Ma Conifers ndi gulu lalikulu la mitengo yobala zipatso, zapaini komanso zitsamba. Malinga ndi mtundu wachilengedwe, ma conifers amapanga dongosolo la Coniferales kuchokera pagulu la masewera olimbitsa thupi momwe mbewu sizimapereka utoto. Pali mabanja 7 a ma conifers, omwe amagawika m'magulu 67 otchedwa genera, ogawika mitundu yoposa 600.
Ma Conifers ali ndi ma cones, ndipo masamba ake samagwa chaka chonse. Komabe, ena mwa iwo, monga yew, ali ndi chulu chofewa chomwe chimawoneka ngati chipatso. Zomera zina, monga cypress ndi juniper, zimamera masamba omwe amafanana ndi zipatso m'malo mwa chomwe chimatchedwa "koni".
Kufalitsa osiyanasiyana
Dera la ma conifers ndilokulirapo. Mitengo yobiriwira imapezeka mu:
- kumpoto kwa hemisphere, mpaka ku Arctic Circle;
- Europe ndi Asia;
- Central ndi South America;
- Mitundu ingapo yama conifers imapezeka ku Africa ndi kumadera otentha.
Nkhalango za Coniferous zimakula bwino pomwe kumakhala nyengo yozizira yayitali ndi mvula yapakati pachaka. Nkhalango yotchedwa coniferous yakumpoto ku Eurasian amatchedwa taiga, kapena nkhalango zoweta. Mawu onsewa amafotokoza nkhalango yobiriwira nthawi zonse yokhala ndi nyanja, madambo ndi mitsinje. Nkhalango za Coniferous zimaphimbanso mapiri m'malo ambiri padziko lapansi.
Mitundu ya ma conifers
Pine
Gnome
Ndi Mediterranean yolimba, yolimba kwambiri ndi utoto wonyezimira wobiriwira wonyezimira wonyezimira ngati masamba omwe amatuluka kuchokera ku masamba ofiira. Amakula ngati mulu wandiweyani wokhala ndi singano zowirira. Chomeracho chimatulutsa masamba ofiira ofiira, akuda pafupifupi masentimita asanu ndipo amakula mopingasa m'mwamba ndipo sangalekerere kutentha kapena malo owuma kwambiri.
Zimakhala ndi mizu koposa zonse:
- dzuwa lonse;
- mu nthaka yothira bwino acidic, alkaline, loamy, lonyowa, lamchenga kapena loumbika.
Gnome ndi kamtengo kakang'ono kakang'ono kakang'ono kamapiri kamene kamapanga chithumwa komanso chisangalalo kumunda. Imakula m'zaka 10 mpaka kutalika kwa 30-60 cm ndi mulifupi 90 cm.
Pug
Zambiri m'lifupi kuposa kutalika. Mtengo wa Pug pine umapezeka kumapiri a pakati ndi kumwera kwa Europe kuchokera ku Spain kupita ku Balkan. Singano zapaini ndizobiriwira pang'ono mpaka kubiriwira kwakuda, masingano amakhala ndi utoto wachikaso m'nyengo yozizira. Ma cones ndi oval kapena ozungulira, ofiira ofiira, makungwa a bulauni-imvi.
Mtundu wozungulira wonyezimira umakula pakapita nthawi mpaka 90 cm kutalika, koma umakula pang'onopang'ono.
Pug imakula bwino padzuwa lonse louma, lokhathamira bwino ndi dothi lamchenga, lolekerera dongo. Pewani dothi lonyowa bwino. Zomera zimakonda nyengo yozizira yotentha.
Ofiri
Mtengo wobiriwira wobiriwira wa paini wamapiri okongola kwambiri nthawi iliyonse ya chaka umapanga korona wolimba, wozungulira wokhala ndi chofewa. Masingano ndi obiriwira achikasu nthawi yachilimwe ndi chilimwe, ndipo nthawi yozizira amakhala ndi utoto wonenepa wagolide. Ofiri ndi malo obzala pang'onopang'ono omwe amawonjezera pafupifupi 2.5 cm pachaka, amakula mpaka 90 cm kutalika ndi m'lifupi patatha zaka 10.
Amakula bwino dzuwa lonse mutakhazikika bwino:
- wowawasa;
- zamchere;
- loamy;
- yonyowa;
- mchenga;
- dothi ladongo.
Ofiri paini ndi ololera chilala. Abwino minda, m'mapaki mzinda ndi minda thanthwe.
Pini wachikasu
Mtengo wokhala ndi thunthu lalikulu lokhazikika, lokhala ndi korona wotseguka. Korona yopapatiza kapena yayikulu ya mitengo yaying'ono imasunthika pakapita nthawi, nthambi zazing'ono zimagwa.
Makungwa a mipesa yachikasu yachikuda ndi yakuda kapena yakuda-yofiirira komanso yofiira, m'mitengo yokhwima kuchokera ku bulauni wachikaso mpaka kufiira, imagawika m'mapaleti okhala ndi ming'alu yopanda malire. Khungwa lakuda limapangitsa mtengo wa paini kugonjetsedwa ndi moto wamnkhalango.
