Chule wamtengo, kapena chule wamtengo, ndi banja losiyanasiyana la amphibiya okhala ndi mitundu yoposa 800. Chofanana ndi achule amtengo ofanana ndi zikhomo zawo - fupa lomaliza m'miyendo yawo (yotchedwa terminal phalanx) ili ndi mawonekedwe a claw. Chule wamitengo ndiye mbadwa zokhazokha zomwe zimatha kukwera.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: chule la mtengo
Pali mitundu yoposa 700 yamtundu wachule wamtundu, pafupifupi 40. Amapezeka makamaka kumadera otentha a New World, komanso amapezeka ku Europe, Australia, ndi madera ambiri osakhala otentha ku Asia. Mtundu wa arboreal umaphatikizapo mitundu mazana ambiri.
Oimira odziwika bwino akuphatikizira chule wamtengo wobangula (H. gratiosa), European cogger wobiriwira (H. arborea), womwe umafalikira ku Asia ndi Japan konse, chule wamtengo wakuda (H. versicolor), chule wobiriwira wamtundu (H. cinerea), Pacific chule wamtengo (H. regilla). Achule amitengo ndi gulu lalikulu komanso losiyanasiyana la amphibiya. Asintha kuti azitsogolera m'njira zosiyanasiyana.
Kanema: Chule wamtengo
Izi zikutanthauza kuti pali zina zosangalatsa zokhudza achule amitengo:
- tating'onoting'ono - achule ambiri amtengo amakhala ochepa kwambiri mwakuti amatha kukhala bwinobwino kumapeto kwa chala;
- mano - Chule wa Gunther marsupial (Gastrotheca guentheri) - chule yekhayo amene ali ndi mano nsagwada;
- kawopsedwe - kungokhudza dzanja lachikasu (Dendrobates leucomelas) kumatha kubweretsa kufooka kwa mtima;
- Kumeza - Monga achule ena ambiri, achule amtengo amagwiritsa ntchito maso awo kuti amenye chakudya chawo. Amatseka maso awo mwamphamvu kwambiri, zomwe zimakankhira chakudya kukhosi;
- Chule wouluka - Chule wouluka waku Costa Rican wouluka amakhala ndi zoluka pakati pa zala zake kuti zithandizire kuyenda pakati pa mitengo.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe chule wamtengo amaonekera
Achule amitengo amakhala ndi mawonekedwe achule, okhala ndi miyendo yayitali yakumbuyo ndi khungu losalala, lonyowa. Chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe achule amitengo amakhala ndi zikwangwani zopangidwa ndi disc pamiyendo yawo yomwe imawathandiza kukwera mitengo. Maso oyang'ana kutsogolo kwa chule nthawi zambiri amakhala akulu kwambiri, omwe amawathandiza kusaka nyama zawo zopanda nyama, nthawi zambiri usiku.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Achule amitengo amapezeka mumitundu yosiyanasiyana, ina imakhala yowala kwambiri, ngakhale yambiri ili yobiriwira, yofiirira, kapena imvi. Mitundu ingapo imatha kusintha mtundu kuti igwirizane ndi mawonekedwe obisika. Mwachitsanzo, chule wa gologolo (Hyla squirella) ndi wofanana ndi bilimankhwe amene amatha kusintha mtundu.
Ngakhale achule amitengo amatha kukula kukula mosiyanasiyana, mitundu yambiri ya nyama ndi yaying'ono kwambiri chifukwa imadalira masamba ndi nthambi zoonda kuti zithandizire kulemera kwake. Pakakhala masentimita 10 mpaka 14, chule wamtengo wa milomo yoyera (Litoria infrafrenata) wochokera ku Australia ndi Oceania ndiye chule yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Chule wamitengo yayikulu kwambiri ku United States ndi chule wosakhala wobadwa ku Cuba, wamtali kuyambira masentimita 3.8 mpaka 12.7.
Chule wobiriwira wamitengo amatambasula miyendo yake yomwe imathera kumapazi omata okhala ndi mbale. Khungu lawo limakhala losalala kumbuyo kwake komanso lamiyala pambali yamkati. Amakhala ndi mitundu yosinthika: wobiriwira wa apulo, wobiriwira wakuda, wachikasu, ngakhale imvi, kutengera zina zakunja (kuwunika, gawo lapansi, kutentha). Mwamuna amalekanitsidwa ndi wamkazi ndi thumba lake lamawu, lomwe nthawi zambiri limakhala lachikaso, lobiriwira kapena lofiirira, ndipo limakhala lakuda nthawi yophukira.
