Dzombe amamuwona ngati m'bale wawo wapamtunda wa ziwala. Komabe, kuwonongeka komwe kunayambitsidwa ndi ziweto zawo atakundana ndikukula kwambiri. Minda yokhotakhota, minda yambewu yodzala mizu, minda yowonongeka - zotsatira zake atatha kuyendera gulu lawo lankhanza.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Chilengedwe chapatsa dzombeli thupi lokhalitsa ndi miyendo isanu ndi umodzi, momwe awiriawiri awiri ndi ochepa komanso ofooka, imodzi (nswala) ndiyolimba komanso yayitali. Nthawi zina, pamakhala zitsanzo zomwe "kukula" kwawo kuli pafupi ndi 15 cm.
Subpecies iyi ili ndi mutu waukulu wokhala ndi maso owoneka bwino. Gulu limodzi la osankhika olimba limaphimba mapiko awiri owonekera, omwe sawoneka ngati apindidwa. Dzombe limatanthawuza ku dongosolo lomwe lakhalapo kwanthawi yayitali la Orthoptera, pomwe pali mitundu yopitilira zikwi makumi awiri.
Kujambula nthawi zambiri sikukhudzana ndi chibadwa, koma zikhalidwe zomwe munthu amakhala komanso gawo lakapangidwe kake zimakhudza mtundu. Nthawi zoyambira kunyalala kumodzi zimakhala zakuda mosiyanasiyana zikakwezedwa mosiyanasiyana.
Gawo lakapangidwe limakhudza momwe tizilombo timawonekera - osungulumwa amajambulidwa mumithunzi yobiriwira (yobiriwira-wachikasu kapena mtedza), yomwe imakhudzidwa ndi dera lomwe akukhalamo. Gulu lankhosa likapangidwa, aliyense amatenga mtundu, wofanana ndendende wina aliyense. Kugawanika pakati pa amuna ndi akazi kumatha kale pakadali pano.
Liwiro lomwe gulu lanyama limayenda limafika makilomita 120 patsiku. Dzombe pa chithunzi amawoneka ngati ziwala zodziwika kwa mwana aliyense. Kuti musakhale olakwitsa komanso kuti musaphonye mawonekedwe onyenga owopsa, muyenera kumvetsetsa izi:
- dzombe ndi dzombe amadziwika makamaka ndi kukula kwa tinyanga. Masharubu a chiwala siochulukirapo kuposa kukula kwake, dzombe lili ndi masharubu afupiafupi, silimangokhala mutu wake;
- Anthu a dzombe alibe ziwongolero zakutsogolo kuposa ziwala;
- ziwala zimakonda kuzizira kwa usiku ndipo zimayamba kuyambitsa madzulo, ndipo dzombe limagwira masana;
- ziwala ndi osungulumwa, samasonkhana m'magulu akulu kuti adziteteze;
- chiwala wamba ndi nyama yodya nyama yomwe imadya tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tokha, dzombelo limadyetsa zomera (kwakukulukulu, mosasankha, limadya chilichonse chomwe chingakumane).
Mitundu
Mitundu yotchuka kwambiri ya dzombe ndi iyi:
1. Kusamukira kapena Asia.
Amapezeka mowirikiza m'maiko aku Europe komanso m'maiko omwe ali kumadzulo kwa Asia, mdera la Mediterranean ku Africa, m'maiko a East Asia. Kukula kwa thupi kwa munthu wamkulu nthawi zambiri kumakhala 40-60 mm.
Mapikowo amakhala ndi kamvekedwe koyera kwambiri komanso mitsempha yakuda. Mtundu umabwereza mithunzi yazungulira - emerald wobiriwira, wotuwa wofiirira kapena wamchenga. Miyendo yakumbuyo ya tizilomboti ili ndi mtundu wakuda poyerekeza ndi thupi.
2. Moroccan.
Mitunduyi imakonda kupezeka ku dera la Mediterranean kumpoto kwa Africa. Tizilombo titha kuwonanso kumwera kwa mayiko aku Europe, komanso mayiko omwe ali ku Balkan Peninsula ndi kumwera kwa Russia.
Akuluakulu apakatikati, nthawi zambiri, amakhala osaposa 20 mm, mtunduwo nthawi zambiri umakhala wosawoneka bwino, wotuwa khungu. Mbali yapadera yomwe mungawazindikire ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi mthunzi wowala kumbuyo ndi mabanga amdima omwe amapezeka mosasintha mthupi lonse.
3. Chitaliyana.
Malo akulu okhala ndi mayiko a ku Iberia ndi Apennine. Tizilombo titha kupezeka kumadera akumadzulo kwa Urals komanso m'maiko aku Asia, ku Altai Territory komanso m'maiko a Arab East.
Kukula kwakukulu komwe kachilombo kakang'ono kamakula ndi 40 mm. Anthu a dzombe lachi Italiya ali ndi njerwa kapena mtundu wofiirira, kumbuyo kwake, mabanga kapena mikwingwirima ya mthunzi wowala zimawonekera bwino.