Mdima wobiriwira wobiriwira, maolivi kapena wachikasu wobiriwira umakula mgulu la atatu, osakhala ndi singano ziwiri kapena zisanu. Masikelo ofiira ofiira kapena abulauni a masambawo ali ndi nsonga zokometsera.
Mkungudza wa mkungudza
Mtengo umafika kutalika kwa 35 m, thunthu m'mimba mwake mpaka 1.8 mita kutalika kwa chifuwa. Korona wonyezimira wowoneka bwino muzomera zazing'ono umakhala wokulirapo komanso wotentheka kwambiri ndi msinkhu.
Makungwawo ndi ofiira kapena otuwa. Nthambi zimakhala zachikasu kapena zofiirira zachikaso, zowirira komanso zofalitsa. Masamba ofiira ofiira ofiira.
Singanozo zimakhala ndi singano zisanu pa gulu, ndizopindika pang'ono ndipo zimakhala zazing'ono zazing'ono m'magawo awiri. Masingano ndi olimba, obiriwira mdima wonyezimira ndi stomata m'mbali zakunja, kutalika kwa 6-11 cm, 0,5-1.7 mm makulidwe.
Mkungudza wa pine umakula bwino pamatope ndi dothi lolemera.
Pini yoyera
Mtengo wa Subalpine, umakula kukhala:
- mtengo wawung'ono wokhala ndi thunthu lokula msanga komanso korona wokulira;
- Chomera chamtchire chokhala ndi korona wofalikira komanso nthambi zopindika, zopindika akagwidwa ndi mphepo yamphamvu.
Kunja imawoneka ngati mkungudza, koma ma cone ndi osiyana. Singano zimakula m'mitolo ya singano zisanu, kuyambira 3 mpaka 9 cm, ndizolimba, zopindika pang'ono, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zobiriwira, zimamatirana kumapeto kwa nthambi.
Mbeu zambewu zimazunguliridwa kapena kuzungulira, kutalika kwa 3 mpaka 8 masentimita, ndikumera ngodya yolunjika panthambi. Makungwawo ndi ofiira, osalala komanso oyera ngati zikwangwani zazing'ono. Mtengo ukamakula, khungwalo limakulirakulira ndikupanga mbale zopapatiza, zofiirira, zamankhwala.
Weymouth Pine (Wachimereka)
Pini wokhala ndi nthambi zazikulu, zopingasa, zopanda mawonekedwe okhala ndi singano zobiriwira zobiriwira zobiriwira.
Mwachilengedwe, imakula kuchokera 30 mpaka 35 m kutalika, thunthu lokhala ndi 1 mpaka 1.5 mita, korona m'mimba mwake kuyambira 15 mpaka 20. M'malo owoneka bwino, mitengo yokongoletsa siyoposa 25 m, yoyenera mapaki ndi nyumba zazinyumba zanyengo yachilimwe.
Mmera umakula mofulumira, chitukuko chimachedwetsa msinkhu. Mitengo yaing'ono ndi pyramidal, tiers ya nthambi yopingasa ndi makungwa a imvi amapatsa mtengo wokhwima mawonekedwe okongola, owoneka bwino. Uwu ndi umodzi mwamitengo ya paini yomwe imabzalidwa ngati tchinga, zitsanzo zokhwima zimasunga nthambi zapansi, ndipo singano zofewa zimapangitsa chotchingacho kuwoneka chokongola komanso chosawopsa.
Edel
Mtengo wa paini wokhala ndi singano zoonda, zofewa, zobiriwira. Kukula kumachedwa. Pakatha zaka pafupifupi 10, chomeracho chimakula mpaka pafupifupi 1m kutalika. Amakonda mbali yowala ndi nthaka yachonde yocheperako. Mitengo yaying'ono yamapiramidi imawoneka ngati mapiramidi, koma akamakalamba amakhala ndi mawonekedwe "osasamala". Ma cones ndi akulu.
Umenewu ndi mtengo wokongola kwambiri ndipo wowona malo amawawona ngati chomera chokongoletsera cha coniferous chomwe chingakhale chosakumbukika. Edel pine ndiyabwino mdera lamatawuni, m'minda yamatawuni imatha kuwonongeka ndipo imawonongeka ndi mchere. M'nyengo yozizira, imamwalira ndi namondwe.
Mafuta a batala "Mapini ang'onoang'ono"
Singano tating'onoting'ono, tothinana tobiriwira tobiriwira timamera pamtengo wamtengo wapatali, wozungulira, woboola pakati. Izi ndizowonjezera pamunda wawung'ono wokongoletsedwa.
Kusankhidwa kwakung'ono kwa pine yoyera yakum'mawa ali wachinyamata kumakhala kozungulira mozungulira, ndikakalamba kumakhala kokulirapo-piramidi. Masingano amapotozedwa - chinthu chokongola kwambiri kwa opanga. Pambuyo pazaka 10 zakukula, mtundu wokhwima umayeza kutalika kwa 1.5 mita ndi 1 mita m'lifupi, ndikukula kwakukula kwa 10-15 cm.
Amakula bwino padzuwa ndi chinyezi chapakatikati, panthaka yodzaza bwino. Pine imalolera nthaka zosiyanasiyana.