Chule wamtengo wakuda ali ndi khungu "lobiriwira", lobiriwira, kapena imvi lokhala ndi mawanga akulu, akuda kumbuyo. Monga achule ambiri amtengo, mtundu uwu uli ndi zikhomo zazikulu pamapazi ake zomwe zimawoneka ngati zoyamwa. Ali ndi malo oyera pansi pa diso lililonse komanso wowala wachikaso lalanje pansi pa ntchafu zake.
Wofala m'nkhalango zam'madzi ku Central America, chule wamaso ofiira amakhala ndi thupi lobiriwira lowoneka bwino lokhala ndi mikwingwirima yabuluu ndi yachikaso pambali, tepi yowala ya lalanje yokhala ndi mapadi omata kumapeto kwa chala chilichonse, ndi maso ofiira owala ndi ana akuda owongoka. Pansi pake padzuwa lili ndi khungu lofewa, lofewa, ndipo nsana wake ndi wolimba komanso wolimba.
Kodi chule la mitengo limakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Chule wamaso ofiira
Achule amitengo yamitengo amapezeka m'maiko onse kupatula Antarctica, koma ndiosiyana kwambiri kumadera otentha akumadzulo kwa dziko lapansi. Pafupifupi mitundu 30 imakhala ku United States, ndipo yoposa 600 imapezeka ku South ndi Central America. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti achule ambiri amtengo amakhala okhazikika, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti amakhala mumitengo.
Zipangizo zapadera monga zotsalira ndi miyendo yayitali zimawathandiza kukwera ndi kudumpha. Achule amitengo yopanda arboreal amakhala m'madzi ndi m'mayiwe kapena munthaka lonyowa. Achule amitengo yobiriwira amakhala m'matauni, m'nkhalango ndi m'nkhalango, madambo ndi matope. Ali ndi chizolowezi chokhazikika m'nyumba komanso mozungulira nyumba zakunja kwatawuni, mozungulira matumba osambira ndi akasinja amadzi.
Achule amtengo wamaso ofiira amakhala m'nkhalango zamvula, momwe amapezeka kwambiri m'nkhalango zam'mapiri ndi mapiri oyandikana nawo, makamaka m'malo oyandikira mitsinje kapena mayiwe. Achule amtengo wamaso ofiira ndiokwera kwambiri omwe ali ndi zala pamakapu oyamwa omwe amawathandiza kulumikizana pansi pamasamba pomwe amapuma masana. Amapezekanso atakakamira panthambi ndi mitengo ikuluikulu yamitengo m'malo awo okhala ndipo amatha kusambira pakafunika kutero.
Chule la imvi limapezeka m'mitundu yambiri yamitengo ndi shrub pafupi ndi madzi oyimirira. Mitunduyi imapezeka m'nkhalango, koma imathanso kupita kumunda wamaluwa. Chule wamtengo wamtundu "chule wamtengo" wowona: amatha kupezeka pamwamba pamitengo yayitali kwambiri.
Achulewa samawoneka kawirikawiri kunja kwa nyengo yoswana. Akakhala kuti sagwira ntchito, amabisala m'mabowo m'mitengo, pansi pa makungwa, m'mitengo yovunda, pansi pa masamba ndi mizu ya mitengo. Achule amtengo achule amabisalira pansi pa masamba akugwa ndi chivundikiro cha chisanu. Mazira awo ndi mphutsi zimakhazikika m'mayiwe osaya a nkhalango ndi madambo, matope, maiwe m'mapiri a nkhalango, madambo, ndi mitundu ina yambiri yamadzi okhazikika kapena osakhalitsa omwe alibe madzi apadera, kuphatikiza mayiwe omwe anthu adakumba.
Tsopano mukudziwa kumene chule wamtengo amapezeka. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe chule uyu amadya.
Kodi chule amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Chule wamba wamtengo
Achule ambiri amitengo ndi odyetserako ziweto akakhala tadpoles. Akuluakulu amakonda kudya ndipo amadya nyama zopanda mafupa zazing'ono monga njenjete, ntchentche, nyerere, crickets, ndi kafadala. Mitundu ikuluikulu imadyanso nyama zazing'ono monga mbewa.
Achule amitengo yobiriwira nthawi zina amakhala pansi pa kuyatsa panja usiku kuti agwire tizilombo tomwe timakopeka ndi kuwunikako, koma amathanso kugwira nyama zazikulu pansi, kuphatikizapo mbewa. Milandu yakugwira mileme pakhomo la phangalo yafotokozedwanso.
