Mbalame yaying'ono kwambiri ku Eurasia ndi North America. Mzere wachikaso pamutu wapangitsa kuti anthu azigwirizana ndi korona. Kukula kwake ndi mawonekedwe ake sizimalola kutchula mbalameyi kuti ndi mfumu. Ichi ndichifukwa chake mwana woyimbayo adapeza dzinalo mfuti... Dzina la sayansi la mtunduwu ndi Regulus, kutanthauza kuti knight, king.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Mfumuyi ili ndi zinthu zitatu zomwe zimatsindika za umunthu. Awa ndi makulidwe, mitundu (makamaka mitu) ndi mawonekedwe amthupi. Kutalika kwachizolowezi cha mbalame yayikulu ndi 7-10 cm, kulemera kwake ndi 5-7 g. Ndiye kuti, kachilomboka kakang'ono kuposa hafu ya mpheta ya panyumba. Ndi magawo awa, adapambana mutu wa mbalame yaying'ono kwambiri ku Eurasia ndi North America.
Ndi zigawenga zochepa chabe ndi ma wrens omwe amayandikira mfumuyo kulemera ndi kukula kwake. Kinglet ndiyotulutsa kwambiri, yosokonekera. Mpira wawung'ono, woponyera wokhala ndi korona pamutu pake, kudzipangitsa kudziwika poyimba nyimbo zapamwamba. Mwinamwake, mwa maonekedwe ake ndi khalidwe lake, anthu adawona mtundu wina wa anthu okongoletsedwa, choncho adatcha mbalameyo mfumu.
Amuna ndi akazi ali ofanana kukula, mawonekedwe amthupi ndi ofanana. Mtundu wa nthenga ndi wosiyana. Mikwingwirima yonyezimira ofiira achikuda m'mbali zakuda imawoneka mwa amuna. Nthawi yosangalatsa, yamphongo ikafuna kuwonetsa kufunikira kwake, nthenga zachikaso pamutu pake zimayamba kuphulika, ndikupanga mtundu wa chitunda.
Pali kusiyana pakati pa nthenga zamphongo zazimuna, zazikazi ndi mbalame zazing'ono zamfumu
Msana ndi mapewa a mbalamezo ndi zobiriwira. Mbali yakumunsi ya mutu, chifuwa, mimba ndi yopepuka, ya utoto wobiriwira wobiriwira. Pakati pa mapikowo pali mikwingwirima yoyera ndi yakuda. Yotsatira ndi mikwingwirima yosinthira kotenga nthawi. Mwa akazi, nthenga za parietal zimakhazikika, nthawi zina zimawoneka nthawi yokhwima yokha. Mwambiri, zazikazi, monga zimakhalira mbalame, sizimakhala zokongola kwambiri.
Maonekedwe a thupi ndi ozungulira. Mapikowo amatseguka mpaka kutalika kukula kwakukula kwa thupi - masentimita 14-17. Phiko limodzi ndi lalitali masentimita 5-6. Mutu wake sukuphwanya zigawo zonse za thupi. Zikuwoneka kuti mbalameyi ilibe khosi konse.
Zosangalatsa, maso ozungulira amalimbikitsidwa ndi mzere wa nthenga zoyera. Mu mitundu ina, mdima wakuda umadutsa m'maso. Mlomo ndi waung'ono, wosongoka. Mphuno zake zimasunthira kunsi kwa mlomo, iliyonse yokutidwa ndi nthenga. Mtundu umodzi wokha - ruby king - uli ndi nthenga zingapo zokutira mphuno.
Mchira ndi waufupi, wokhala ndi mphako wapakati wofooka: nthenga zakunja kwa mchira ndizotalikirapo kuposa zapakati. Miyendo ndi yayitali mokwanira. Tarisi yophimbidwa ndi mbale yolimba yachikopa. Zala zakuphazi ndizolimba komanso zopangidwa bwino. Dzenje pazitsulo kuti mugwire bwino panthambi. Pachifukwa chomwecho, chala chakumbuyo chimatambasulidwa, ndi chala chachitali pamenepo. Kupanga kwa miyendo kumawonetsa kukhala pafupipafupi panthambi.