Dziko la Norway
Kukula msanga, wamtali, wowongoka, wamakona atatu, wokhala ndi kolona wonyezimira, mtengowu umafika kutalika kwa 40 mita ndikukhala zaka 1000. Makungwa a zitsanzo zazing'ono ndi zamkuwa-zofiirira ndipo zimawoneka zosalala, koma zolimba mpaka kukhudza. Mitengo yokhwima (yopitilira zaka 80) imakhala ndi khungwa lakuda lofiirira lokhala ndi ming'alu ndi timasamba tating'ono. Nthambi zimakhala zofiirira-lalanje, zopindika ndi dazi.
Singanozo ndi zamakona anayi, zosongoka, ndi madontho oyera oyera komanso fungo lokoma. Ma stamens amatembenukira ofiira komanso achikaso nthawi yachilimwe. Maluwa achikazi ndi ofiira komanso owulungika, amakula mozungulira pamwamba.
Spruce waku Siberia
Amakula mpaka 30 m kutalika. Mbiyayo ili pafupifupi 1.5 mita m'mimba mwake. Kutsikira pang'ono, koonda, wobiriwira wachikasu, nthambi zowala pang'ono zimapangitsa spruce kuwoneka ngati piramidi. Singano ndizobiriwira, zobiriwira 10 - 18 mm, zokhotakhota. Ziphuphu za pine zimakhala zazing'ono, 6 - 8 cm masentimita. Masamba akakhwima, amakhala ofiira. Akakhwima, abulauni.
Spruce waku Siberia amakula m'nkhalango zowirira ku Siberia. Chipale chofewa chimagwa pamiyala yamiyala, yomwe imalepheretsa kutaya nthambi. Singano zopapatiza zimachepetsa chinyezi chapadziko. Phula lokutira lakuda ndilopanda madzi ndipo limateteza singano kumphepo. Mtundu wobiriwira wakuda wa singano umakulitsa kuyamwa kwa kutentha kwa dzuwa.
Chisipanishi spruce
Singano ndizofupikitsa komanso zofewa, zonyezimira pamwambapa, zobiriwira zakuda, silvery pansipa. Mitengo imakongoletsa malo am'minda ndi misewu, obzalidwa umodzi kapena mwamphamvu. Spruce ndi yaying'ono, pafupifupi 1.5 mita pamalo ake otambalala kwambiri, wamtali, wowonda, "wamkulu" mukakula. Chomera cholimba kwambiri komanso chosasamala kwenikweni mukamakulira kumadera ozizira nyengo yotentha. Amafuna kuwala kwa dzuwa kuti kukule, ngakhale kukuzizira, komanso sikuti kumafera mumthunzi pang'ono, kumakondera nthaka yapakatikati mpaka acidic pang'ono. Ma cones ndi ofiira obiriwira kubiriwira koyambirira kwa chilimwe, zamkuwa kumapeto kwa nyengo.
Mtengo wa siliva (prickly)
Mtengo wowongoka wokhala ndi korona wonga mpweya, wofikira 50 mita kutalika ndi 1 mita m'mimba mwake pakukhwima. Nthambi zapansi zimatsikira pansi.
Singano ndi tetrahedral komanso lakuthwa, koma osati molimba kwambiri. Mtunduwo ndi wobiriwira wabuluu wokhala ndi mikwingwirima iwiri yosungunuka pamwamba ndi pansi. Masingano pama nthambi amapezeka mbali zonse.
Mbeu zambewu ndi zachikaso mpaka utoto wofiirira, utapachikidwa panthambi zakumtunda. Masikelo awo ofooka amadzikongoletsa kumapeto onse awiri ndipo amakhala ndi zotupa zakunja. Mitundu ya mungu nthawi zambiri imakhala yachikaso mpaka utoto wofiirira.
Makungwawo ndi otayirira, owuma, kuyambira ofiira ofiira mpaka imvi.
Zabwino
Chimawonekera patali chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake ozungulira, maziko ake ndi otakata kuposa korona. M'minda yolimba, nthambi zotsika za fir sizipezeka kapena zilibe singano, kuwala kochepa kwa dzuwa kumakhudza mawonekedwe a mtengo.
Singano ndi zosalala, zosinthika komanso zosakhwima pamapazi. Singano yosandulika imawonetsa mizere yoyera kuchokera pamadontho ang'onoang'ono. Nsonga zakumtunda kwa singano nazonso zimajambulidwa zoyera.
Makungwa:
- achichepere - osalala ndi otuwa ndi thovu lodzaza ndi utomoni;
- okhwima - owuma ndi otsetsereka pang'ono.
Ma koni achimuna ndi achikazi amakula pamtengo womwewo pafupi ndi pamwamba, ngakhale ma cones achikazi ali okwera kwambiri. Masamba okhwima ndi a 4 mpaka 14 cm kutalika ndipo amayimirira mwachindunji panthambi.
Mkulu wa ku Caucasus Nordman
Adzakula mpaka 60 mita kutalika, thunthu m'mimba mwake mpaka 2 mita kutalika kwa bere. M'nkhokwe za Western Caucasus, zitsanzo zina ndizokwera 78 m komanso 80 m, zomwe zimapangitsa Nordmann kuyika mitengo yayitali kwambiri ku Europe.