Achule achikulire amtundu wa imvi amakonda kudya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya tizilombo ndi mphutsi zawo. Nkhupakupa, akangaude, nsabwe, nkhono, ndi slugs ndizofala. Amathanso kudya achule ang'onoang'ono, kuphatikiza achule ena amtengo. Zimayenda usiku ndikusaka mitengo ndi tchire m'nkhalango zowirira. Monga tadpoles, amadya ndere ndi organic detritus zomwe zimapezeka m'madzi.
Achule amtengo wamaso ofiira ndi nyama zomwe zimadya makamaka usiku. Mtundu wobiriwira wa chule wamtengo wamaso ofiira umalola kuti ubisike pakati pamasamba a mitengo, kudikirira tizilombo kapena tizilombo tina tating'onoting'ono tomwe tingawonekere. Achule amtengo wamaso ofiira amadya nyama iliyonse yomwe imakwanira pakamwa pawo, koma chakudya chawo chachizolowezi chimakhala ndi njenjete, njenjete, ntchentche, ziwala, ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale achule ang'onoang'ono.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: chule la mtengo
Achule ambiri amphongo amphongo ndi gawo lawo, ndipo amateteza malo awo mokopa. Mitundu ina imatetezeranso gawo lawo pogwedeza zomera zomwe zimanyamula amuna ena. Achule amtengo achule ndi mitundu yamadzulo. Amangokhala m'mapanga, pansi pa khungwa, muzitsulo zovunda, pansi pamasamba ndi pansi pamizu yamitengo. Usiku, amayang'ana tizilombo m'mitengo, pomwe amatha kukwera mozungulira kapena kusunthira m'miyendo pogwiritsa ntchito mapadi okhala ndimiyendo.
Maso a chule wamtengo wamaso ofiira amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwonetsa mantha, otchedwa machitidwe onyansa. Masana, chule amadzibisa yekha mwa kukanikiza thupi lake pansi pa tsamba kuti msana wake wobiriwira uwonekere. Chule ikasokonezeka, imanyezimira maso ofiira ndikuwonetsa mbali ndi miyendo yake yamitundu. Mtunduwo ukhoza kudabwitsa nyama yolusa kwa nthawi yayitali kuti chule ichoke. Ngakhale mitundu ina yam'malo otentha imakhala yapoizoni, kubisala komanso kuwopa mantha ndi okhawo omwe achule amitengo ya maso ofiira amateteza.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Achule amtengo wamaso ofiira amagwiritsa ntchito kugwedera poyankhula. Amphongo amagwedeza ndi kugwedeza masamba kuti adziwe malo ndi kukopa akazi.
Achule amitengo yobiriwira ndi amantha ndipo ambiri a iwo samalekerera kuchitiridwa bwino (ngakhale atakhala zaka zambiri ali mu ukapolo ena adzakula kuti avomereze izi). Kwa achule ambiri, kufalikira kumawapangitsa kupsinjika, komwe kumatha kukhudza thanzi lawo.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Chule wamtengo wakupha
Kuchulukitsa achule obiriwira amayamba patangotha nyengo yozizira ndikutha mu Julayi, pachimake pakati pa Epulo ndi pakati pa Meyi. Malo oberekera ndi mayiwe ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi zomera zotukuka bwino, momwe achule achikulire amabwerera atasamukira mpaka 3-4 km kutalika. Kuswana kumachitika usiku. Thumba limodzi (mazira 800 mpaka 1000) limachitika m'magulu ang'onoang'ono atapachikidwa pamadzi ozikidwa (chomera kapena mtengo). Ma metamorphoses a tadpoles amapezeka miyezi itatu pambuyo pake. Achule ang'onoang'ono amayamba kutuluka m'madzi ngakhale mchira wawo usanathe.
Achule amtengo achule amaswana kumapeto kwa masika ndi koyambirira kwa chilimwe. Iwo, monga mitundu ina ya achule, amalola kutentha kozizira kwambiri. Masana, achulewa amakhala m'mitengo yozungulira dziwe. Madzulo, amuna amayitana kuchokera kumitengo ndi tchire, koma amalowa mu dziwe atapeza chibwenzi. Zazikazi zimaikira mazira 2000 m'masango ang'onoang'ono a mazira 10 mpaka 40, omwe amamangiriridwa ku zomera. Mazirawo amatuluka pakadutsa masiku asanu kapena asanu ndi awiri, ndipo amatembenuka kukhala tadpoles patatha masiku 40-60 ataswa.