Pokhala patchire ndi pamitengo, korolki amapanga mayendedwe achinyengo ndi ma coups, nthawi zambiri amakhala atazunguliridwa. Mitundu iwiri - yamutu wachikaso ndi ruby kinglet - siyokakamira pamitengo, nthawi zambiri imagwira tizilombo tikuthawa. Zotsatira zake, alibe mphako palokha, ndipo zala zawo zakumanja ndi zikhadabo ndi zazifupi kuposa mitundu ina.
Kinglet m'nkhalango sikuwonekeratu. Amamva kawirikawiri kuposa momwe amawonera. Amuna amabwereza nyimbo yawo yovuta kwambiri kuyambira Epulo mpaka kumapeto kwa chilimwe. Nyimbo ya mfumu ndi kubwereza kwa mluzu, ma trill, nthawi zina pafupipafupi kwambiri. Kuyimba kwamphongo sikungokhudzana kokha ndi kukonzeka kubereka, ndi njira yodziwikiratu, za ufulu wamderali.
Mitundu
Chogwiritsira ntchito mwachilengedwe chimakhala ndi mbalame zambiri - odutsa. Mulinso mitundu 5400 komanso mabanja opitilira 100. Poyamba, mpaka 1800, ma kinglet anali gawo la banja la warblers, momwe mbalame zazing'ono zimayanjana.
Ataphunzira mwatsatanetsatane kaumboni ka mbalame, akatswiri azachilengedwe adaganiza kuti bango laling'ono ndi zouluka sizifanana kwenikweni. Classified kwachilengedwenso banja osiyana banja korolkov. Pali mtundu umodzi wokha m'banjamo - awa ndi kafadala kapena, m'Chilatini, Regulidae.
Wowerengera wachilengedwe amasinthidwa pafupipafupi. Maphunziro atsopano a phylogenetic amawonjezera moto. Zotsatira zake, mbalame zomwe kale zimawerengedwa kuti ndi zazing'ono zimakulitsa misonkho, zimakhala zamoyo, komanso mosiyana. Lero, pali mitundu isanu ndi iwiri ya ma kinglet m'banja.
- Chikumbu chamutu wachikasu... Mitunduyi imasiyanitsidwa ndi mzere wachikaso wa parietal wokhala ndi mdima wakuda. Mwa amuna, mzerewo ndi wokulirapo wokhala ndi mutu wofiira. Mwa akazi - mandimu dzuwa. Kukhazikitsidwa mu classifier dzina lake Regulus regulus. Zimaphatikizapo pafupifupi 10 subspecies. Amamanga zisa m'nkhalango zowoneka bwino komanso zosakanikirana za ku Europe.
Mutu wachikaso, mitundu yofala kwambiri ya kafadala
Mverani kuimba kwa mfumu ya mutu wachikaso
- Canary kinglet. Mpaka posachedwa, zimawerengedwa ngati subspecies za mfumu yamutu wachikaso. Tsopano ili yokhayokha ngati malingaliro odziyimira pawokha. Chikumbu cha Canary chimadziwika ndi kupanga kwakuda kwakuda kwakatundu wagolide pamutu. Asayansi apatsa mitunduyo dzina loti Regulus teneriffae. Malo omwe amakhala ndi zilumba za Canary.
- Chikumbu chofiira. Mtundu wa mutuwo umakhala ndi mzere wachikaso wa lalanje, woyenera kafadala onse, mikwingwirima yakuda yoyenda mbali zonse ziwiri za chisoti chachikaso, nsidze zoyera, zowoneka bwino. Dzinalo ndi Regulus ignicapillus. Amapezeka kumadera otentha a Europe ndi North Africa.
Mverani kuimba kwa mfumu ya mutu-wofiira
- Madeira kinglet. Udindo wazomwe mbalameyi idasinthidwa udasinthidwa mzaka za XXI. M'mbuyomu amawona ngati subspecies ya mfumu yamutu wofiira, mu 2003 idadziwika ngati mtundu wodziyimira pawokha. Ankatchedwa Regulus madeirensis. Mbalame yosowa, yomwe imapezeka pachilumba cha Madeira.