Makungwawo ndi ofiira-ofiira, ndi mawonekedwe osalala ndi matumba a utomoni.
Pamwamba pa singano ndi zobiriwira zobiriwira, pansi pake pali mikwingwirima iwiri yoyera ya stomata. Nsonga yake imakhala yosamveka, koma nthawi zina imakhala yocheperako pang'ono, makamaka pa mphukira zazing'ono.
Fir ya Nordman ndi imodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimakulira m'malo osungira ana Chaka Chatsopano. Singano sizikhala zakuthwa ndipo sizigwa msanga mtengo ukauma. Ndiwonso mtengo wokongoletsera m'mapaki ndi minda.
Wopanga siliva
Amakula 40-50 m, osachepera 60 mita kutalika, m'mimba mwake pa thunthu lolunjika ndi 1.5 mita kutalika kwa bere.
Makungwawo ndi otuwa ndi khungu. Korona wamkati wa piramidi umasunthika ndi zaka. Nthambizo ndizopindika, zofiirira kapena zofiirira zakuda ndi pubescence yakuda. Masamba a masamba ndi ovoid, opanda utomoni kapena utomoni pang'ono.
Masingano ndi singano ndikuphwanyidwa, kukula kwake:
- 1.8-3 masentimita m'litali;
- Kutalika kwa 2mm.
Pamwamba pake ajambulidwa ndi mtundu wobiriwira wobiriwira, pansi pake pali mikwingwirima yoyera yoyera ya stomata. Malangizowo amakhala osakanizidwa pang'ono.
Mbeu za mbewu:
- m'litali 9-17 cm;
- Kutalika kwa 3-4 cm.
Maluwawo ndi obiriwira akadali achichepere, ofiira akuda akakhwima.
Mpweya waku Korea
Adzakula 9-18 m kutalika, thunthu m'mimba mwa 1-2 mita pachifuwa.
Makungwa achichepere:
- yosalala;
- ndi matumba a utomoni;
- zofiirira.
Ndi nkhuni zokalamba:
- wamasana;
- nyali;
- wotuwa;
- pabuka bulauni mkati.
Nthambi ndizopindika, zotulutsa pang'ono, zotuwa zonyezimira kapena zofiira zachikasu, ndi zaka, zofiirira. Masambawo ndi ovoid, mabokosi ofiira ofiira ndi utoto wonyezimira.
Mitundu ya mungu imakhala yozungulira, yokhala ndi utoto wachikaso kapena ubweya wobiriwira pambuyo pofiirira. Ma cones a mbewu amakhala ozungulira kwambiri, okhala ndi nsonga zosalongosoka, yoyamba yaimvi yabuluu, kenako yofiirira yakuda yokhala ndi mawanga oyera.
Mafuta a basamu
Imakula kutalika kwa 14-20 m, kawirikawiri mpaka 27 m, korona ndi yopapatiza, yofanana.
Makungwa a mitengo yaying'ono:
- yosalala;
- imvi;
- matumba utomoni.
Ndi ukalamba:
- nkhanza;
- wosweka;
- minyewa.
Singano:
- mosabisa;
- ngati singano;
- kutalika 15-30 mm.
Kuchokera pamwamba pake ndi utoto wobiriwira wakuda, wokhala ndi stomata chaching'ono pafupi ndi nsonga zazing'onoting'ono, mikwingwirima iwiri yoyera ya stomata pansipa. Singanozo zimakonzedwa mozungulira panthambi.
Mbeu zambewu zimakhala zowongoka, zofiirira zakuda, zakuda zitakhwima, ndipo zimatseguka kutulutsa mbewu zamapiko mu Seputembala.
Larch
Amakula 20-45 m kutalika ndipo amapezeka ku:
- nyengo yozizira kwambiri yakumpoto kwa dziko lapansi;
- malo otsika kumpoto;
- mapiri kum'mwera.
Larch ndi imodzi mwazomera zazikulu m'nkhalango zazikulu za Russia ndi Canada.
Mphukira ya dimorphic, ndikukula imagawika:
- Kutalika kwa 10 - 50 cm, wobala masamba angapo;
- yochepa 1 - 2 mm ndi impso imodzi.
Singano ndizofanana ndi singano komanso zoonda, 2 - 5 cm kutalika ndi 1 mm mulifupi. Singano zimakonzedwa limodzi, mozungulira pa mphukira yayitali komanso ngati masango obiriwira a singano 20 mpaka 50 pamfupikitsa. Singano zimasanduka zachikasu ndikugwa kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira, ndikusiya mitengoyo ilibe kanthu nthawi yozizira.
Hemlock
Mitengo yapakatikati mpaka yayikulu, 10 - 60 mita kutalika, ndi korona wonenepa, korona wosasunthika amapezeka m'mitundu ina yaku Asia. Mphukira zimagwera pansi. Makungwawo ndi owuma komanso oterera kwambiri, otuwa mpaka bulauni. Nthambi zosanjikizika zimamera mopingasa kuchokera pa thunthu, nsonga zake zimatsikira pansi. Nthambi zazing'ono ndi mbali zakutali za tsinde zimasinthasintha.