Chule wamaso ofiira amamasuka pakati pa Okutobala ndi Marichi. Amuna amayesa kukopa akazi kudzera mwa "kukuwa" kwawo. Akapeza wamkazi, amalimbana ndi achule ena kuti athe kugwira miyendo yawo yakumbuyo yaikazi. Mkaziyo amapitabe pansi pamunsi pa tsamba pomwe amuna ena amayesetsa kutsamira. Mkaziyo ali ndi udindo wothandizira kulemera kwa achule onse, kuphatikiza ndi omwe amamumata, pomwe akumenya nkhondo.
Kenako amatenga nawo mbali panjira yotchedwa amplexus, pomwe banja limapachikidwa mozungulira pansi pamadzi. Mzimayi amaikira mazira pansi pa tsamba, kenako wamwamuna amawagwiritsa ntchito. Nthawi zambiri wamkazi amataya madzi m'thupi ndipo amagwa limodzi ndi mnzake mu dziwe. Kuchokera apa, wamwamuna ayenera kumugwira, apo ayi atha kumutaya ndi chule lina.
Mazirawo ataswa, anawo amalowa m'madzi momwe amasanduka achule. Nthawi zambiri, tadpoles samapulumuka chifukwa cha nyama zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimapezeka m'madzi. Zomwe zimapulumuka zimakula ndikukhala chule wamtengo wamaso ofiira. Akakhala achule, amasunthira kumitengo ndi achule otsala amaso ofiira, komwe amakhala kwa moyo wawo wonse.
Adani achilengedwe achule amitengo
Chithunzi: Mtengo wachule mwachilengedwe
Achule amitengo amapulumuka bwino ngakhale nyama zikupsinjika mwamphamvu monga:
- njoka;
- mbalame;
- nyama zolusa;
- nsomba.
Njoka ndizofunika kwambiri kuzidya achule amitengo. Amakonda kufunafuna nyama yonyamula m'malo mokometsera, osakana kutetezedwa ndi achule amitengo ambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, njoka zambiri ndi akatswiri okwera mapiri omwe amatha kukwera mitengo ngati achule amitengo. Njoka za makoswe achichepere (Pantherophis sp.) Ndi ma boas amitengo (Corallus sp.) Ndi ena mwa mitundu yomwe imakonda kudya achule.
Otter, raccoons ndi agologolo amadya achule amitengo. Maso akuthwa ndi mapesi olimba a nyamazi amathandizira kupeza ndikuwongolera nyama zomwe zikupezeka m'madzi. Nthawi zina achule amagwidwa mumitengo, koma nthawi zambiri amawagwira akamafika ndikupita kumalo obzala. Mtundu umodzi wa mileme nthawi zambiri umayamba achule, omwe amatha kusiyanitsa mitundu yodyedwa ndi mitundu ya poizoni kamodzi.
Kawirikawiri mbalamezi zimaona bwino kwambiri ndipo zimatha kupeza ngakhale achule obisalapo bwino kwambiri amtengo. Blue jays (Cyanocitta cristata), akadzidzi (Strix sp.) Ndipo akabawi aku banki (Buteo lineatus) ndi mitundu yomwe imadyetsa achule amitengo.
Ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti achule ambiri, kuphatikizapo achule amitengo, amakhala gawo loyamba la moyo wawo m'madzi ngati nkhanu. Pakadali pano, amasakidwa ndi amphibiya ena, tizilombo ndipo, koposa zonse, nsomba. Achule ambiri amitengo, monga achule amitengo yaimvi (Hyla versicolor), amapewa kuwonongedwa kwa ana awo mwa kuikira mazira m'madzi opanda nsomba, monga matope osakhalitsa. Achule ena, monga achule obiriwira obiriwira (Hyla cinerea), amalimbana ndi kukakamizidwa kwa nsomba pazifukwa zomwe sizikumveka bwino.
