Chum Ndi nsomba yomwe ili m'banja la salimoni. Ndi ya mitundu yamtengo wapatali chifukwa cha nyama yake yokoma, yokoma komanso caviar yamtengo wapatali. Nthawi zambiri amatchedwa chekecha. Chum saumoni, nawonso, agawika mitundu ingapo, komanso mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu. Mitundu yonse yomwe ilipo lero ndiyofanana mofanana, imakhala ndi moyo wofanana komanso malo okhala. Kupatula kwake ndi Sakhalin chum saumoni, yemwe amapangidwira makamaka kuswana pansi pazinthu zopangira.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Keta
Magawo osinthika a nsombazi samamveka bwino chifukwa chakusowa kwa sayansi. Akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha anthu amanena kuti oyambirira oyambirira a nsomba zamakono analipo m'mitsinje ya North America zaka 50 miliyoni zapitazo. Inali yaying'ono kukula ndipo imafanana ndi imvi m'maonekedwe ndi moyo. Chifukwa chakuti oimira banjali pakusintha amayenera kupulumuka nyengo zosiyanasiyana, amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kusintha kwa malo okhala.
Malinga ndi zojambula pamiyala, titha kunena kuti makolo akale amchere wamchere wamakono anali kale m'chigwa cha Pacific Ocean pafupifupi zaka 10 miliyoni zapitazo. Mitundu ina ya nsomba imakhala m'madzi akulu.
Kanema: Keta
Mitundu yambiri ya salmon yatha. Chimodzi mwazinthu zodabwitsa kwambiri komanso zodabwitsa zomwe zatha ndi "saum-toothed saumoni". Amatchulidwa ndi kambuku wamphongo wamasamba chifukwa chakupezeka kwa zilombo zazitali, zosadziwika bwino za nsomba. Kutalika kwawo kunafika masentimita 5-6 mwa anthu akulu.
Nthawi yabwino kwambiri m'mbiri ndi kusinthika kwa nsomba ya chum idabwera zaka 2-3.5 miliyoni zapitazo. Inali nthawi imeneyi pomwe ma salmonid adagawika m'mitundu, iliyonse yomwe idakhala m'dera lokhalamo.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kodi chum salimoni amawoneka bwanji
Yemwe akuyimira banja la salmon amakhala nthawi yayitali m'madzi am'nyanja. Pogwirizana ndi izi, ili ndi utoto wofanana ndi womwe umakhala kunyanja: siliva-buluu ndikutuluka. Kudera lakumbuyo, nsombayo imakhala ndi mdima wakuda, m'chigawo cham'mimba ndimowala. Mtunduwu umathandiza kuti nsombazi zisadziwike m'madzi komanso pansi. Chuma cha chum chimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe angapo.
Zizindikiro zakunja:
- thupi lalikulu lazitali, zazitali;
- zolimba pang'ono, mbali zomata;
- Zipsepse za caudal ndi adipose zimasunthidwa pang'ono kumchira ndipo zimakhala ndi nthenga za 8 mpaka 11;
- mutuwo ndi waukulu motsutsana ndi thupi lalikulu ndipo umakhala ndi mawonekedwe a kondomu;
- pakamwa ndi yotakata, pali mano osakwanira pakamwa;
- kulibe mawanga amdima ndi mikwingwirima mkamwa;
- thupi liri ndi masikelo apakatikati;
- pali chimbudzi chachikulu cholimba chopanda mphako.
Chosangalatsa: Pa nthawi yobereka, mawonekedwe a thupi ndi mawonekedwe a nsombazi amasintha modabwitsa. Thupi limakulanso ndikukula kwambiri, mawonekedwe a hump kumbuyo. Nsagwada zimakulirakulira, mano amapindika ndikukhala okulirapo komanso otalikirapo. Mtundu umakhala wofiirira, wachikasu, wobiriwira kapena maolivi. Mikwingwirima yofiirira kapena yofiira imawoneka pakatikati pa thupi, yomwe imada nthawi.
Nsomba zina zimatha kukula kwambiri. Thupi la Dina limatha kufikira masentimita 60-80, ndipo kulemera kwake kumatha kupitilira makilogalamu 10.
Chosangalatsa: Malinga ndi zomwe boma limanena, kukula kwakukulu kwa nsomba ya chum kunali mita imodzi ndi theka, ndipo kulemera kwake kunali makilogalamu 16!