Masamba a dzinja ndi ovoid kapena ozungulira, ozunguliridwa pachimake ndipo samatentha. Singanozo ndizofewa, zoonda, 5 - 35 mm kutalika ndi 1 - 3 mm mulingo, singano zimakula padera mozungulira panthambi. Pogaya, singano zimanunkhiza ngati hemlock, koma sizowopsa, mosiyana ndi chomera.
Keteleeria
Ifika kutalika kwa 35 m. Singano ndizosalala, ngati singano, kutalika kwa 1.5-7 cm ndi 2-4 mm mulifupi. Ma cones ndi owongoka, kutalika kwa 6-22 cm, kucha pafupifupi miyezi 6-8 pambuyo poyambitsa mungu.
Ndi mtengo wobiriwira wobiriwira nthawi zonse. Mitundu yosawerengeka yomwe imapezeka ndi:
- kum'mwera kwa China;
- Taiwan;
- Hong Kong;
- kumpoto kwa Laos;
- Cambodia.
Keteleeria ili pachiwopsezo ndipo malo otetezedwa akhazikitsidwa kuti ateteze mitunduyo.
Makungwawo ndi ofiira-ofiira, otumphuka kwakutali, akutuluka. Nthambi zimakhala zofiira kapena zofiira, zofiirira poyamba, zofiirira komanso zotumphuka pambuyo pa zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu.
Cypress
Thuja
Kutalika kwa 3-6 m, thunthu ndilolimba, makungwa ake ndi ofiira ofiira. Mphukira yotsatira imangomera mu ndege imodzi yokha. Singano zamphesa zazitali 1-10 mm m'litali, kupatula mbande zazing'ono, singano zimameramo chaka choyamba. Singanozo zidakonzedwa mosinthana awiriawiri, yolumikizana mozungulira, m'mizere inayi m'mbali mwa nthambi.
Mitengo ya mungu ndi yaying'ono, yosawonekera ndipo ili kumapeto kwa nthambi. Mbeu zambewu zimakhalanso zobisika poyamba, koma zimakula 1-2 masentimita m'litali ndikukhwima pakati pa miyezi 6 ndi 8 yakubadwa.Amakhala ndi sikelo yachikopa 6 mpaka 12 yokhotakhota, iliyonse imabisala nthanga 1 mpaka 2 yokhala ndi mapiko ang'onoang'ono ofananira nawo.
Zipatso zambiri za juniper
Thunthu lokhala ndi khungwa lofewa, lokhala ndi siliva limakhazikika ndipo limakhuthala m'munsi. Korona ndi yopapatiza, yaying'ono, yopindika, nthawi zina imakhala yotakata komanso yopanda mawonekedwe. Mlombwa ndi polycarpous pyramidal ali wamng'ono, mu mawonekedwe ake okhwima ndi osiyanasiyana.
Singano zonunkhira, zonyezimira zokhala ndi mafuta amtundu wothinikizidwa kwambiri motsutsana ndi nthambi zazing'ono kapena zazing'ono, zazing'ono ndi zazing'ono, zakuthwa, mtundu wake:
- imvi wobiriwira;
- buluu wobiriwira;
- wonyezimira kapena wobiriwira wakuda.
Mitundu yonse ya singano imakhala yofiirira m'nyengo yozizira. Masingano achichepere ali ngati singano. Masingano okhwima amakhala ochepa, amagawidwa ndikukonzedwa awiriawiri kapena atatu.
Zipatso zotumbululuka zabuluu zimamera pazomera zachikazi.
Cryptometry
Amakulira m'nkhalango zakuya, zokhathamira bwino m'malo otentha komanso achinyezi, osalolera dothi losauka komanso nyengo yozizira, youma.
Imafikira kutalika kwa 70 m, thunthu lonyamula mita 4 pachifuwa. Makungwawo ndi ofiira-ofiira, osenda mikwingwirima yowongoka. Singano zimakonzedwa mozungulira, kutalika kwa 0,5-1 cm.
Mbeu zambewu zimakhala zapadziko lonse lapansi, 1 mpaka 2 cm m'mimba mwake, ndipo zimakhala ndi sikelo za mbewu pafupifupi 20 mpaka 40.
Zomera zimakhala zokongola akamakula. Akadali achichepere, amakhala ndi mawonekedwe a piramidi, kenako korona amatseguka, ndikupanga chowulungika chopapatiza. Thunthu lake limakhala lowongoka komanso losanjikizana, nthambi zake zimamira pansi mtengo ukamakula.
Mphungu Virginia
Mtengo wobiriwira nthawi zonse, womwe umakhala wobiriwira pang'onopang'ono womwe umasandulika shrub panthaka yosauka, koma nthawi zambiri umakula mpaka 5-20 m kapena osapitilira 27 m.
Makungwawo ndi ofiira ofiira, okhala ndi ulusi, amatuluka m'mizere yopapatiza.
Singano zimakhala ndi mitundu iwiri ya singano:
- lakuthwa, lomwazikana ngati singano zachinyamata 5 - 10 mm kutalika;
- Kukula kwakukulu, kofanana, singano zazikulu 2-4 mm kutalika.