- Mafumu aku Taiwan. Makina amtundu wa parietal stripe amasiyana pang'ono ndi mitundu yosankha. Mikwingwirima yakuda yomwe ili m'malire ndi yokulirapo pang'ono. Maso amawunikiridwa ndi mawanga akuda, omwe azunguliridwa ndi malire oyera. Chifuwa ndi choyera. Mbali ndi zoyika pansi ndizachikasu. Dzina la sayansi - Regulus goodfellowi. Zimasakaniza ndi nyengo yozizira m'nkhalango zamapiri, zotumphuka komanso zobiriwira nthawi zonse ku Taiwan.
- Mfumu yamutu wagolide. Wokhala ndi nthenda yaimvi yaimitona komanso mimba yopepuka pang'ono. Mutuwo umakhala wachikuda mofananamo ndi mitundu yosankha. M'Chilatini, amatchedwa Regulus satrapa. Nyimbo kinglet, wa mutu wagolidi amakhala ku United States ndi Canada.
- Mfumu yamutu wa Ruby. Mbali yakumbuyo (kumtunda) kwa mbalamezo ndi yobiriwira. Kutsika theka - chifuwa, pamimba, chinyumba - imvi yopepuka ndi kuloza pang'ono kwa azitona. Chodzikongoletsera chachikulu cha kafadala - mzere wonyezimira pamutu - chitha kuwonedwa mwa amuna panthawi yachisangalalo chawo. Asayansi amatcha mbalameyi Regulus calendula. Amapezeka m'nkhalango zaku North America, makamaka ku Canada ndi Alaska.
Mverani kuimba kwa mfumu yamutu wa ruby
Ma kinglet ali ndi achibale akutali. Ichi ndi chisa cha mbalame kupitirira Urals, kumadera akumwera chakum'mawa kwa Siberia. Amatchedwa chiffchaff. Kukula ndi utoto, ndizofanana ndi mfumu. Pamutu, kuwonjezera pa mzere wachikaso wapakati, pali nsidze zazitali zachikaso. Kinglet pachithunzichi ndipo chiffchaff pafupifupi ndizosazindikirika.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Anthu okhala m'nkhalango a Korolki, amakonda ma conifers komanso mitundu yambiri yosakanikirana. Malo okhalamo a korolkov amagwirizana ndi madera omwe amagawa spruce wamba. Palibe mtundu uliwonse womwe umaswana kumpoto kwa 70 ° N. sh. Mu mitundu yambiri, malo okhala amakhala.
Mitundu yosankhidwayo idakhazikika m'malo ambiri aku Europe. Ku Pyrenees, Balkans, kumwera kwa Russia, imawoneka pang'ono. Malo okhala Russia amathera asanafike ku Baikal. Ponyalanyaza pafupifupi Eastern Siberia yonse, mfumuyi idasankha Far East ngati malo akum'mawa kwambiri kukaikira zisa. Anthu pawokha adakhazikika m'nkhalango za Tibetan.
Mitundu iwiri - ma kinglet okhala ndi mutu wagolide komanso wamiyala adziwa North America. Mfundo yobalalitsa mbalame ndi yomweyo ku Europe, Asia - mbalame kinglet amakhala komwe kuli nkhalango zokhazikika. Zokonda zimaperekedwa pamitengo yamafuta. Koma kupatula spruce, korolki imagwirizana bwino ndi Scots pine, phiri la pine, fir, larch.
Mitundu yonse ya kafadala saopa kusiyana kwakutali. Amatha kukula m'nkhalango zam'madzi zomwe zimakwera kufika mamita 3000 pamwamba pa msinkhu uwu. Chifukwa cha zovuta zowonera komanso zobisika, nthawi yogona, njira yamoyo, sizotheka nthawi zonse kudziwa malire ake.
Mafumu amakhala m'gulu la mbalame zongokhala. Koma sizili choncho. Kusamuka kokomera ndimikhalidwe ya kafadala. Pakati pa kusowa kwa chakudya, limodzi ndi mbalame zina, amayamba kufunafuna malo okhala ndi moyo wathanzi. Pazifukwa zomwezo, kusunthika kopingasa kumachitika - mbalame zimatsika m'nkhalango zazitali. Kusuntha kwa mbalame kotere kumachitika pafupipafupi komanso nyengo zina.