Omwe amadya achule amtengo wamaso ofiira nthawi zambiri amakhala mileme, njoka, mbalame, kadzidzi, tarantula, ndi timphona ting'onoting'ono. Achule amitengo amagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yawo yowala ngati njira yotetezera adani awo (mitundu yamantha). Pomwe adani awo amagwiritsa ntchito maso awo kusaka akangogunda nyama yawo, nthawi zambiri amakanthidwa ndi mitundu yowala modabwitsa, kumangotsala "chithunzi chazithunzi" pomwe chule wamtengo wamaso ofiira anali poyambirira.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Achule ambiri amitengo amakhala ndi utoto wowoneka bwino (wabuluu, wachikaso, wofiira) mthupi, monga miyendo kapena maso. Akaopsezedwa ndi chilombo, mwadzidzidzi amawalitsa madera achikudawa kuti awopsyeze, kulola chule kuti idumphire panja.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Momwe chule wamtengo amaonekera
Achule amitengo, omwe amaimiridwa ndi mitundu yoposa 700 padziko lonse lapansi, amapezeka ku North, Central ndi South America, komanso Australia ndi New Guinea. M'mbuyomu, achule akhala akuwonetsa mitundu, umboni wazachilengedwe kapena chiopsezo chomwe chikubwera. Nzosadabwitsa kuti chiwerengero cha amphibiya padziko lapansi chatsika m'zaka zaposachedwa.
Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti kuwopseza achule amtengo wamaso ofiira kumaphatikizapo kuipitsa mankhwala kuchokera ku mankhwala ophera tizilombo, mvula yamchere ndi feteleza, nyama zakutchire, komanso kuwonjezeka kwa radiation ya radiation kuchokera ku ozone kuwonongeka, komwe kumatha kuwononga mazira osalimba. Ngakhale chule wamtengo wamaso ofiira sakhala pachiwopsezo, nyumba yake yamvula yamkuntho imakhala pachiwopsezo nthawi zonse.
Kutentha kwanyengo, kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, nyengo ndi kusintha kwa mlengalenga, ngalande zamadambo ndi kuipitsa zachepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa achule amitengo ya maso ofiira m'nkhalango zamvula za Central ndi South America.
Chiwerengero cha achule obiriwira amitengo, monga achule ambiri, nawonso achepetsa mzaka zaposachedwa. Mitunduyi imakhala ndi moyo wautali ndipo imatha kukhala zaka 20. Chifukwa chokhalitsa, kuchepa kwa anthu sikunadziwike kwa zaka zingapo. Akuluakulu amawonekabe ndikumamveka pafupipafupi, koma achule achichepere akucheperachepera.
Chitetezo chamtengo
Chithunzi: Chule yamtengo kuchokera ku Red Book
Ntchito zazikuluzikulu zothandiza kuti achule amitengo azisungidwa ndi cholinga chokhazikitsa ndi kulimbikitsa anthu ofunikira, otenga nthawi yayitali kuchokera pakati mpaka pakati pamavuto amadzi otseguka a dzuwa kapena kusungitsa madzi amodzi ndi akulu omwe ali ndi zomera za m'madzi komanso madera osaya amadzi. Madzi akuyenera kukonzedwa bwino momwe zingafunikire, mwachitsanzo poyang'anira nthawi ndi nthawi madzi, kudula mabanki kapena kuchotsa ndi kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa nsomba, kapena kuwonetsetsa kuti ulimi wa nsomba ndi waukulu momwe ungathere.
Kupititsa patsogolo kuchuluka kwa madzi kuyeneranso kukhazikika pokhazikika madzi apansi panthaka m'madambo ndi madambo, komanso kukonza ndikukhazikitsa madera azigawo ndi madambo akuluakulu, ndikupanga malo obwerera m'mbali mwa mitsinje. Malo okhala achule amtengo wapachaka sayenera kuwoloka kapena kuchepetsedwa ndi misewu yodzaza.
Pamalo abwino pomwe achule amitengo amakumana, mayiwe opangira amatha kukumbidwa kuti aperekenso malo ena oswanirana. Ngakhale maiwe opangira amatha kuperekanso malo owonjezera, sayenera kuwonedwa ngati olowa m'malo mwa mayiwe achilengedwe omwe alipo. Kusamalira zachilengedwe kuyenera kukhala patsogolo kwambiri posunga achule amitengo.
Chule wamtengo Ndi kagulu kakang'ono ka achule komwe kamakhala moyo wawo m'mitengo. Achule enieni amtengo amakhala m'nkhalango ndi nkhalango m'malo otentha padziko lonse lapansi. Ngakhale achule amitengo amatha kukula kukula mosiyanasiyana, mitundu yambiri ya nyama ndi yaying'ono kwambiri chifukwa imadalira masamba ndi nthambi zoonda kuti zithandizire kulemera kwake.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 11/07/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 03.09.2019 pa 22:52