Singano zili m'magulu awiri osiyana mozungulira, kapena nthawi zina mumitundu itatu. Masingano achichepere amakula pazomera zazing'ono mpaka zaka zitatu komanso mphukira za mitengo yokhwima, nthawi zambiri mumthunzi.
Mphungu
Shrub (kamtengo kakang'ono) 2-10 m kutalika (osapitirira 15 m), zokwawa korona kapena mawonekedwe osagwirizana. Mitunduyi ndi dioecious, mungu ndi ma cones amapangidwa pazomera zosiyana, koma nthawi zina zimakhala zosiyana.
Makungwawo ndi ofiira komanso ofiira. Masingano ndi otakata komanso ofanana ndi singano, 3-9 mm kutalika, okonzedwa m'mizere isanu ndi umodzi posinthana ndi singano zitatu, zobiriwira zobiriwira zamtambo.
Mitengo ya mungu ya 3-4 mm kutalika, mungu wokhetsedwa kuyambira kumapeto kwa dzinja mpaka koyambirira kwa masika. Mbeu zambewu za 4-9 mm ndizofanana ndi zipatso zozungulira kapena ovoid, m'mimba mwake ndi 4-6 mm, ndizopaka utoto wonyezimira ndipo zimakhala ndi mbewu imodzi, zipse miyezi 18 kutulutsa mungu.
Cypress yobiriwira
Thunthu lowongoka limakula mpaka 20-30 m. Makungwawo ndi ocheperako, osalala komanso otuwa kwa nthawi yayitali, ndikakalamba amakhala ofiira-otuwa komanso oterera kwotalikirapo.
Mphukira imatuluka mbali zonse, m'mimba mwake ndi pafupifupi 1 mm, mawonekedwe ake ndi ozungulira kapena amakona anayi.
Singano:
- minyewa;
- ovoid wozungulira;
- zazing'ono;
- mdima wobiriwira.
Mitengo ya mungu imapezeka kumayambiriro kwa masika. Mbeu zopachikidwa zimamera pamtengo wochepa, wonyezimira, wofiirira kapena wotuwa, wozungulira kapena wozungulira ngati elliptical.
Maluwa amatsegulidwa mu Seputembara. Pambuyo pa kutayika kwa mbewu, chulucho chimakhalabe pamtengo kwa zaka zingapo.
Cypress
Maonekedwe osayerekezeka ndi mtundu wautoto zimapangitsa mitengo ya cypress chomera chofunikira cha:
- malire osakanikirana;
- kubzala kosatha;
- mpanda wokongola.
Nthambi zooneka ngati mafani zimakhala ndi singano zazitali, zofewa zomwe zimafanana ndi zingwe kapena ma fern. Nthambi zomwe zikukwera za mtengo wa cypress zimawoneka ngati chithunzi cha ku Japan, chokongoletsedwa ndi nthambi zopachikidwa. Mtunduwo umachokera kubuluu-imvi, wobiriwira wobiriwira mpaka golide. Dothi lonyowa, lokhala ndi acidic pang'ono ndilabwino; zitsamba sizikula bwino mukakhala kotentha, kouma komanso mphepo.
M'malo otseguka, mitengo ya cypress imakula mpaka kukula kwathunthu, mitundu yazing'ono imalimidwa m'makontena kapena minda yamiyala.
Wotchedwa Callitris
Mitengo yaying'ono, yaying'ono kapena zitsamba zazikulu, 5-25 m kutalika. Masingano amakhala obiriwira nthawi zonse komanso owuma, m'matumba amawoneka ngati singano. Singanozo zidakonzedwa m'mizere isanu ndi umodzi m'mbali mwa nthambi, posinthana zina zitatu.
Male cones ndi ochepa, 3-6 mm, ndipo amapezeka kumapeto kwa nthambi. Akazi amayamba kukula mosazindikira, zipse m'miyezi 18-20 mpaka 1-3 masentimita ndi mulitali. Globular kuti ovoid mu mawonekedwe, ndi 6 zikulumikizana mamba wandiweyani. Mphukira zimatsekedwa kwazaka zambiri, zimatsegulidwanso moto wa m'nkhalango utapsa. Ndiye mbewu zotulutsidwa zimera padziko lapansi louma.
Yew
Yew mabulosi
Mtengo wobiriwira nthawi zonse, wokhala ndi dioecious, wobiriwira womwe umatha kutalika kwa 10-20 m, nthawi zina mpaka 40 mita kutalika ndi thunthu mpaka 4 mita m'mimba mwake kutalika kwa chifuwa. Korona nthawi zambiri amakhala piramidi, amakhala wopanda tanthauzo ndi ukalamba, koma mitundu yambiri yamabulosi yew imasiyana kwambiri ndi lamuloli.
Makungwawo ndi owonda, owuma, abulauni. Singano ndizosalala, zimakonzedwa mozungulira, zobiriwira zakuda.
Mitundu ya mungu imakhala yozungulira. Mbeu zambewu zimakhala ndi mbewu imodzi yozunguliridwa ndi khungu lofewa, lofiira. Chipatso chimapsa miyezi 6 mpaka 9 kuchokera kutulutsa mungu ndipo mbewu zimanyamulidwa ndi mbalame.