Ndege zenizeni zochokera kumalo opangira zisa kupita kumalo ozizira zimapangidwa ndi korolki, yemwe kwawo ndi madera okhala ndi chipale chofewa chonse komanso nyengo yachisanu. Ulendo wautali kwambiri wapaulendo ukhoza kuonedwa ngati njira yochokera kumpoto kwa Urals kupita kugombe la Turkey ku Black Sea.
Kulira kumeneku sikunawulule kwathunthu njira komanso kuchuluka kwa ndege. Chifukwa chake, ndizosatheka kuwonetsa molondola njira zomwe mbalame zimasamukira. Komanso, anthu ambiri okhala m'nkhalango amangodzisamutsira kumapaki ndi nkhalango, pafupi ndi kumene anthu amakhala.
Ndege za mbalame zing'onozing'ono sizimayenda molondola. Mafumu osamukira kumayiko ena amasakanikirana ndi mbalame zachilengedwe. Nthawi zina amasintha machitidwe awo ndikudikirira nyengo yozizira m'nkhalango zowirira, nkhalango zamtchire. Kumene amapanga ziweto zosasinthasintha zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, nthawi zambiri pamakhala timatumba ting'onoting'ono.
Katswiri wazamoyo waku Germany Bergman adakhazikitsa lamulo m'zaka za zana la 19. Malinga ndi izi za ecogeographic, mitundu yofananira yanyama yamagazi ofunda imakula kukula, imakhala kumadera okhala ndi nyengo zozizira.
Kinglet ndi mbalame yaying'ono kwambiri, kukula kwake ngati hummingbird
Zikuwoneka kuti lamuloli silikukhudza mafumu. Kulikonse komwe amakhala ku Scandinavia kapena ku Italy, amakhalabe ocheperapo ochepa. Mkati mwa mtundu wa Regulus, ma subspecies omwe amakhala ku Arctic Circle sali akulu kuposa ma kinglet omwe amakhala m'mphepete mwa Mediterranean.
Makulidwe a kinglet mbalame ndizochepa kwambiri kuti thupi lingatulutse kutentha kokwanira. Chifukwa chake, mbalame nthawi zambiri zimakhala usiku wachisanu, zimagwirizana m'magulu ang'onoang'ono a mbalame. Amapeza malo abwino okhala pakati pa nthambi za spruce ndipo amakumbatirana, kuyesetsa kutentha.
Gulu la mbalame limasiyanasiyana. M'nyengo yogona, kafadala kakang'ono amakhala ndi moyo wophatikizika, nthawi zina amapanga gulu, popanda mawonekedwe owoneka bwino. Mbalame zazing'ono zamitundu ina zimalumikizana ndi magulu osakhazikikawa. Kuyanjana kosagwirizana pakati pa Avian nthawi zambiri kumayendetsa ndege limodzi kapena kufunafuna malo okhutira.
Zakudya zabwino
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timapanga maziko a zakudya za kafadala. Nthawi zambiri, izi ndi nyamakazi ndi cuticles zofewa: akangaude, nsabwe za m'masamba, zofewa-thupi kafadala. Mazira ndi mphutsi za tizilombo ndizofunika kwambiri. Mothandizidwa ndi milomo yawo yopyapyala, ma kinglet amapeza chakudya chawo kuchokera ku ming'alu yamakungwa amitengo, kuchokera pansi pazomera zakuthwa.
Kawirikawiri, kafadala amakhala kumtunda kwa nkhalango, koma nthawi ndi nthawi amatsikira kumtunda kapena pansi. Apa amakwaniritsa cholinga chimodzi - kupeza chakudya. Akangaude nthawi zambiri amawathandiza. Choyamba, ma kinglet amadya okha, ndipo chachiwiri, amatola nyama zangaude zokhala ndi ulusi womata.