Nsomba zomwe zimapita kukaswana nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi thupi lokwanira masentimita 50-65. Kukula kwa thupi kwa nsomba ya chum yachilimwe ndikocheperako kuposa kukula kwa nsomba yamchere yachisanu.
Kodi nsomba za chum zimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Chum saumoni ku Russia
Salmon wa chum amakhala moyo wake wonse m'matupi amadzi amchere pafupi ndi gombe. Malo okhalamo nsomba zamchere ndi nyanja ya Pacific. Nsombazi nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa nsomba ya anadomous chifukwa imakhala m'nyanja, ndipo imakonda kukasambira kukamwa kwa mitsinje. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti popanga nsomba za chum zimayesetsa kupeza pakamwa pa mitsinje yomwe idatulukirako mwachangu. Kusamba kumachitika m'mitsinje yamadzi amadzi ku Far East, mayiko aku Asia, North America kuchokera ku California mpaka Alaska.
Nsombazo zimasankha madzi ofunda a Pacific Ocean - malo otsetsereka a Kuro-Sivo ngati madera okhalamo komanso chakudya.
Madera akutali a chum saum:
- Nyanja ya Okhotsk;
- Nyanja ya Bering;
- Nyanja ya Japan.
Kuswana kumachitika pakamwa pamtsinje. Munthawi imeneyi, nsomba zimatha kupezeka m'mitsinje monga Lena, Kolyma, Indigirka, Yana, Penzhira, Poronaya, Okhota, ndi zina zambiri. Chum salmon ndi nsomba yopanda madzi. Anthu ambiri amakhala ozama osapitirira mamita 10. Nsomba zimakhala gawo lalikulu la moyo wawo posamuka chakudya. Nthawi imeneyi imatha kuyambira zaka 2.5 mpaka 10.
Ichthyologists anazindikira kuti mwa oimira onse a nsomba omwe amakhala m'madzi a Pacific Ocean, ndi nsomba ya chum yomwe ili ndi malo okhala kwambiri. M'madera ena a Russia, makamaka ku Kamchatka ndi Sakhalin, chum saum amakhala m'madzi opangira ziweto zopangira nsomba.
Kodi nsomba za chum zimadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Chum fish
Nsombazi zikamakula, moyo wawo umasintha. Ikafika kukula kwakukulu ndi kulemera kwa thupi komwe kumakhala kotetezeka kupezeka kunyanja yayikulu, imayamba kukhala ndi moyo wodya nyama. Nthawi yonenepa nsomba zimafunikira chakudya chochuluka, chomwe chimapezeka m'nyanja mokha.
Mwachangu atakula, amayamba kulowa pang'onopang'ono m'nyanja. Kumeneku amasonkhana m'magulu ndipo amapeza malo abata, obisalamo omwe amabisala mpaka atakwanitsa kukula bwino.
Ndi ukalamba, nsombayo imayamba kudya nyama zina ndipo imadya nyama zambiri. Munthawi imeneyi, nyama zambiri zimafunikira kuti kulemera ndi kutalika kwatsiku ndi tsiku kukwaniritse zikhalidwezo.
Chakudya cha akulu:
- gerbil;
- hering'i;
- funga;
- kakang'ono kakang'ono;
- anangula;
- sikwidi;
- sardines;
- gobies.
Chifukwa chakuti nsombayi imakhala pasukulu, imasakanso masukulu. Mitundu yeniyeniyo imawathandiza kuti asangokhala osadziwika ndi adani, komanso nyama yawo. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala zokwanira kuti nsomba zizizizira podikirira nyama yomwe ikufuna. Chakudyacho chitayandikira kwambiri, nsomba imaponya ndikugwira nyama. Nthawi zina sukulu ya chum saum imangogwera m'sukulu ya nsomba zina ndikungogwira aliyense yemwe analibe nthawi yobisala.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Chum salmon m'madzi
Zimakhala zachilendo kuti woyimilira banja la salimoni abwerere komwe adabadwira. Chum salmon pafupifupi 100% ya milandu panthawi yopuma imasambira kupita komwe idabadwira. Icho chinali chinthu ichi chomwe chinakhala chofunikira kwambiri, malinga ndi zomwe akatswiri a zachthyologists anagawa nsomba ya chum m'magulu awiri molingana ndi malo - North America ndi Asia. Pazachilengedwe, msonkhano wawo umasiyidwa.
