kasanu ndi kawiri kuposa chololedwa. Chifukwa cha kafukufukuyu, zidapezeka kuti zinthu monga ma ayoni amkuwa, nitrate, zinc, phosphorous, mafuta ndi zina, zimalowa mumtsinje wa Selenga kwambiri.
Kutulutsa mpweya pa Baikal
Kudera lomwe Baikal ili, pali mabizinesi ambiri omwe amatulutsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha ndi mankhwala owopsa omwe amaipitsa mpweya. Pambuyo pake, iwo, pamodzi ndi mamolekyu a oxygen, amalowa m'madziwo, akuipitsa, komanso amagwa limodzi ndi mvula. Pali mapiri pafupi ndi nyanjayi. Salola kuti mpweya utuluke, koma umadziunjikira pamadzi, ndikuwononga chilengedwe.
Kuzungulira nyanjayi kuli malo ambiri omwe amaipitsa malo amlengalenga. Mpweya wambiri umagwera m'madzi a Nyanja ya Baikal. Kuphatikiza apo, chifukwa cha mphepo yapadera yomwe idakwera, malowa amakonda mphepo yakumpoto chakumadzulo, chifukwa chake, mpweyawo udetsedwa kuchokera ku mafakitale a Irkutsk-Cheremkhovsky omwe ali m'chigwa cha Angara.
Palinso kuwonjezeka kwa kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya panthawi inayake pachaka. Mwachitsanzo, koyambirira kwa nyengo yozizira mphepo siimphamvu kwambiri, yomwe imathandizira kuti zinthu zizikhala bwino m'derali, koma mchaka chimakhala ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kuyenda kwa mpweya, chifukwa chake mpweya wonse umapita ku Baikal. Gawo lakumwera kwa nyanjayi limaonedwa kuti ndi loipitsidwa kwambiri. Apa mutha kupeza zinthu monga nayitrogeni dioxide ndi sulfure, mitundu yambiri yolimba, kaboni monoxide ndi ma hydrocarbon.
Kuwononga kwa Nyanja ya Baikal ndi madzi ogwiritsidwa ntchito m'nyumba
Anthu osachepera 80,000 amakhala m'matawuni ndi m'midzi yoyandikira Baikal. Chifukwa cha moyo wawo komanso ntchito zawo, zinyalala ndi zinyalala zosiyanasiyana zimachuluka. Chifukwa chake zofunikira zimagwiritsira ntchito ngalande m'madzi am'deralo. Kuyeretsa kuchokera kuzinyalala zapanyumba sikokwanira kwenikweni, nthawi zina kumakhala kulibe.
Zombo zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimayenda m'mbali mwa mitsinje m'derali, zimatulutsa madzi akuda, chifukwa chake kuipitsa, kuphatikiza mafuta, kumalowa m'madzi. Pafupifupi, chaka chilichonse nyanjayi imadetsedwa ndi mafuta okwana matani 160, zomwe zimaipiraipira dziko lamadzi a Nyanja ya Baikal. Pofuna kukonza zovuta zomwe zidachitika pazombozi, boma lakhazikitsa lamulo loti dongosolo lililonse liyenera kukhala ndi mgwirizano woperekera madzi osanjikiza. Otsatirawa ayenera kutsukidwa ndi malo apadera. Kutaya madzi m'nyanjaku ndikoletsedwa.
Alendo omwe amanyansidwa ndi zokopa zachilengedwe za m'derali alinso ndi mphamvu panjira yamadzi a nyanjayi. Chifukwa choti palibe njira yosonkhanitsira, kuchotsa ndi kukonza zinyalala zapakhomo, zinthu zikuipiraipira chaka chilichonse.
Pofuna kukonza zachilengedwe za Nyanja ya Baikal, pali chotengera chapadera "Samotlor", chomwe chimasonkhanitsa zinyalala m'malo onsewo. Komabe, pakadali pano palibe ndalama zokwanira zoyendetsera mabwalo oyeretsawa. Ngati yankho lamphamvu kwambiri pamavuto azachilengedwe a Nyanja ya Baikal silikuyamba posachedwa, chilengedwe cha nyanjayo chitha kugwa, zomwe zingabweretse mavuto osasinthika.