Torrey
Small / medium evergreen shrub / tree, 5-20 m high, kawirikawiri mpaka 25 m. Singano zimakonzedwa mozungulira pa mphukira, zopindika m'munsi, zikukula m'mizere iwiri yolimba, kapangidwe kolimba komanso ndi nsonga yakuthwa.
Torreya ndi monoecious kapena dioecious. M'magulu amtundu umodzi, amuna ndi akazi amakula panthambi zosiyanasiyana. Mitengo ya mungu imakonzedwa mu mzere pansi pa mphukira. Ziphuphu za mbewu (zipatso zachikazi), osakwatiwa kapena m'magulu a 2-8 pa tsinde lalifupi. Zimakhala zazing'ono poyamba, zimakhwima miyezi 18 kutulutsa mungu ku chipatso chamwala chokhala ndi mbewu imodzi yayikulu, yonga mtedza yozunguliridwa ndi chofunda chamtundu, chobiriwira chobiriwira kapena chofiirira pakukula kwathunthu.
Mpweya
Agathis dzina
Mitengo yokhala ndi mitengo ikuluikulu yopanda nthambi pansi pa korona. Mitengo yaying'ono ndiyabwino mozungulira, korona wake ndi wozungulira, amataya mawonekedwe ake akamacha. Makungwawo ndi osalala, ofiira mpaka otuwa-bulauni. Mamba osakhazikika, akukhathamira pamitengo yakale. Kapangidwe ka nthambi kali kopingasa, ndikukula kwake kumatsamira. Nthambi zakumunsi zimasiya zipsera zozungulira zikachoka pach thunthu.
Masamba aana ndi akulu kuposa mitengo yayikulu, yowongoka, yovundikira kapena yofanana ndi lanceolate. Masamba a mitengo yokhwima ndi elliptical kapena lolozera, wachikopa ndi wandiweyani. Masamba aang'ono ndi ofiira amkuwa, mosiyana ndi masamba obiriwira kapena obiriwira obiriwira am'mbuyomu.
Araucaria
Mtengo waukulu wokhala ndi thunthu lakuthwa lalitali mamita 30-80. Nthambizo zopingasa zimakula ngati mapiko ndipo zimakutidwa ndi masamba achikopa, olimba komanso ngati singano. Mitundu ina ya araucaria, masamba ake ndi opapatiza, owoneka ngati awl komanso lanceolate, osakanikirana, mwa ena amakhala otakata, osalala komanso okutidwa kwambiri.
Araucariae ndi amisala, azimuna ndi zachikazi zimamera pamitengo yosiyana, ngakhale mitundu ina imakhala yofanana kapena yosintha nthawi yayitali. Mankhwala achikazi:
- kukula pamwamba pa korona;
- ozungulira;
- kukula kwa mitundu ndizoyambira 7 mpaka 25 cm.
Mitsempha imakhala ndi nyemba zazikulu 80-200 zofananira ndi mtedza wa paini.
Sequoia
Amakula 60 - 100 m kutalika. Thunthu:
- chachikulu;
- kujambula pang'ono;
- awiri 3 - 4.5 m kapena kupitilira apo pachifuwa.
Korona ndiwokhazikika komanso wosasunthika ali mwana, amakhala wocheperako, wopanda mawonekedwe komanso wotseguka ndi msinkhu. Makungwawo ndi ofiira-ofiira, ndi khungu lakuda, lolimba komanso lolimba, mpaka 35 cm wonenepa, sinamoni bulauni mkati.
Masingano amakhala a 1-30 mm kutalika, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi stomata pamalo onse awiri. Mitengo ya mungu kuchokera pafupifupi ozungulira mpaka ovoid, 2 - 5 mm kukula. Mbeu zambewu ndi 12 - 35 mm kutalika, elliptical ndi bulauni bulauni muutoto, ndimiyeso yambiri yolunjika, yosongoka.
Zizindikiro ndi mawonekedwe a ma conifers
Ma conifers ena amawoneka ngati zitsamba, pomwe ena amatalika, monga chimphona chachikulu chotchedwa sequoia.
Zizindikiro za ma conifers, ndi awa:
- pangani nyemba zambewu;
- khalani ndi masamba opapatiza ngati singano okutidwa ndi chopukutira waxy;
- khalani ndi mitengo ikuluikulu yowongoka;
- kumera nthambi mu ndege yopingasa.
Mitengoyi nthawi zonse imakhala yobiriwira nthawi zonse, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti sizimataya singano zonse nthawi imodzi ndipo zimayimira photosynthesize mosalekeza.
Masamba a ma conifers ambiri amafanana ndi singano. Mitengo imasunga singano kwa zaka 2-3 ndipo samakhetsa chaka chilichonse. Mitengo yobiriwira nthawi zonse imatenga nawo gawo pazithunzi za dzuwa, zomwe zimawonjezera kufunika kwa madzi. Pakamwa pothina ndi zokutira phula zimachepetsa kuchepa kwa chinyezi. Kapangidwe ka masamba ngati singano kumachepetsa kukana kwa mafunde ampweya ndikuchepetsa kutuluka kwa madzi, ndipo singano zotalikirana zimateteza zamoyo zomwe zikukula pakukula kwa ma conifers: tizilombo, bowa ndi zomera zazing'ono.
