Buluzi

Buluzi - osati mbalame yayikulu kwambiri yodya nyama, koma yofalikira. Amatha kuwoneka nthawi zambiri ku Russia, makamaka ku Europe. Kuthetsa makoswe, akhwangwala sawalola kuti aziberekana mopitilira muyeso, ndipo ngati kuli nyama zochepa pafupi nawo, amasinthana ndi achule, njoka, ndi mbalame zina. Buzzards ndi osaka mwaluso kwambiri.

Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera

Chithunzi: Buzzard

Khwangwala wamba, yemwe amadziwikanso kuti khungubwe, wakhala akudziwika ndi anthu kuyambira nthawi zakale, ndipo malongosoledwe ake asayansi adachitika ndi Carl Linnaeus mu 1758. Ili ndi dzina lake mu Latin Buteo buteo, kuphatikiza pa mitundu iyi, mtundu wina wa akhungubwe akuphatikizanso ena khumi ndi atatu.

Buluzi ndi amtundu wa mbewa. Malinga ndi mtundu wofala kwambiri, oimira ake oyamba adawonekera patangotha ​​kutha kwa Cretaceous-Paleogene, pomwe anthu ambiri amasulidwa, kuphatikizapo zouluka.

Kanema: Buzzard

Mbalame yakale kwambiri yamphamba, Masiliraptor, idakhala padziko lapansi zaka 50 miliyoni zapitazo. Kuchokera kwa iye ndi mitundu yotsatila yomwe sinapulumuke mpaka lero, zomwe zapezekazi zidayamba: njira yopangira genera lamakono ndi akazi amasiye adakokedwa kwazaka makumi khumi.

Monga kukhazikitsidwa ndi ofufuza zamtundu, ma buzzard amakono ndi gulu laling'ono. Idasiyana ndi mitundu ina yonse yofanana ndi ya mphamba pafupifupi zaka 5 miliyoni zapitazo, koma mitundu yake yomwe idakhala padziko lapansi pamenepo idazimiririka, ndipo amakono adangowonekera zaka 300,000 zapitazo.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: A Buzzards ndi anzeru komanso osamala kwambiri: kuti asaulule malo okhala chisa chawo, amawulukira mmenemo osati molunjika, koma mozungulira, komanso panjira pomwe amakhala pamitengo ina.

Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe

Chithunzi: Khungubwe amawoneka bwanji

Mphemvu ndi wautali masentimita 50-58, ndipo mapiko ake ndi a masentimita 105 mpaka 135. Pali mitundu itatu ya mbalameyi: zofiirira ndi zofiira ndi mimba ya motley, zofiirira ndi buffy pamimba, zofiirira. Iliyonse mwa mitundu iyi ya mitundu imatha kutsatiridwa kuyambira paunyamata mpaka ukalamba wa khungubwe. Mbalame zamtundu woyamba zimapezeka nthawi zambiri, zosowa kwambiri ndizachitatu. Nthawi zina ma buzzards amasokonezeka ndi omwe amadya mavu, omwe amafanana kwambiri ndi utoto, mutha kuwasokoneza ndi mitundu ina.

Koma pali zizindikilo zingapo, kupeza zingapo zomwe mungazindikire khungubwe.:

• ili ndi miyendo yachikaso, koma koposa imawonekera ndi utoto wa milomo yake: m'munsi mwake ndiyachikasu, kenako imakhala yabuluu yotumbululuka, mpaka kumapeto kumachita mdima;
• khungu la diso la khungubwe wachichepere ndi lofiirira ndi kansalu kofiira, pang'ono ndi pang'ono kumayamba kukula imvi. Achinyamata nthawi zambiri amakhala osiyana siyana, pakapita nthawi mtundu umakhala wosasangalatsa;
• khungubwe lomwe lakhala pansi limatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi mbalame ina momwe limakhalira: likuwoneka ngati likuchepera paliponse, ndipo koposa zonse, limakakamira mwendo umodzi. Nthawi zonse amakhala wokonzeka kutuluka nawo ndikuyamba kuwuluka kukafuna nyama: ngakhale atapuma, amapitilizabe kuyang'ana mozungulira ndikuyang'ana china chake choti apindule nacho.

Izi ndi zizindikiro zazikulu, koma zina ziyenera kuzindikiridwa mwachidule: khungubwe lowuluka limakanikiza khosi lake mthupi lonse, mchira wake ndiwotambalala bwino komanso wotseguka, mapiko ake ndi otakata, ndipo pali mabala owala; mbalameyo siimagwira mapiko ake pamzere wakuthupi, koma imakweza pang'ono; mwa ambiri mwa anthuwo, mzere wakuda womwe umadutsa m'mphepete mwa mchira ukuwonekera bwino, koma ena satero.