Ngakhale ndi yaying'ono kwambiri, mfumuyi imakhala ndi chilakolako chachikulu
Nthawi zambiri, kachilomboka kamaukira tizilombo tomwe timauluka. Zakudya zomanga thupi za kafadala ndizosiyana ndi mbewu za ma conifers. Amatha kumwa timadzi tokoma; kumayambiriro kwa masika adadziwika chifukwa chomwa timadzi ta birch tomwe timayenda pamabala amitengo.
Mafumu amakhala otanganidwa nthawi zonse kufunafuna chakudya. Amasokoneza kuyimba kwawo kuti adye chakudya. Ndizotheka kufotokoza. Mbalame ndizochepa, njira zamagetsi mthupi zimathamanga kwambiri. Zodzoladzola zopitilira zimafunika. Ngati mfumuyi singadye kanthu mkati mwa ola limodzi, itha kufa ndi njala.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Masika, mfumuyi imayamba kuyimba mwamphamvu. Izi zikuwonetsa nthawi yomwe ikuyandikira poswana. Amanena ufulu wake kuderalo ndipo amatcha wamkazi. Mafumu ali ndi akazi amodzi. Palibe masewera apadera pakati pa amuna. Chisa chopweteketsa mtima nthawi zambiri chimakhala chokwanira kuthamangitsa wotsutsayo.
Banjali limanga anapiye pogona. Chisa cha Mfumu Ndi kapangidwe kokhala ngati mphika kakuyimitsidwa panthambi. Chisa chimatha kukhala pamalo okwera kwambiri kuchokera 1 mpaka 20. Mwezi wa Meyi, chachikazi chimayikira mazira khumi ndi awiri. Dera lalifupi la dzira ndi 1 cm, lalitali ndi masentimita 1.4. Mazirawo amaswedwa ndi wamkazi. Njira yolumikizira imatenga masiku 15-19. Anapiye amadyetsedwa ndi makolo onse awiri.
Anapiye a Kinglet amadalirabe makolo awo, ndipo yamphongo imayamba kupanga chisa chachiwiri. Kamwana koyamba kali pamapiko, njira yonse imabwerezedwa ndi clutch yachiwiri. Kutalika kwa anapiye ndikotsika, osapitirira 20%. Pomwepo, awiri okha mwa khumi ndiwo amabala ana awo chaka chamawa. Apa ndipomwe moyo wamfumu zazing'ono nthawi zambiri umathera.
Chisa cha mfumu ndi zomangamanga
Zosangalatsa
Pali chikhalidwe ku Ireland. Pa tsiku lachiwiri la Khrisimasi patsiku la St. Stephen, akulu ndi ana amatenga ma kinglet ndikuwapha. Anthu aku Ireland amapereka malongosoledwe osavuta pazochita zawo. Tsiku lina Stefano, mmodzi wa Akhristu oyambirira, anaponyedwa miyala mpaka kufa. Malo omwe Mkhristu wabisalapo adawonetsedwa kwa omwe amamuzunza ndi mbalame - mfumu. Ayenerabe kulipira izi.
Limodzi mwa matanthauzidwe ofotokoza mayina amfumu, ndiye kuti, mfumu yaying'ono, limalumikizidwa ndi nthano. Ena amati ndi amene analemba Aristotle, pomwe ena amati ndi Pliny. Mfundo yake ndi iyi. Mbalamezi zinamenyera ufulu wawo woti zizitchedwa mfumu ya mbalamezo. Izi zimafuna kuti aziuluka pamwamba pa wina aliyense. Kanthu kakang'ono kwambiri kamabisalira kumbuyo kwa chiwombankhanga. Ndidazigwiritsa ntchito ngati zoyendera, ndidapulumutsa mphamvu zanga ndipo ndinali pamwamba pa ena onse. Kotero mbalame yaying'ono idakhala mfumu.
Ku Yunivesite ya Bristol, oyang'anira mbalame adakhazikika pamalingaliro akuti nyongolotsi sizimangodziwa zidziwitso za abale awo ndi nyama zomwe zili pafupi nawo. Amaphunzira msanga kumvetsetsa zomwe mbalame zosadziwika zikufuula. Pambuyo pakuwunikiridwa kangapo, ma kinglet adayamba kuyankha momveka bwino kulira kwa alarm, komwe sikadamvekeko kale.