Zomwe zimachitika pakubala ma conifers
Kufalitsa kwa conifers ndikosavuta poyerekeza ndi angiosperms. Uchi womwe umapangidwa mu tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timanyamulidwa ndi mphepo, nupita nawo kuma kondomu zachikazi pamtengo wina, ndikuzipatsa manyowa.
Pambuyo pa umuna, njere zimakula m'makoni achikazi. Zimatenga pafupifupi zaka ziwiri kuti mbewuzo zipse, pambuyo pake ma cones agwera pansi, mbewu zimatulutsidwa.
Momwe ma conifers amasiyanirana ndi mitengo yodula
Mtundu wa masamba ndi njira zopangira mbewu zimasiyanitsa mitengo yobiriwira komanso yolimba. Mtengo umasweka ukataya masamba ake mu nyengo ina ya chaka. Mitengo yomwe masamba ake amagwa, makamaka nthawi yophukira, ndipo amakhala opanda kanthu m'nyengo yozizira, amatchedwa odula. Ngakhale kulibenso denga lobiriwira, mitengoyi idakalipobe.
Masamba amasintha
Masamba a mitengo yolimba amasintha mtundu; nthawi yakugwa imagwa yofiira, yachikaso kapena lalanje pang'ono. Mitengoyi imagawidwanso ngati mitengo yolimba yolimba, pomwe ma conifers ali ndi mitengo yofewa.
Conifers samaphimba chivundikiro chawo nthawi yophukira kapena nthawi yozizira, ndipo chomeracho chimanyamula mbewu m'malo otchedwa cones. Chifukwa chake, ndi ma gymnosperms (ali ndi mbewu zopanda kanthu), ndipo mbewu zowoneka bwino ndi ma angiosperms (chipatso chimakwirira mbewu). Kuphatikiza apo, ma conifers ambiri amakhala m'malo otentha.
Matenda ndi tizilombo toononga
Mitengo yobiriwira nthawi zonse imakhala ndi matenda komanso tizilombo toononga, koma kuwonongeka kwa mpweya kuchokera ku phulusa ndi zinthu zina za poizoni kumawononga kwambiri ma conifers kuposa masamba owola.
Fomuyi
Minda yowonongeka imakula ndikufalitsa masamba ake kuti atenge dzuwa. Amakhala ozungulira kuposa ma conifers, omwe ndi ofanana ndi ma kondomu ndipo amakula m'mwamba osati mulifupi mwake ndikukhala mawonekedwe amakona atatu.
Chifukwa chiyani ma conifers samaundana nthawi yozizira
Mtengo wopapatiza wa coniferous sukuunjikira chipale chofewa, nthambi sizimaundana nyengo yotentha, nyengo yayitali komanso yozizira.
Imathandizira chipale chofewa mosavuta:
- nthambi zofewa zosinthika;
- yaitali, woonda, ngati singano.
Imachepetsa kusintha kwa zinthu ndikuwongolera kutayika kwa chinyezi nyengo yachisanu:
- tsamba locheperako;
- wokutira wa singano.
Singano nthawi zambiri zimakhala zobiriwira mdima, zowala ndi dzuwa, nthawi yotalikirapo.
Ma Conifers nthawi zonse amakhala obiriwira nthawi zonse ndipo njira yopangira michere imayambiranso nyengo yabwino ikabwerera masika.
Zosangalatsa za ma conifers
Conifers amabwera mumitundu yonse ya utawaleza, osati wobiriwira okha, singano ndizofiira, zamkuwa, zachikasu kapena zamtambo.
Mtundu wa singano umakhudzidwa ndi kutentha kwa malo okhala, mwachitsanzo, thuja "Reingold" ndi wofiira wachikaso nthawi yotentha ndipo amasandulika mkuwa m'nyengo yozizira, ndipo cryptomeria yaku Japan "Elegance" imakhala yofiira wobiriwira nthawi yotentha ndipo imakhala yofiira mkuwa nthawi yozizira.
Ma Conifers amapezeka mosiyanasiyana, kuyambira pa 30-centimeter compacta juniper mpaka 125 mita sequoia, mitengo yayitali kwambiri komanso yayikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi, ikukula ku California.
Conifers amatenga mitundu yosiyanasiyana, mwachitsanzo:
- lathyathyathya ndi kufalikira pansi (yopingasa mlombwa);
- mivi (chithaphwi cypress);
- multilevel (mkungudza);
- globe (thuja kumadzulo kwa Globose).
Conifers ali ndi mitundu iwiri ya masamba: acicular ndi scaly. Mu juniper, chivundikiro cha ana ndi acicular, masamba achikulire ndi owola (pakapita nthawi, amasintha kuchokera ku singano mpaka masikelo).
Conifers amateteza ku matenda a mafangasi ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, chifukwa amatha kutulutsa utomoni wapadera womwe ndi wowopsa kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono.