Kodi khungubwe amakhala kuti?

Chithunzi: Buzzard akuthawa

Amakhala m'malo akulu, kuphatikiza:

• pafupifupi ku Europe konse, kuphatikiza gawo la Europe la Russia - kulibe okha kumpoto kwa Scandinavia;
• kum'mwera kwa gawo la Asia ku Russia;
• Caucasus;
• Asia Minor;
• Pafupi ndi East;
• Iran;
• India;
• ambiri a ku Africa.

Nthawi zochepa kuposa madera omwe atchulidwa, khungubwe limapezeka m'maiko a Far East - China, Korea, Japan. Zambiri mwa mbalamezi zimangokhala, ndipo oyimira okhawo a subspecies vulpinus, ndiye kuti, timabulu ting'onoting'ono kapena tating'onoting'ono, timauluka chakumwera kugwa. Amakhala ku Russia, Scandinavia ndi Eastern Europe, ndipo amapita ku India ndi Africa nthawi yachisanu.

Ngakhale kuti ena mwa iwo sangapite nyengo yachisanu, kumadera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja pafupi ndi Nyanja Yakuda ndi Caspian: kumadera omwe kumazizira kwambiri m'nyengo yozizira, koma kulibe chipale chofewa. Mbalameyi ndi yotentha kwambiri ndipo imatha kupulumuka nyengo yozizira ku Europe. Kudera la Europe la Russia, ma buzzards amagawidwa mofanana, amakhala makamaka m'malo omwe nkhalango zimasinthana ndi malo odyetserako ziweto ndi minda momwe kuli kosavuta kuti azisaka. Amakondanso nkhalango zowirira, makamaka zomwe zili kumapiri.

Kudera la Asia ku Russia komanso kumpoto kwa Kazakhstan, adasankha dera lamapiri. Nthawi zambiri amasankha malo pafupi ndi malo osungiramo malo okhala, amatha kukhala pamiyala, ngakhale amakonda mitengo. Amakonda malo okhala ndi mapiri, koma samakhala kumapiri: kutalika kwake komwe amakhala sikupitilira 2,000 m, nthawi zambiri kumakhala pakati pa 200-1,000 m.

Tsopano mukudziwa kumene mbalame ya khungubwe imakhala. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.

Kodi khungubwe amadya chiyani?

Chithunzi: Mbalame ya Buzzard

Menyu ya nkhuku ndiyambiri, koma imangophatikiza chakudya cha nyama. izo:

• mbewa ndi makoswe ena;
• amphibiya;
• abuluzi ang'onoang'ono;
• njoka;
• nyongolotsi;
• nkhono;
• mbalame zazing'ono ndi anapiye;
• mazira;
• tizilombo.

Chakudya chachikulu cha khungubwe ndi makoswe - mbewa ndi zina, makamaka zazing'ono. Amatha kutchedwa chilombo chapadera, chifukwa njira yake yonse yosakira ndiyofunika kuti agwire bwino mbewa. Koma, ngati chiwerengerochi chikuchepa ndipo kumakhala kovuta kupeza nyama, ndiye kuti mbalame iyenera kusinthira ku mitundu ina.

Nthawi zambiri, zikatero, imayamba kudyetsa pafupi ndi matupi amadzi, komwe kuli amphibiya ang'onoang'ono, mutha kupezanso nyongolotsi ndi mollusks - pali chakudya chochuluka cha khungubwe. Mosiyana ndi minda ndi malo osungira, samasaka m'nkhalango, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti pali nyama zakutchire zochepa pamndandanda wawo. Nthawi zambiri, pakakhala mbewa zokwanira m'munda, khungubwe silikuwopseza mbalame zina, koma ngati pali mbewa zochepa, zimatha kuyamba kuzidyanso: zimagwira mbalame zazing'ono, zimadya anapiye ndi mazira. Ngati khungubwe lanjala limawona mbalame yodya yaying'ono kuposa iyo, ikuuluka ndi nyama yake, ndiye imayesera kuti iichotse.