M'gawo la Russian Federation, ma taxon aku Asia amakhala ndi mitundu.
Kutengera ndi malo okhala, ichthyologists apeza mitundu ingapo yamtunduwu:
- taxon yakumpoto;
- Sakhalin;
- Amur;
- Nyanja ya Okhotsk.
Mwachangu atakula kukhala okhwima, achikulire, samakhala m'mitsinje monga ena am'banja la saumoni. Kukulitsa thupi lokwanira kwazaka zingapo, kumapita kunyanja. Poyamba, anthu osakhwima amakhala pafupi ndi gombe m'malo obisika. Pazotheka kwambiri komanso kupezeka kwa chakudya, kulemera kwa nsomba kumawonjezeka pafupifupi 2.5-3% tsiku lililonse. Nthawi imeneyo, kukula kwa nsombayo kukafika masentimita 30 mpaka 40, imapita kukafunafuna dera lomwe lili ndi chakudya chokwanira. Nthawi zambiri, maulendo ngati amenewa amatha zaka zingapo.
Nsomba ya chum si nsomba imodzi, imasonkhana m'masukulu ambiri. Ambiri mwa iwo amakhala mdera lakumpoto kwa Pacific Ocean. Masika akabwera ndipo madzi amatentha, amasamukira kugombe lakumpoto ku America. Pakapita nthawi, gulu lankhosa limagawika m'makanda osakhwima kapena okhwima. Nsomba zomwe sizinakwane kuti ziberekeke zimapita kugombe lakumwera. Pamene ikukula ndikukhwima, nsomba ya chum imasandulika nyama yowononga.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Chum
Kutha msinkhu kumayamba pakati pa zaka za 3.5 ndi 6.5. Oyamba kutsegula nyengo yobereketsa ndi anthu amtundu wa chilimwe. Amayi ambiri omwe amatulutsa nsomba zazing'ono, omwe zaka zawo sizopitilira zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri. 16-18% yokha ndi akazi azaka zopitilira zisanu ndi ziwiri.
Oimira mawonekedwe a chilimwe amayamba kutuluka kumapeto kwa chilimwe, koyambirira kwa nthawi yophukira, nthawi yomwe madzi amakhala ofunda momwe angathere, ndipo kutentha kwake sikutsika pansi pamadigiri 14. Oimira mawonekedwe a nthawi yophukira amabala kugwa ndi nyengo yozizira. Malo abwino oberekera si malo ozama kwambiri, pomwe kuya sikupitilira mita ziwiri. Zomwe zilipo m'malo otere siziyenera kukhala zamphamvu, ndipo miyala, miyala kapena miyala yoyenerera ndiyabwino pansi pake.
Malo abwino kwambiri atapezeka, mkazi amakonzekera malo oti abalire. Choyamba, mothandizidwa ndi kumenyedwa kwamphamvu ndi mchira wake, imakonza pansi pamunsi pomwe ipangiramo. Pambuyo pake, chimodzimodzi, amagogoda pansi pansi, kuya kwake komwe kumatha kufikira theka la mita. Pabowo lililonse, mzimayi m'modzi amatha kuikira mazira 6-7,000. Unyinji wonse wa caviar ukhoza kufika theka ndi kilogalamu awiri. Kenaka amuna amawathira manyowa, ndipo akazi amawatchera pansi mosamala.
Chum salmon ndi nsomba yomwe imakhala yachonde kwambiri. Mkazi m'modzi amatha kupanga zikopa zitatu kapena zinayi m'malo osiyanasiyana nthawi yobereka.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Ataikira, akuponya mazira ndikupanga zowalamulira, nsomba zonse zimafa pasanathe mwezi umodzi. Nthawi imeneyi imagawidwa mwachilengedwe kuti nsombazo zizitha kuchoka m'malo omwe zimasalirako ndikugawidwa pamtsinje kuti zisawonongeke zachilengedwe.
Nthawi yosakaniza ndi masiku pafupifupi 120-140. Pambuyo pa nthawi imeneyi, mazira amatuluka m'mazira, omwe amaikidwa m'sela lapadera. Imagwira ntchito yoteteza ndipo imalola mazira kukula popanda kusiya mazira. Kutuluka koyamba kwa mwachangu kumachitika kumapeto kwa Epulo, koyambirira kwa Meyi. Munthawi imeneyi, mwachangu amasonkhana m'magulu ndikubisala m'nyanjayi, miyala. Chifukwa cha utoto wamizeremizere, mwachangu amatha kukhala osadziwika ndi adani ambiri.