4. Zosefera ku Siberia.
Amapezeka pafupifupi m'madera onse a gawo la Asia la Russian Federation (kupatula madera a permafrost) ndi ku Kazakhstan. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha zosefera zaku Siberia zitha kupezeka kumpoto kwa Mongolia ndi China, dera lamapiri la Caucasus. Anthu okhwima ndi ochepa kukula, kutalika kwawo sikumadutsa 25 mm. Mtundu wa tizilombo ndi bulauni ndi utoto wofiirira kapena mthunzi wa khaki.
5. Zoyipa zaku Egypt.
Mutha kukumana ndi mitundu iyi m'maiko aku Europe, zigawo zakumpoto kwa Africa, ndi mayiko aku Middle East. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa tizilombo tosangalatsa kwambiri. Akazi amatha kukula mpaka 60-70 mm. Amuna ndi ocheperako, kukula kwa thupi lawo sikuposa 40-45 mm.
Dzombe lotere nthawi zambiri limapangidwa ndi utoto wa mbewa kapena mtundu wa mchenga wonyowa. Miyendo yakumbuyo ya kachilomboka imakhala ndi utoto wabuluu, nthawi zina ndikuwonjezera kufiyira kwachikasu. Makhalidwe abwino ndi mizere yooneka bwino - yakuda ndi yoyera, imatha kuwoneka m'maso otupa.
6. Filly wamapiko wabuluu.
Kukhazikika m'mapiri ndi kudera lamapiri a Asia ndi Europe, Caucasus, madera akumadzulo a Siberia ndi Kazakhstan. Sizikugwira ntchito ku mitundu yayikulu. 20 mm ndizomwe tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timatha kukula. Mtundu wa kachilomboka ndi wodabwitsa.
Mapikowa ndi abuluu owoneka bwino kapena abuluu, pomwe mawonekedwe owoneka bwino am'maso owoneka bwino amawoneka bwino. Miyendo yakumbuyo ili ndi timing'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono.
7. Dzombe la utawaleza.
Amakhala pachilumba cha Madagascar. Uyu ndiwothandiza kwambiri komanso wowona maso, koma nthawi yomweyo, ndi wowopsa kwambiri. Ziwalo zake zonse zimadzazidwa ndi zinthu zapoizoni komanso zakupha, chifukwa amangodya zomera zokha zomwe zimatulutsa madzi owopsa.
Chakudya chomwe ndimakonda - masamba a milkweed ndi zipatso. Maonekedwe ake ndiabwino - mitundu yonse imasonkhanitsidwa pamapiko ake, ndipo izi ndizomveka, chifukwa amakhala pakati pa zomera zowala. Kukongola kuli ndi miyeso yosangalatsa - mpaka 70 mm.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Chochititsa chidwi ndi dzombeli ndi kuthekera kwake kukhala lokha komanso kusonkhana m'magulu akuluakulu. Ngati munthuyo ali wosungulumwa, amachita modekha mokwanira, samachita chilichonse ndipo samadya. Zotsatira zowononga za kukhalapo kwake nthawi zambiri sizimawonedwa.
Chakudya chikasowa, tizilombo timayesetsa kuyikira mazira ochuluka momwe anthu amacheza amaswa, okonzeka kuyenda m'malo ambiri. Mbewuyi ndi yayikulupo, ndipo mapiko awo amatha kusintha maulendo ataliatali. M'magulu akuluakulu a dzombe, anthu pafupifupi theka la biliyoni nthawi zina amasonkhana. Gulu lotere limayenda modabwitsa ndipo limalumikizana ngati thupi limodzi.
Amakhulupirira kuti kusowa kwa zinthu zakuthupi ndi ma amino acid mthupi la anthu chifukwa chosakwanira m'zaka zowuma zitha kukhala ngati mbendera ya mazira ambiri.
Zakudya zabwino
Anthu pawokha samabweretsa zowononga m'malo obiriwira. Owonetsetsa amakhala ndi njala yochepa. Mu moyo wawo wonse, amadya zosaposa magalamu mazana asanu obiriwira. Vuto lalikulu ndi dzombe lambiri.
Kuti abwezeretse mphamvu ndi nyonga, anthu omwe asonkhana mgululi amakakamizidwa kudya osayima, apo ayi adzafa ndi ludzu komanso kusowa kwa mapuloteni. Dzombe, lomwe limapezeka kuti lili ndi abale ambiri, limayamba kuwonetsa kususuka kodabwitsa. Munthu m'modzi amatha kuyamwa pafupifupi magalamu mazana anayi obiriwira patsiku, koma pali mamiliyoni ambiri mgululi.
Ndikusowa kwa mapuloteni mthupi, tizilombo timayamba kusintha kukhala nyama zolusa, ndipo njira yodyera mtundu wawo imayamba. Poterepa, gululo limagawika m'magulu awiri ophiphiritsa, limodzi limayenda kutsogolo, ndipo lachiwiri limayesa kugwira ndikudya. Onse othawa komanso okwera amadya chilichonse panjira yawo, akuwononga kwathunthu mbewu ndi minda ya zipatso.