Mphemvu ndi yoopsa kwa abuluzi ndi njoka, kuphatikiza zomwe zimawononga zoyizoni. Koma kusaka kotereku ndi kowopsa kwa iwo: ngakhale ankhandwe amathamanga kwambiri, pali mwayi kuti njokayo itha kuluma mbalameyo. Kenako amamwalira ndi poizoni, chifukwa alibe chitetezo chokwanira. Ngakhale ma buluzi amakonda kusaka, ngati pali nyama yochepa, amathanso kudya nyama yakufa. Mbalameyi imakonda kwambiri: munthu m'modzi amatha kudya makoswe khumi ndi atatu patsiku, ndipo chaka chilichonse amawononga masauzande ambiri. Chifukwa cha izi, ndizothandiza, chifukwa tizirombo tambiri monga mbewa, timadontho, ndi njoka zapoizoni zikuvutitsidwa. Achikulire achichepere amapheranso tizilombo tovulaza.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Sarich ndi dzina lina la akhungubwe, lomwe limagwiritsidwanso ntchito pafupipafupi. Ambiri mwina adachokera ku liwu la Türkic "sary", lotanthauzidwa kuti "chikasu".

Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe

Chithunzi: Buzzard ku Russia

Khungubwe ali ndi ziwalo zomveka bwino: amakhala ndi maso owoneka bwino, kumva kununkhiza komanso kumva bwino. Zonsezi zimamulola kuti azisaka bwino, ndipo ndizovuta kwambiri kuchoka kwa iye. Kuphatikiza apo, ma buzzards nawonso ndi mbalame zanzeru, izi zimawonekera makamaka akakhala mu ukapolo - amatha kudabwitsa anthu ndi nzeru zawo zachangu komanso mochenjera. Ntchentche nthawi zambiri zimauluka pang'onopang'ono, koma zimachita mwakachetechete ndipo zimatha kuyandikira nyama yawo osadziwika. Iwo amadalira makamaka modabwitsa ndi kuponyera lakuthwa. Amatha kuuluka mwachangu kwambiri, koma ndi otsika kuposa mbalame zina zambiri, kuphatikiza zazikulu.

Mapiko awo ndiabwino kuti aziuluka pang'onopang'ono mlengalenga - chifukwa samachita chilichonse. Amatha kuwuluka motere kwa maola ambiri motsatizana komanso nthawi yonse yomwe amayang'ana pansi, ndipo pamene khungubwe limawona yemwe angatengeke ndi vuto, limagwa ngati mwala pansi, ndikupinda mapiko ake, ndikufalitsa pokhapokha likakhala pansi pomwepo.

Potuluka pamwamba pake, imathamanga kwambiri, ndipo koposa zonse, imakhala yosayembekezereka, yomwe imapatsa mbalameyo mwayi wofikira nyama yake ndi zikhadabo isanazindikire zomwe zikuchitika. Ngakhale kuti khungubwe nthawi zambiri limachita ulesi kwambiri posaka, koma nthawi zina limangotengeka mopitirira muyezo, silikuwona zopinga ndi kuwonongeka kwa iwo. Buzzards amathanso kukhala pamtengo kwa nthawi yayitali, nthawi zambiri amasankha youma kapena yopanda nthambi mbali imodzi kuti muwone bwino, kapena pamtengo ndikudikirira nyama. Umu ndi momwe amakhala nthawi yayitali, ndikumapuma mumdima.

Anthu osamukira kumayiko ena amasamukira kumwera ndi ziweto zambiri kuyambira masiku omaliza a chilimwe mpaka kumapeto kwa Seputembala, kutengera malowo, nthawi zambiri onse amathawa nthawi imodzi, kotero kuti tsiku lina pali ambiri omwe akuuluka mozungulira malowa, ndipo kwina amakhala opanda kanthu. Amabwerera pakati pa masika, ndipo mbalame zochepa zimabwerera mmbuyo: achinyamata nthawi zambiri amakhala m'malo achisanu kwazaka zingapo. Buzzards amakhala kwanthawi yayitali: zaka 22-27, ndikundende mpaka 35.

Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka

Chithunzi: Common Buzzard

Nthawi yakumasirana imayamba atangofika. Amuna amayesa kudziwonetsa okha pokwera ndege ndikukonzekera ndewu. Banja likatsimikiza, amamanga chisa kapena amakhala ndi chakale ndikungomangapo. Nthawi zina zisa izi zinali za mbalame zina palimodzi, nthawi zambiri akhwangwala. Amakonda kumanga zisa osati mkatikati mwa nkhalango, koma pafupi ndi m'mphepete mwake, mtengowo ukhoza kukhala wowongoka kapena wowola. Chisa chimakhala mu mphanda mu nthambi zowongoka zolimba pamtunda wa 7-15 mita. Akhungubwe amayesetsa kupangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuziwona zonse kuchokera pansi komanso kuchokera kutalika. Nthawi zambiri, chisa chimatha kukhala pathanthwe.