Adani achilengedwe a ket
Chithunzi: Kodi chum salimoni amawoneka bwanji
Chum salmon amasinthidwa kuti azikhala kunyanja. Ili ndi mtundu woyenera, womwe umaloleza kuti ungodikirira nyama, kuphatikizana ndi pansi, kapena madzi am'nyanja, komanso kubisalira adani motere. Komabe, akadali ndi adani achilengedwe okwanira. Pa gawo lililonse lakukula kwake, ili ndi adani ambiri. Zinyama zina zam'madzi zimawononga ndowe za nsomba zam'madzi mwa kudya mazira ake, kusaka mwachangu, komanso akuluakulu.
Adani achilengedwe achangu:
- Asia akumva;
- char;
- imvi;
- kunja;
- burbot;
- minnow;
- lenok;
- matenda;
- nyali.
Nsomba zazikulu zili ndi adani osati m'madzi amchere okha. Ali ndi adani okwanira omwe amakhala pamtunda. Izi ndichifukwa choti amatha kusambira m'madzi osaya ndikukhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja.
Adani a akulu akuphatikizira:
- chimbalangondo;
- kusindikiza;
- nkhono;
- nsomba ya beluga;
- otter;
- tuluka;
- tern;
- merganser.
Malo apadera pakati pa adani a nsomba amapatsidwa kwa munthu. Amamusaka pamalonda. Caviar yake ndi nyama yofiira ndizofunikira kwambiri. Zakudya zopangidwa kuchokera ku nsomba zamtunduwu zimawerengedwa kuti ndizakudya zenizeni, zopangidwa mwaluso, ndipo ndizofunika kwambiri ngakhale pakati pa gourmets.
Chum nsomba zimagwidwa pogwiritsa ntchito maukonde ndi seines. M'madera a Russian Federation, nsomba za chum zimagwidwa pakatikati pa mitsinje ndi madoko am'nyanja. Malo opangira nsomba amamangidwa pafupi ndi malo akuluakulu osodzapo kuti asawononge nyama ndi caviar.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Chum saumoni
Masiku ano, kuchuluka kwa nsomba padziko lapansi si vuto. Izi zimathandizidwa ndi ntchito yayikulu yobereka. Komabe, kudera la Russia, kuchuluka kwa anthu kwatsika kwambiri pazaka 50 zapitazi. Izi zidathandizidwa ndi usodzi wosalamulirika komanso kuchuluka kwa anthu opha nyama mosavomerezeka. Pochepetsa kuchepa kwa nsomba m'dera lachilengedwe, ku Sakhalin ndi ku Kamchatka kunapangidwa nazale zapadera, momwe nsomba zimapangidwira mafakitale.
M'madera a Russia, oyang'anira asodzi nthawi zonse amayang'anira madera omwe angakhale nsomba ndikulimbana ndi opha nyama mosavomerezeka. Komanso, anthu a nsomba za chum amatetezedwa ndi malamulo kuchokera ku usodzi wosalamulirika pamalonda. Kusodza kwayokha, komanso nsomba zamakampani, zimaloledwa pokhapokha titapeza chilolezo ndikupeza layisensi yapadera.
Kuchepetsa kwa kuchuluka kwa nsomba za chum kunathandizidwa ndi kugwidwa pamlingo waukulu kwambiri ndi aku Japan pafupifupi theka la zaka zapitazo. Panthawiyo, adayala maukonde m'malire ndi USSR kwa 15,000 km. Chifukwa cha izi, samimoni sanathe kubwerera ku Sakhalin, Kamchatka ndi malo awo oberekera. Apa ndiye kuti nsomba zinachepa kwambiri. Kukula kwa anthu komwe kudalipo sikunabwezeretsedwe.
Chum Ndi membala wofunikira kwambiri m'banja la salimoni. Amayamikiridwa kwambiri chifukwa cha nyama yokoma komanso yathanzi, komanso caviar modabwitsa.
Tsiku lofalitsidwa: Seputembara 27, 2019
Idasinthidwa: 11.11.2019 pa 12:05