Dzombe – tizilombo wodzichepetsa. Gulu la madola mamiliyoni ambiri lisiya malo opanda kanthu atakhala ndi zotsalira zosowa kwambiri. Anthu amasiyana mosiyanasiyana pakakhala kutentha (m'mawa ndi madzulo).
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Dzombeli ndi kachilombo ka oviparous ndipo limaberekana. Mwamuna wokangalika, kuti akope wamkazi, amatulutsa timadzi tina, molingana ndi kununkhira komwe mkazi amayang'ana mnzake woyenera.
Wokopeka ndi kafungo, amapeza wamphongo ndikuyesera kuti amuyandikire pafupi momwe angathere. Amuna amadziphatika kwa akazi ndikuyesera kuyika kapisozi ndi umuna kumapeto kwa mimba (ovipositor). Kukhalirana nthawi zambiri kumatenga nthawi yayitali ndipo kumatha mpaka maola 13.
Mzimayi amasiya ovipositor pansi pomwepo ndikuphimba ndi madzi ozizira, omwe amawundana amasandulika chikuku cholimba. Clutch imodzi yotereyi imatha kukhala ndi mazira 60-80. Pa moyo wake, mkazi amapanga kuchokera ku sikisi zisanu ndi chimodzi mpaka khumi ndi ziwiri, momwe muli mazira mazana anayi.
Pakadutsa masiku khumi ndi awiri, mphutsi zoyera zimatuluka mumphaka, womwe nthawi yomweyo amapita kukadyetsa kwambiri. Mphutsi imadutsa magawo angapo amakulidwe ndikusandulika kukhala wamkulu mu masiku 35-40.
Nthawi yomwe dzombe limakhala limadalira nyengo yakomwe amakhala ndipo imatha kuyambira miyezi 7-8 mpaka zaka ziwiri. M'madera ozizira kwambiri, dzombe limafa ndikayamba chisanu. Pozindikira gawo lawo Tizilombo tofanana ndi dzombe, muyenera kuthirira malowa nthawi zonse, chifukwa zosefera sizimabereka bwino chinyezi chambiri.
Zomera zimachiritsidwa bwino ndi madzi omwe amapangidwira tizilombo timeneti. Nyama zomwe zadya masamba omwe ali ndi poizoni ziyenera kufa masiku 2-3. Makamaka ayenera kulipidwa pakuzindikira malo omwe angayikire mazira, ndikuyesera kupewa mawonekedwe a mphutsi.
Zosangalatsa
Mwa zina mwa mawonekedwe ndi moyo wa dzombe, pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa:
- Chifukwa chakuti kachilomboka kali ndi miyendo yakumbuyo yotukuka bwino, imatha kusunthira mumtunda umodzi wopitilira kukula kwa thupi lake nthawi makumi awiri.
- Akamadya dzombe, amadya chilichonse chobiriwira. Chakudya chokhala ndi ubweya wobiriwira chikangotuluka m'chipinda chotseka, dzombe limayamba kudya akasupe ake ngati ali obiriwira.
- Tizilombo titha kuwuluka malo akuluakulu osafikira - mpaka makilomita mazana anayi. Kuuluka kwakutali kwambiri kwa dzombe kumachokera ku kontinenti ya Africa kupita kuzilumba za Caribbean. Gulu lambiri la dzombe limagonjetsa dera la makilomita makumi awiri masana.
- Matani 7,000 a zipatso m'masiku 5 adamezedwa ndi gulu la dzombe lomwe linaukira minda yamalalanje ku Morocco. Kusakhutira modabwitsa - tani imodzi pamphindi.
- Dzombe – tizilombo, womwe umakhala m'makontinenti onse apadziko lapansi, chokhacho ndi Antarctica. Izi ndichifukwa cha nyengo yovuta komanso kusowa kwa chakudya. Koma chochititsa chidwi, nawonso kulibe ku North America. Chomaliza kudziwika Kudzala dzombe ku kontrakitala kunayamba mu 1875.
- Njira yachilendo kwambiri yolamulira dzombe inalembedwa m'zaka za zana la 15 France. Woweruzayo, yemwe anali kulingalira za kuwonongeka kwa minda yamphesa ndi tizilombo, adaganiza zakuwapatsa malo, omwe anali oletsedwa kusiya tizirombo.
- Dzombe lili pamndandanda wamayiko ambiri padziko lapansi. Tizilomboti timadyedwa m'maiko makumi atatu mphambu asanu ndi limodzi omwe ali mdziko la Africa, mayiko makumi awiri mphambu asanu ndi anayi aku Asia ndi mayiko makumi awiri mphambu atatu ku South America. Kafukufuku watsimikizira kuti dzombe ndi chakudya chopatsa thanzi chomwe chingalowe m'malo mwa nyama, ndi mafuta ochepa komanso ali ndi mavitamini ambiri.