Kukula kwake kwa chisa ndi 50-75 masentimita, ndikutalika kocheperako - masentimita 20 mpaka 40. Zinthu zake ndi nthambi zolukidwa ndi udzu wouma - ndizolimba m'mphepete, ndipo kufupi ndi pakati, ndizochepa. Pakati penipeni pamakhala tchuthi cha anapiye opangidwa ndi nthambi zowonda kwambiri, koma otetezedwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana: nthenga, moss, pansi, khungwa. Ngati asanagone m'modzi mwa awiriwa atamwalira, ndiye kuti adzasinthidwa ndi mbalame ina: atazindikira awiriwo, pali anthu ochepa osakwatirana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Ziphuphu zimapangidwa kumapeto kwa kasupe ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mazira 3-5. Zigobowo zawo zimakhala zotuwa pang'ono pang'ono komanso zobiriwira pang'ono, pomwepo pamakhala mawanga ofiira kapena abulauni.

Chiwerengero cha mazira mu clutch chimadalira chaka: ngati nyengo ili yabwino ndipo pali mbewa zambiri m'derali, padzakhala zowerengeka zambiri. M'zaka zanjala, pakhoza kukhala dzira limodzi lokha mu clutch, ndipo mzaka zoyipa kwambiri, akhungubwe ambiri sangapeze ana konse. Mkazi amakhala akuchita makulitsidwe, nthawi imeneyi imakhala mpaka milungu isanu. Pakadali pano yamphongo nayo siyisokoneza, koma imadyetsa yaikazi kuti isamawuluke paliponse kuchokera pachisa. Mbalame yomwe ili pa clutch siichuma, imayesetsa kubisala anthu osawadziwa akaonekera chapafupi, kapena ikalira modabwitsa ikamauluka mozungulira.

Ngati nthawi yosakaniza nthawi zambiri amasokonezeka, amatha kusiya zowalamulira ndikupanga yachiwiri - nthawi zambiri mumakhala dzira limodzi lokha. Pamene anapiye amawoneka, amakhala okutidwa ndi ofiira kwambiri. Poyamba, wamwamuna amatenga nawo mbali powapezera chakudya, ndipo chachikazi chimagawana, kuti aliyense alandire gawo lawo. Anapiye akasintha kukhala abulauni mpaka kumvi, makolo onse awiri amayamba kupeza chakudya - chambiri chimafunika. ndiye amayamba kuponyera chakudya chisa, ndipo anapiye iwowo amagawa ndipo nthawi zambiri amayamba kumenyana.

Pakachuluka kwambiri pachaka, anapiye amapulumuka. Ngati atapezeka kuti alibe chakudya, ndiye kuti anthu 1-2 atha kupulumuka mpaka kuthawa. Ma buzzards achichepere amaphunzira kuwuluka masabata 6-7 amoyo, ndipo akadziwa kuthawa bwino, amasiya makolo awo ndikuyamba kusaka pawokha - nthawi zambiri kumapeto kwa Julayi. Maana akuchedwa amatha kutuluka mpaka theka loyamba la Seputembala, nthawi zambiri amachokera ku clutch yachiwiri. Mbalame kuchokera ku gulu limodzi zimapitilizabe kukhala limodzi munthawi yotsalira isananyamuke kumwera, ndikusunthira mpaka pakati nthawi yophukira. Ma buzzards ena amakhala kwa Novembala ndipo amatha kukhala m'nyengo yozizira.

Adani achilengedwe a akhungubwe

Chithunzi: Buzzard m'nyengo yozizira

Kugwira khungubwe ndi ntchito yovuta kwambiri chifukwa cha maso ake akuthwa komanso kumva, chifukwa chake ngakhale mbalame zazikuluzikulu sizimazisaka. Koma samadzimva kukhala wotetezeka kwathunthu mwina: ziwombankhanga, gyrfalcons, falcons zitha kulimbana ndi khungubwe wosweka ndi nyama yake, ndipo aliyense amayesetsa kuti amuchotsere.

Mbalamezi ndi zazikulu komanso zamphamvu, choncho khungubwe limatha kuvulala kwambiri polimbana nawo. Koma izi zimachitika kawirikawiri, nthawi zambiri zimatha kutsutsana ndi khungubwe wina. Makamaka zimachitika munthawi yakumasirana, koma nthawi zina zimatheka chifukwa cha malowa - sipakhala zokwanira aliyense, ndipo mbalame zosowa zimakakamizidwa kukasaka kumaiko akunja.

Pakulimbana kotere, imodzi kapena zonse ziwiri zimatha kukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zikhadabo ndi milomo. Woluza athamangitsidwa, ndipo wopambanayo adzalanda kapena kupitiliza kukhala m'deralo. Mbalame yotayika ilibe mwayi wosaka ndipo imatha kufa ndi mabala ndi njala - pambuyo pake, kuti mabala akule, imayenera kudya kwambiri.

Zowononga zisawononga kuwononga mphemvu: mbalame zazikuluzikulu, monga nkhwangwa ndi ma kite, ndi mbalame zazing'ono, monga akhwangwala ndi magpies, amatha kusaka izi; A Weasel amakondanso kudya mazira ndi anapiye. Koma ma buluzi samawonongeka nawo mofanana ndi mbalame zina zambiri, chifukwa chachikazi sichimasiyidwa kawirikawiri pachisa.

Pakati pa adani a khungubwe ndi munthu: mwachitsanzo, ku USSR amawerengedwa ngati tizirombo ndipo mphotho idaperekedwa pakuwonongedwa kwawo, chifukwa chake amaphedwa masauzande chaka chilichonse. M'mayiko ena, izi zidachitikanso, ndipo m'malo ena akuphedwabe mosalamulirika.

Koma mbalame zochulukirapo m'zaka zaposachedwa zakhala zikukumana ndi vuto la mafakitale ndi kulima malo okhala ndi ziphe - mwachitsanzo, kupha tizilombo. Kudzikundikira kwa ziphezo mthupi la akhungubwe kumabweretsa kufa kwawo koyambirira.

Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi

Chithunzi: Khungubwe amawoneka bwanji

Mitundu yonse ya mitunduyi ndi yokwanira kuti igawidwe kuti siyodetsa nkhawa. Poyerekeza ndi zomwe zidachitika m'zaka zoyambirira za zana lomaliza, pakhala kusintha kwakukulu. Kenako nthungululu zinawonongedwa ponseponse ngati tizirombo, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti nthawi zina ziwonjezeke ku Europe ndi Russia.

Kenako zinawonekeratu kuti "tizirombo" timachita ntchito yofunika kwambiri, kuwononga makoswe ndi tizirombo tina. Ngakhale mbalame zina zambiri zodya nyama nawonso zimachita izi, ma buzzards ndi amodzi mwa ambiri komanso othandiza.

Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa chiwerengero chawo, kuchuluka kwachilengedwe kudasokonekera ndipo panali makoswe ochuluka kwambiri, chifukwa chake, pafupifupi m'maiko onse aku Europe, kusaka ma buzzards kunali koletsedwa, pambuyo pake kuchuluka kwawo kunayamba kuchira.

Ku Ulaya kuli anthu pafupifupi 1.5 miliyoni, zomwe zikuchititsa kuti khungubwe akhale imodzi mwa mbalame zazikulu zedi zodya nyama ku Ulaya. Padziko lonse lapansi, malinga ndi kuyerekezera kosiyanasiyana, pakhoza kukhala mbalame kuyambira 4 mpaka 10 miliyoni.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Malinga ndi imodzi mwamasinthidwe, dzina la mbalame - khungubwe, lidachitika chifukwa limalira mofuula, ndipo lili pafupi ndi mawu oti "kubuula". Koma palinso lingaliro lina: kuti limachokera ku "Slavic" kanuti "wakale, kutanthauza" kugwa ", chifukwa umu ndi momwe akhungubwe amasakira. Verebu loti "kubuula" m'malo mwake, limachokera ku dzina la mbalameyo.

Mofulumira ndi agile khungubwe amatha kupereka zovuta monga mlenje kwa mbalame zina zambiri zodya. Posankha m'mbali mwa nkhalango, mbalamezi zimauluka mozungulira minda ndi madambo tsiku lonse, kufunafuna makoswe, ndipo zimatha kugwira anthu 30 mpaka 40 patsiku, ndipo munthawi yodyetsa pali anapiye ambiri. Chifukwa chake, ndizothandiza kwa alimi, komanso zimawakakamiza kuti aziyang'anira nkhuku - amathanso kunyamulidwa.

Tsiku lofalitsa: 08/10/2019

Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/29/2019 pa 12:55